日本松材线虫病的危害与治理研究进展

松材线虫是日本的外来入侵物种,同时也是松材线虫病的病原体,该生态病害已摧毁了日本大部分地区的松林,并且具有不可知的耐药性.该文综述了日本松材线虫病的危害与治理研究进展,主要包括日本松材线虫病的危害、发生范围,松材线虫病的病原体与媒介昆虫及其关系,松材线虫病的防控等,为我国有效治理松材线虫病提供参考和借鉴.     

云杉花墨天牛生物生态学特性研究进展

松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus是亚洲和欧洲等一些国家的重大生态灾害,依靠媒介昆虫的携带在自然界中扩散传播,云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius为日本和韩国松材线虫的主要媒介昆虫,也是我国辽宁松材线虫病疫区的媒介昆虫。笔者概述了国内外松材线虫媒介昆虫云杉花墨天牛的分布、寄主、生物生态学特性、扩散传播方式及其治理对策等研究进展,以期为我国治理云杉花墨天牛,进而控制松材线虫病扩散蔓延提供参考。     

松树抗松材线虫病机制研究进展

松材线虫病(Pine wilt disease)是由松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus引起的一种世界性森林病害。本文对松树感染松材线虫病后的组织病理学变化、生理生化响应、松树抗松材线虫分子生物学研究和抗病反应对松材线虫定殖影响等进行了总结和分析。     

松材线虫病发生危害及治理策略

松材线虫病是由松材线虫引起松属树木毁灭性死亡的一种森林病害。被称为松树的"癌症",被许多国家列为检疫对象。该文就潍坊市发生状况和几年来采取的防控技术措施、治理策略、再度入侵扩散风险评估及治理存在的问题,进行探讨分析。     

日本松材线虫病研究的最新动向

该文重点对近2a日本松材线虫病的研究文献进行整理分析。目前松材线虫病的研究仍是日本国森林病虫害的主要研究课题。在松树的抗（感）病机理、线虫在树体内的活动与增殖规律、线虫与天牛的关系、生物防治以及新技术在研究中的应用等方面取得较大进展。     

松材线虫病的预防与防治措施

正松材线虫是重要的检疫性有害生物,松材线虫病是世界上最具危险性的森林病害,已对我国森林资源造成了严重破坏,需坚决遏制松材线虫病严重发生和扩散蔓延的势头。松材线虫病作为外来入侵种的一种,危害大、蔓延快,除治难度大。以长沙某乡镇为例,     

松材线虫病综合防治技术

指出了以松材线虫为病原,松褐天牛为传播媒介的松材线虫病,是世界性最重要的森林植物检疫对象之一。通过总结遵义市播州区列年对松材线虫病的防治经验,分析了播州区松材线虫病发生的特点及发生规律,提出了相应的多种有效措施,以抑制松材线虫病在播州区的蔓延扩展。可为各疫区防治松材线虫病提供参考。     

松林火灾对松材线虫病流行关系的研究

松林火灾与松材线虫的发生和传播有着密切的关系。从火烧松林内羽化的松墨天牛,平均每头可携带７３６４条松材线虫,侵入松林后就会导致松材线虫病的发生和蔓延。火烧松林诱发松材线虫病可分为当年发病型,次年发病型和隐匿发病型。治理火烧松林能有效地控制松材线虫病的发生与传播。根据研究结果,提出了４条新的防治措施和建议。     

调控松林树种结构防控松材线虫病技术

松材线虫(Busaphelenchus xylophilus)从入侵、定居、适应到蔓延、扩散和危害,是一个多点、多次、长期、复杂的生态过程,其随机性、突发性和长期性的发生特点决定了防控松材线虫病是一项复杂性、长期性和艰巨性的任务,目前常规的防控技术显然存在局限性。从森林演替的角度来看,松材线虫病是松林的生态灾害,在森林生态系统范畴内探讨松材线虫等林业有害生物的发生和防控问题,十分必要。本论文在深入分析松材线虫病的发生特点、流行规律,以及监测和防控难点的基础上,阐述了调控树种结构防控松材线虫病等林业有害生物的理论、实践和技术,为持续控制松材线虫病,实现森林避灾、御灾、防灾、减灾目标,促进马尾松林生态系统良性演替提供技术支撑。     

怎样做好松材线虫病的预防

松材线虫属于线形动物门线虫纲滑刃科,是重要的检疫性有害生物。松材线虫病是世界上最具有危险性的森林病害,在我国主要依靠松墨天牛传媒及人为活动作远距离传播,松树染病后40天既可枯死。我国自1982年首次发现以来,松材线虫病已经扩散到全国6个省,60多个县,直接威胁5亿亩松林和一批世界自然文化遗产、国家重点风景名胜区及重点生态区的安全。我省是松材线虫适生区,易感松材线虫病的树种马尾松、油松、华山松、白皮松分布广泛。因此,预     

