英国林区道路发展及启示

研究国外林区道路发展有利于借鉴相关成功经验。文中简介了英国林业发展概况,从林道功能演变及外部连通性、林区道路等级与林道网密度、林道网优化配置的影响因素和林道建设依据及关键技术指标方面概括了英国林区道路发展现状,从投资主体与审批、资金主要来源、林道投资管理以及私有林与国有林等方面分析了林道建设的投资及融资机制,从工程建设、项目质量、资金使用和环境评估方面总结了英国林道管理模式,从私有林主和政府共同投资林道建设、严格制定林区道路建设标准、以环境影响评估指导林道建设和促进林区道路的多功能利用等方面探讨了英国林道发展的4点主要启示,对于我国林区道路建设具有一定参考作用。     

骨干林道的布局、主要技术指标与风险控制——以杭州市萧山区骨干林道建设为例

以杭州市萧山区骨干林道建设为例,对骨干林道的建设意义、布局、主要技术指标和风险控制等方面进行了论述。提出了综合利用地理信息系统和实地调查进行选线、定线的方法,并结合萧山林区实际,制定了相应骨干林道路网密度控制标准、整体林区道路路网密度控制标准和骨干林道技术分级标准,为林区道路建设提供了较好的指导和借鉴作用。     

我国林区道路运输规划建设的可持续发展分析

提出了林区道路运输规划可持续发展原则，并从路网密度、并从路网密度、林道功用、林道路网结构、线路建设时序、建设标准、线路走向方面分析了我国以入林区道路运输规划存在的问题，同时针对这些问题和规划原则提出了解决对策。     

黑龙江省林业厅系统林区公路养护管理的现状与对策

门前,林业厅系统有林区等级内公路4390km、永久性桥梁190余座、涵洞3542道、林道3500余km,按国有森林经营总面积759358km计算,路网密度为1.04m/ha.     

平均集材距离与路网密度关系的研究——不同条件下α值的探讨

林区道路,是开发森林、合理经营和利用森林的物质基础。路网密度,是衡量一个国家林业现代化进程的重要标志。从实际情况出发,在条件允许、经济合理的基础上确定林道网密度,是加快我国林区建设,加速实现林业现代化的重要步骤。就木材生产而言,合理的路网密度,是指集材道路与运材道路的合理衔接。因此,研究林区道路网的合理密度,必须首先研究集材距离与路网密度的关系。     

淳安县林区道路现状与规划建设思考

林区道路建设是实现林业现代化,林业经营集约化的基础,也是森林可持续发展不可缺少的基本条件,淳安县森林资源丰富,开设林道是促进林业发展、林农增收的有效途径,但同时对千岛湖生态环境保护也是一种挑战,林区道路建设必然需要提出更高的要求。通过对淳安县林区道路现状、存在问题进行分析,提出林道规划与建设对策,探索了林区道路建设与千岛湖环境保护可持续性发展的原则。     

东北林区道路网密度的探讨

林道的修筑是林业生产的物质基础,林区道路网的合理密度和分布是开发新林区和加强老林区经营强度的重要技术经济措施。林道网密度代表着林业生产管理达到的现代化程度,在量纲上表示为单位经营林地面积上林道的长度。一、林道网的现状七十年代中期以前,我国林业主要采取以局轮伐集中开发的方式,林道主要是依据成、过熟林的分布、蓄积量而敷设和延伸。使林区道路密度形成疏密不均的状况。已开     

关于林道等级的研究

一、问题的提出林道网是开发和经营森林的基础。建设合理的林道网,不仅可以大幅度地降低木材采运和营林成本,而且还对森林更新、森林抚育、森林资源综合利用、防治森林病虫害和森林火灾、振兴林区经济都起着巨大的促进作用。所谓建设合理林道网,就是指在林区所修建的道路的密度、配置、等级和次序合理。林道密度是指在单位面积上有多少林道,是林道网的量的指标。林道配置是指在一定的森林经营区域内林道是如何分布的,即林道的走向或位置。而林道的等级则是指林     

浅谈经营林道密度

一、问题的提出林道从字义上讲,是林业的道路,是为林业生产服务的。在这里从森林经营角度,把服务于更新造林、抚育管理,森林保护为目的的林道,称其为经营林道。经营林道的密度,是衡量一个林区或者一个林业企业森林经营水平     

澳大利亚林区道路发展及启示

澳大利亚森林资源丰富,林区道路建设历史悠久,密集而发达的林区道路及其现有林道改进方案保证了澳大利亚森林道路的良性有序发展,保障了森林和木材资源的可持续、综合和有效利用。文中概述了澳大利亚林区道路发展现状,包括林区道路“用者自付”原则下的多元化投融资机制,以及林区道路的管理体制和机制、建设规划及建设规范等;分析了中国林业道路建设和发展的现状及问题;提出了我国林区道路建设需要促进投融资渠道多元化、重视林道规划和规程的规范化建设、注重维护生态社会与经济效益的统一等启示和建议。     

Prospects of forest road infrastructure development in northwest Russia with proven Nordic solutions

This paper analyses the situation with forest roads in Russia in the context of harvesting, transportation, forest management and forest fire prevention. Russia harvests less than 30% of its allowable harvest potential. Forest fires burn volumes which are equal to half of the annual harvest. One reason is the insufficient density and quality of forest roads. The average density of roads is less than 1.5 m/ha, which is one-tenth of that in Nordic countries. We argue that better access to the forests, utilizing the technology transfer of the proven Nordic forest road solutions (NFRS) under local conditions, might have important effects on the strategy-making processes in forest infrastructure development in northwest Russia. For this purpose, A'WOT analysis is proposed to identify the related strategies and assign priorities to those strategies. According to this study undertaken in Karelia, where NFRS were introduced over 10 years ago, the top priorities regarding the relevant threats are the lack of legal framework under forest land leasing and the low profitability of forestry. The results indicate that the NFRS are viewed positively for the Russian conditions. The forest road market has virtually unlimited opportunities for growth. Together with a favourable policy in terms of national and regional development programmes it can support forest infrastructure development. Forest fire prevention, multiple uses of woodlands, and different environmental service markets are seen as potential opportunities for NFRS. However, the results also indicate that there is substantial uncertainty and scepticism concerning how such markets would be of benefit to leaseholders who would like to adopt intensive forestry.     

