云南切梢小蠹幼虫表皮碳氢化合物与龄数的相关性

【目的】探究一种能准确反映云南切梢小蠹幼虫发育状况的化学分类指标,以便提高虫害预测预报精度及害虫综合管理能力。【方法】基于形态指标,包括头壳宽、体长、上颚长与宽划分龄数,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对云南切梢小蠹不同龄数幼虫的正己烷浸提液进行检测,结合谱库检索、科瓦特指数、C8-C40烷烃混合标品等确定化合物种类和含量,用主成分分析和随机森林进行成分分析,并对比龄级间化合物含量的变化。【结果】云南切梢小蠹幼虫表皮碳氢化合物由正链烷烃、支链烷烃和烯烃3类19种化合物组成,正链烷烃以正二十五烷为代表,占比55.02%±8.20%;支链烷烃以13-甲基-二十九烷含量最高,占整个支链烷烃94.04%±14.02%;烯烃类以1,21-二十二烷二烯为主,占比63.03%±0.39%。随幼虫龄数增加,碳数、碳链长度和种类均明显增加,含量呈指数级递增(y=e0.086 5x-0.629,R=0.911),其中1龄幼虫有8种,含量为每虫2.32 ng±0.59 ng; 2龄幼虫有8种,含量为每虫44.40 ng±11.46 ng; 3龄幼虫有17种,含量为每虫280.75 ng±72.48 ng。第一主成分和第二主成分联合贡献率为81.7%,可将不同龄数的云南切梢小蠹幼虫明显区分开,龄级与龄级间无重叠,划分的标准明显优于形态指标法;化合物2,6,11-三甲基-十二烷、正十五烷、正十九烷、正二十三烷、正二十五烷具有较大的重要性,龄级间含量亦有显著差异(P0.000 1),2,6,11-三甲基-十二烷可用于1龄幼虫的标识性物质,正二十三烷和正二十五烷可识别2龄和3龄幼虫。【结论】云南切梢小蠹不同龄数幼虫的表皮碳氢化合物种类与含量有显著差异,2,6,11-三甲基-十二烷可用于1龄幼虫识别,正二十三烷和正二十五烷可用于识别2龄和3龄幼虫,幼虫表皮碳氢化合物能作为划分龄数的最佳分类指标。     

北京松山地区双条杉天牛林间诱捕监测

为监测北京松山地区双条杉天牛,2016年在松山连续监测了3个月的双条杉天牛成虫活动情况。其结果表明,松山地区有双条杉天牛危害,其成虫于3月中下旬出孔,且随着温度的变化有两个活动高峰,5月中旬成虫活动结束;14个诱捕器共诱集成虫481头,其中雄虫277头,雌虫204头;自制的双条杉天牛引诱剂有较好的引诱效果,且引诱剂持效期较长;供试引诱剂在双条杉天牛监测与防治工作中有重要的应用价值。     

卵巢线虫(Contortylenchus genitalicola)在中国松褐天牛上的分布与作用研究

[目的]日本学者Kosaka与Ogura发现松褐天牛成虫除携带松材线虫外,雌成虫卵巢内还携带有另一种线虫,他们将其命名为卵巢线虫,并认为这种线虫是松褐天牛成虫的寄生性线虫。我国对该种线虫的研究迄今未见报道。为了证明这种线虫在我国是否存在和分布,开展了本项研究。[方法]分期分批捕获刚羽化的松褐天牛雌雄成虫,采用解剖松褐天牛成虫松树木质部及感病的松褐天牛幼虫等方法,调查卵巢线虫的存在与分布。[结果]通过调查研究,发现我国的松褐天牛成虫体内有该卵巢线虫存在,分布于松褐天牛成虫、幼虫体内和松树木质部3个部位;在松褐天牛成虫体内的卵巢线虫通过松褐天牛雌成虫产卵而接种、进入寄主树木木质部中。同时,木质部的卵巢线虫也有一部分进入松褐天牛幼虫体内寄生,另一部分仍在木质部生活,当松褐天牛幼虫再次发育为成虫时,在木质部中的卵巢线虫和已被寄生的松褐天牛幼虫体内的卵巢线虫再次进入松褐天牛成虫体内,完成循环。卵巢线虫在松褐天牛雌、雄虫体内均有分布,携带率为44.4%,其中松褐天牛雌成虫携带率为43.8%,松褐天牛雄成虫携带率为45.0%,两者间无显著差异;每头松褐天牛成虫平均携带卵巢线虫574条,其中雌成虫平均携带816条,雄成虫平均携带308条,具显著差异。初步研究表明,卵巢线虫在松褐天牛成虫体内只能完成产卵到1~4龄的幼虫阶段,不能完成一个完整的世代;在松褐天牛幼虫体内寄生和在木质部生活的卵巢线虫能完成一个完整世代,但具体过程尚不清楚;调查中未观察到卵巢线虫对松褐天牛成虫有寄生致病或致死的现象,但对松褐天牛幼虫有寄生致死的能力;卵巢线虫常与松材线虫同时存在,而且侵入松树及离开松树的方式与松材线虫相同。[结论]我国松褐天牛体内也发现有卵巢线虫存在;目前尚不能证明该线虫对松褐天牛成虫具有寄生致死性,但对松褐天牛幼虫具有一定的寄生致死性;卵巢线虫的生活史与松材线虫相似,是否与松材线虫一样对松树具有危害性以及其病理作用还有待于进一步研究。     