日本的抗松材线虫育种研究

经历20世纪六七十年代松树大面积枯死威胁之后,日本在不断探索对该病的防治方法的同时,寄希望于培育抗松材线虫的松树苗木。始于1973年的抗松材线虫育种,从松树造林材料的遗传改良、国内外松树对松材线虫的抗性、抗性检测方法以及抗性育种的可行性等方面进行了大量的研究。文中从抗松材线虫育种的历史背景、抗性判定方法、树种变异、选择育种、杂交育种等方面叙述了日本抗松材线虫育种的情况。     

松材线虫病的潜伏侵染及松墨天牛传播新途径

在南京用松材线虫接种 7种松树 ,于第 2a在无任何症状的松树的接种点上方 10cm处取样 ,分离线虫。结果表明松材线虫病的潜伏侵染现象比较普遍。在不同的松树品种上潜伏侵染现象有所差异。感病黑松和赤松很快死亡 ,只有在接种量小的情况下才有潜伏侵染现象发生。抗病性强的火炬松和湿地松感病后潜伏侵染现象比较普遍 ,并且样品中的线虫量也较高。而抗病性中等的马尾松和刚松感病后潜伏侵染现象的普遍性及样品中的线虫量均处于中等。短针松接种松材线虫后既不枯死 ,也无潜伏侵染现象。松墨天牛传播松材线虫的试验结果表明 ,未携带松材线虫的松墨天牛成虫在松材线虫病松枝上取食后 ,再到健康松枝上取食 ,有传播松材线虫的可能。这些结果表明在松材线虫病新病区清理病死木时 ,应采取早期诊断技术 ,把未表现症状的松树一起清除 ,以达到防治目的。     

开展松材线虫病抗性选育 保护我国松林资源

松材线虫病是我国松林毁灭性病害,已造成数千万松株死亡,发生区经济损失巨大,目前此病害正威胁着南方重点林区及重要风景名胜区松林的安全。我国松属资源丰富,科技人员队伍组织体系完备,抗性选育研究已有较好基础。因此尽快开展抗性选育有利于发生区森林恢复、非发生区林分改造和结构调整,有利于保护我国森林资源。本文对开展抗性选育提出了具体建议。     

An inoculation experiment of Japanese <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus</Emphasis> nematodes on Japanese black and red pine, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. densiflora</Emphasis>

The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an invasive pathogen that was introduced from North America to Asian countries and Portugal and is devastating native pine forests. Some native European and Asian Bursaphelenchus nematodes also have weak to moderate pathogenicity to native pine species. To evaluate the potential risk of native Bursaphelenchus species, we inoculated ten Japanese Bursaphelenchus species into native pine species (the dominant forest species) in Japan, and evaluated their pathogenicity using mortality and tracheal tissue damage as indices. Inoculation was conducted on August 3, 2007, and the symptoms were observed every 2 weeks until February 1, 2008. None of the inoculated trees, excluding the pathogenic PWN inoculated control, showed external disease symptoms; however, four species [a less pathogenic PWN isolate, B. luxuriosae, Bursaphelenchus sp. NK215 (undescribed), and NK224 (undescribed)] caused tracheal tissue damage in inoculated seedlings and showed weak pathogenicity. Therefore, we conclude that there are some potentially pathogenic native species of nematodes distributed in Japan. Interestingly, two of these weakly pathogenic species, B. luxuriosae and NK215, are not associated with Pinaceae trees, suggesting that nematode pathogenicity may be a pre-adaptive character. More experimental studies under different conditions are necessary to accurately evaluate the potential risk of these pathogens.     

Comparison of the potential spread of pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in Finland and Iberia simulated with a cellular automaton model

Pinewood nematode (PWN) is one of the most threatening invasive pests in the pine forests of Europe, and it has recently spread to the Iberian Peninsula via import of timber and wooden packaging material from East Asia. A cellular automaton (CA) model was developed to simulate and compare the potential spread of PWN by transportation and its vectors, Monochamus beetles in the pine forests of Finland and Iberian Peninsula. The model assumes that all pines are equally sensitive to PWN. The CA is a spatio‐temporal grid‐based model, which can easily be applied on different geographical scales. The effects of climate warming and number of entries from ports on the spread of PWN were studied. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the most uncertain model parameters. Twenty years after hypothetical entries, the predicted area of symptomatic PWN infection (pine wilt disease, PWD) was very low in Finland compared to Iberia. This was because of the low probability of warm July in Finland. The increase in the mean July temperature increased the area of PWD‐infected pine forest relatively more in Finland than in Iberia. An increase in the number of entries also increased the area of PWD‐infected pine forest relatively more in Finland than in Iberia. The probability of PWD infection was the highest in pine forests that were close to entry points and in areas with low elevation and high human population density.     