赤峰市城市森林建设资源潜力分析

文章以2007年赤峰市森林资源二类调查数据为基础,并结合赤峰市相关单位提供的统计数据,以及近年来的林业生态建设实践发展,主要从林业用地、三网绿化、人居环境林建设、坡耕地绿化和工矿废弃地绿化对赤峰市生态用地潜力进行分析,结果表明赤峰市城市森林建设有一定的资源发展潜力。     

北京西山防火林带空间布局与规划

以北京市西山试验林场分场魏家村林场为研究区域,系统地研究了火发生历史、可燃物分布、主风向、坡度、山脊、防火公路、居民区分布等,确定了网络适宜的最小控制面积,通过面向对象的分类方法对林中空地和防火公路进行分类,筛选适宜建山脊防火林带的坡度和山脊线,进而确定防火林带的空间格局。共规划三类防火林带:山脊防火林带、防火公路防火林带和林缘防火林带,整个防火林带网络将整个区域分割成不等大小的独立单元,平均面积为41.24 hm²,防火公路总长36 816 m,防火网络总面积占研究区域面积的7.35%。     

Effects of aggregating forests, establishing forest road networks, and mechanization on operational efficiency and costs in a mountainous region in Japan

We investigated forest road networks and forestry operations before and after mechanization on aggregated forestry operation sites. We developed equations to estimate densities of road networks with av...     

工业化国家的林业产业政策

工业化国家林业产业当前面临的主要问题是环境污染对大面积森林构成的严重危胁和对分散的私有林无法进行现代化经营。此外,尚有财政危机和某些国家的林产品过度依赖进口等问题。在90年代,甚至更长的时期内,发达国家林业产业政策的调整方向是,保护和改造现有林,通过实施分类经营战略发挥森林的多种效益,兼用行政和经济手段引导私有林的发展,进一步调整林产品结构和大力发展木材培育业。     

Forest Accountancy Data Networks as a Means for Investigating Small-Scale Forestry: A European Perspective

Investigating the socio-economics of small-scale forestry is an important issue, small forest holdings making up a considerable share of Europe’s forest sector. Private forest enterprises with less than 200 ha represent 34.6% of the forest area in Germany and 50.4% in Austria. The large number of small units triggers specific challenges for empirical research. This paper identifies associated problems and highlights the potential as well as the current limitations of accountancy data networks in monitoring the profitability of farm forestry in Germany and Austria. Although there is little hope for establishing an internationally harmonized monitoring scheme or even a European-wide scheme, there is potential for improving the international comparability of existing recording systems and data analysis. National or sub-national initiatives should be designed in such a way that compatibility with other networking activities enhances the potential for analysis. Some of the most urgent research questions in regard to small-scale forestry are equally significant at the international level and clearly call for coordination. Established forest accountancy data networks should be considered one kind of research infrastructure to be utilized for harmonizing investigations.     

Effects of roads,topography, and land use on forest cover dynamics in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Roads and topography can determine patterns of land use and distribution of forest cover, particularly in tropical regions. We evaluated how road density, land use, and topography affected forest fragmentation, deforestation and forest regrowth in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest region near the city of São Paulo. We mapped roads and land use/land cover for three years (1962, 1981 and 2000) from historical aerial photographs, and summarized the distribution of roads, land use/land cover and topography within a grid of 94 non-overlapping 100 ha squares. We used generalized least squares regression models for data analysis. Our models showed that forest fragmentation and deforestation depended on topography, land use and road density, whereas forest regrowth depended primarily on land use. However, the relationships between these variables and forest dynamics changed in the two studied periods; land use and slope were the strongest predictors from 1962 to 1981, and past (1962) road density and land use were the strongest predictors for the following period (1981–2000). Roads had the strongest relationship with deforestation and forest fragmentation when the expansions of agriculture and buildings were limited to already deforested areas, and when there was a rapid expansion of development, under influence of São Paulo city. Furthermore, the past (1962) road network was more important than the recent road network (1981) when explaining forest dynamics between 1981 and 2000, suggesting a long-term effect of roads. Roads are permanent scars on the landscape and facilitate deforestation and forest fragmentation due to increased accessibility and land valorization, which control land-use and land-cover dynamics. Topography directly affected deforestation, agriculture and road expansion, mainly between 1962 and 1981. Forest are thus in peril where there are more roads, and long-term conservation strategies should consider ways to mitigate roads as permanent landscape features and drivers facilitators of deforestation and forest fragmentation.     

不同等级道路网络对常宁市景观格局生态效应的影响

针对常宁市域范围,利用GIS和Fragstat软件,通过建立缓冲区并进行情景分析,分析了不同等级道路对景观格局的影响。结果表明:常宁市内一级道路所影响面积最大,二级道路最小,而影响的斑块数目则为三级路一级路二级路高速路,受影响生态面积为水田灌木林地茶园旱地其他建筑用地有林地水体住宅用地其他林地疏林地裸地果园其他园地,受影响斑块数目最高为灌木林地,其次为水田。情景分析表明,随着道路的建设,斑块分维数升高,但总体上,高等级道路对景观形状指数和斑块形状因子升高的贡献率最小。