松墨天牛种群消长趋势指数研究

在松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus 1年1代地区，该虫单雌产卵量约100粒，卵、初龄幼虫、老龄幼虫至成虫羽化脱孔、成虫羽人至产卵在松材线虫病林内的存活率分别为90％、48.34%、71.99%和85.75%，雌雄性比是1.14:1。因而该虫的种群消长趋势指数是14.3。     

云南松韧皮部、松褐天牛后肠及粪便挥发性化学成分的分析与比较

利用GC-MS联用技术和计算机检索对昆明林区的健康云南松、衰弱云南松和松褐天牛产卵刻槽云南松的韧皮部挥发性物质及松褐天牛的幼虫和成虫的粪便、松褐天牛雌、雄虫的后肠挥发性物质进行分析比较。结果表明,云南松健康木和衰弱木的韧皮部以及松褐天牛产卵刻槽韧皮部的挥发性物质的组成和含量存在较大差异。与健康木相比较,衰弱木和松褐天牛产卵刻槽韧皮部的挥发性物质中,α-蒎烯的相对含量减少,而β-月桂烯和3-蒈烯的相对含量增加;此外,衰弱木韧皮部的β-蒎烯的量也相对增加,并且发现含量很高的柠檬烯。松褐天牛产卵刻槽韧皮部、幼虫粪便、雌虫后肠均含有1-甲基-2-异丙烯基-环丁烷乙醇,表明该化合物与松褐天牛产卵行为有关。     

松墨天牛成虫行为与化学生态学研究进展

[目的]通过对松材线虫的媒介松墨天牛的防控以达到控制松材线虫病的目的。[方法]通过查阅国内外相关文献,对松墨天牛成虫行为与化学生态学进行归纳总结。[结果]松墨天牛成虫活动范围较小,当食物短缺时会远距离迁飞。大部分成虫补充营养10 d后才开始交配,交配分为三个阶段:雌雄成虫共同受寄主植物挥发物吸引,雄虫通过短距离信息素吸引雌虫,再通过接触信息素识别雌虫。植物挥发物如α-蒎烯和乙醇等可以引起松墨天牛成虫的反应,樟子松墨天牛雄虫分泌的聚集信息素2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol能同时引诱雄虫和雌虫,使用植物挥发物与聚集信息素复配研制出的引诱剂如APF-I型引诱剂引诱松墨天牛时,效果比单独使用更加显著,是一种灵敏高效、环境友好、不易产生抗性的防治方法。视觉在松墨天牛活动中具备一定的指导作用,使其对褐色有较大的选择偏向性,当复眼被涂黑后交配成功率也相对下降。进行取食选择时,选择健康木优先于衰弱木,进行产卵选择时则相反。未交配松墨天牛对健康松枝挥发物的触角电位反应值比被害松枝挥发物的反应值大,交配后的松墨天牛触角电位反应与交配前相反。产卵后雌虫会在产卵孔分泌包含产卵忌避信息素的胶状物,防止其他雌虫在此处产卵。[结论]可以使用引诱剂防治松墨天牛,也可以应用天敌生物花绒寄甲、白僵菌和管氏肿腿蜂等防控松墨天牛。     

松墨天牛室内人工饲养及其生物学特性观察

在室内人工气候箱中对松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus)进行人工饲养及生物学特性观察.结果表明:人工饲养条件下其羽化期为6～10d,交配2～4 d后产卵,雌虫平均产卵量60.5个;卵期为5～7d,卵的孵化率为85.95%;幼虫共5龄,1龄幼虫死亡率为25.89%,其它龄期幼虫很少死亡,幼虫化蛹率89.74%,蛹期为8～14d,蛹的羽化率为89.58%.成功建立了稳定的实验种群,实现了室内常年人工饲养,保证了实验虫源的供应,人工饲养和自然界松墨天牛的龄级一致,但人工饲养的天牛幼虫期、蛹期、羽化期、成虫帮命都大大缩短,成虫体形也较小,雌虫产卵数大大减少.     