Comparison of the gene expression profiles of resistant and non‐resistant Japanese black pine inoculated with pine wood nematode using a modified LongSAGE technique

The Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) is highly susceptible to pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). To cope with this disease, researchers and tree breeders selected PWN‐resistant individuals in a previous breeding program. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of resistance in the Japanese black pine, we created four LongSAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) libraries. A total of 20 818 tags were studied, including 5194 tags from a PWN inoculated resistant pine, 5218 a non‐inoculated resistant pine, 5194 an inoculated non‐resistant pine, and 5212 a non‐inoculated non‐resistant pine. The analysis of the libraries indicated that 14 tag species were significantly up‐regulated (e.g., pathogenesis‐related proteins 2 and 4, osmotin, lipoxygenase, and chalcone synthase), and nine were down‐regulated (eukaryotic translation initiation factor SUI1, translationally controlled tumor protein, and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase) by the PWN inoculation in both the resistant and non‐resistant pines. On the other hand, 38 tag species were significantly expressed at a higher level only in the resistant pine (catalase, dienelactone hydrolase family protein) and 25 were expressed at a higher level in the non‐resistant pine (pathogenesis‐related proteins 1, 2, and 3, and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase). These differentially expressed genes are presumed to reflect some of the differences between the resistant and non‐resistant pines. Our results provide valuable information on the complex responses induced in the resistant and non‐resistant pine trees in response to PWN invasion.     

Correlation of seedling size and branch number with disease resistance of Pinus thunbergii seedlings to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings resistant to pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) are routinely selected in Japanese field inoculation trials. Correlations between morphological factors (such as height, stem diameter at ground level and number of branches on seedlings) and disease resistance were examined to improve the production efficiency of 1‐year‐old black pine seedlings for inoculation. Family relatedness and environmental conditions strongly affected seedling resistance; accordingly, logistic regression analysis was used to separate effects of these two variables. Height and stem diameter at ground level significantly correlated with disease resistance in seedlings inoculated with PWN. Because (a) interactions between stem diameter at ground level and environmental condition were significant and (b) height did not interact with any other factor, it was concluded that height of 1‐year‐old Japanese black pine seedlings independently correlated with PWN resistance. Thus, field inoculation tests should use tall seedlings to achieve enhanced survival rates.     

First isolation of pine wood nematode from Pinus tabuliformis forests in China

Previous risk prediction studies have mostly shown that suitable areas for pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN), in China are mainly concentrated in eastern and southern China, with pest reaching no further northern than the Yangtze River basin. The Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis, Chinese pine or Chinese red pine) is the main, native, afforestation species in areas to the north of the Yangtze River basin. To our knowledge, there is no report on PWN infecting Chinese pines in the north of the Yangtze. In this study, we used Baermann funnel method and several PCR primers to detect the presence of PWN in Chinese pine forest fields in 2010 in Shaanxi, China, which is far to the north of the Yangtze River and a cause for concern. Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine) may also be at risk and should also be monitored to prevent invasion by PWN.     

Insect vectors of the pinewood nematode: a review of the biology and ecology of Monochamus species

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle 1970 , is a serious threat to susceptible pine forests of the world. The PWN is primarily vectored by Monochamus species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The first occurrence of PWD was reported from Japan in the early 1900s. Following this report, Japanese scientists documented the community of bark‐ and phloem‐inhabiting insects associated with the nematodes in dying trees to determine possible vectors of the nematode. Monochamus alternatus was reported to be the most effective vector in Japan. The primary vector in North America is Monochamus carolinensis, and in Europe, it is Monochamus galloprovincialis. Further studies have been expanded through the nematode‐invaded countries of Korea, Taiwan, China and Portugal. There is an interspecific association between the PWN and its insect vectors, and it is an obligatory component of the disease cycle. It is crucial to understand this relationship as well as the population ecology of the beetle to aid in monitoring and control of this worldwide threat to pine forests. Studies to date indicate a remarkable similarity among beetle species around the globe for a variety of life‐history traits, including lifespan, adult emergence numbers, flight capability, nematode transmission rates and attraction to pine volatiles. Wherever pines are found, there is a beetle species capable of transmitting the nematode. Although flight performance and range is generally poor for this group of beetle vectors, the cryptic nature of the species and the lack of interest in the beetles by countries in the absence of the nematode have led to the disease establishing a foothold in a variety of countries such as Portugal. In this paper, studies conducted in different countries on Monochamus vector species of the PWN are compared and discussed.     

天目湖松材线虫病综合治理示范区清除病死树效果研究

天目湖为我国AAAA级风景区,近年来松材线虫病的发生,使景观效果大受影响。到2004年,病死松树达5万株以上,病害严重林分病死树率达50%以上,危害日趋严重。从2004年11月~2007年11月,对景区松材线虫病病死树采取了彻底清除的措施,对景区的松材线虫病的控制起到了良好的效果。通过调查分析表明,病死树采伐量下降86.82%,新增病死树率从6.0%下降到0.26%,病死树中天牛幼虫量下降了80%。