替代寄主繁育和饲料饲养对花绒寄甲成虫产卵及存活的影响

花绒寄甲是多种林木蛀干性害虫天牛的重要天敌。该文主要研究了替代寄主(大麦虫蛹和黄粉甲蛹)和寄主(松墨天牛幼虫)繁育及不同饲料(松墨天牛幼虫粉、大麦虫幼虫粉和黄粉甲幼虫粉)饲养对花绒寄甲成虫产卵及存活的影响。结果显示:将花绒寄甲初孵幼虫接种于大麦虫蛹,其平均成虫羽化率为77.22%;将花绒寄甲初孵幼虫接种于松墨天牛幼虫,其平均成虫羽化率为62.08%;单个大麦虫蛹及松墨天牛幼虫繁育出的花绒寄甲数量分别为4.63头和2.48头;而黄粉甲蛹由于表皮硬化过快,花绒寄甲初孵幼虫无法寄生。在相同饲养条件下,相比于松墨天牛幼虫,大麦虫蛹繁育的花绒寄甲成虫在一年的生长中存活率良好,两者单雌虫年均产卵量基本无差异。对以两者繁育的花绒寄甲成虫分别喂以不同饲料,各处理一年内成虫死亡率之间和全年产卵量之间差异不显著。表明大麦虫蛹是非常理想的花绒寄甲替代寄主,且大麦虫幼虫粉、黄粉甲幼虫粉和松墨天牛幼虫粉均可作为花绒寄甲成虫的饲料。     

双条杉天牛幼虫病原真菌——球孢白僵菌的分离鉴定与利用

2002-2006年在对呼和浩特地区杜松死亡原因调查的过程中,从死亡的树干内发现了罹病致死的双条杉天牛幼虫。通过对虫体内病原真菌的分离与鉴定,确定为球孢白僵菌。经管氏肿腿蜂带菌接种与人工接种方法的室内致病力测定,在22~25℃条件下饲养30 d,双条杉天牛幼虫感病致死率分别为100%、58.22%,证明球孢白僵菌是双条杉天牛的病原菌。同时,利用管氏肿腿蜂带菌接种,菌剂使用浓度低,虫菌结合能显著提高双条杉天牛幼虫的感病致死率。     

双条杉天牛成虫对植物源引诱剂的选择性反应

利用"Y"形嗅觉仪、风洞法、笼养法及触角电位反应技术测定了双条杉天牛、Semanotus bifa-ciatus Motschulsky 对植物源引诱剂的生物活性.结果表明:双条杉天牛雌、雄成虫对侧柏木的植物源引诱剂TC-1,TC-2 表现出较高的趋性.雌、雄成虫间及TC-1,TC-2间各项反应无显著差异,诱集的雌雄比例与自然基本吻合,为1:1.1;而对侧柏叶的研制物TC-4的选择性较低.     

双条杉天牛幼虫期的防治

双条杉天牛 Semanotusbifasciatus Motschulsky主要以幼虫蛀食树干韧皮部、形成层和木质部危害 ,未蛀入木质部内的初龄幼虫期是防治的有利时机 ,根施呋喃丹杀虫效果可达 85 .1 9%。     

不同寄主繁殖川硬皮肿腿蜂的寄生能力比较

在柏木段内分别采用双条杉天牛和黄粉虫幼虫培育川硬皮肿腿蜂,观察其在室内搜索寄生能力的差异,并利用双筒显微镜、扫描电镜和酯酶同工酶电泳技术试图找出其外部形态和内部遗传的差异。结果表明:以黄粉虫幼虫为替代寄主长期繁殖的实验室蜂在搜索寄生双条杉天牛的能力上明显低于以双条杉天牛为寄主繁殖的野外蜂,两者除了触角的板型感器和坛型感器的分布有差异外,在外部形态上和同工酶图谱上均未发现明显区别。     

金斑蝶成虫行为学特征

[目的]为摸清金斑蝶成虫的行为特征,[方法]在田间的网室内跟踪观察其飞行、取食、求偶、交配和产卵行为。[结果]表明:金斑蝶成虫羽化主要集中在8:00—10:00,成虫羽化当天基本处于停歇状态;羽化第2天起至交配前,雌雄成虫的日平均飞行次数及日平均飞行时间均逐渐增加,雄成虫的日飞行高峰在13:00—15:00,雌成虫的日飞行高峰期在9:00—11:00和15:00—17:00,雌雄成虫的日平均飞行次数、平均飞行时间和日飞行规律的差异均不显著(p0.05);飞行次数与飞行时间均呈显著正相关(雌蝶:r=0.978,p0.05;雄蝶:r=0.957,p0.05)。金斑蝶雌雄成虫羽化次日开始取食,自羽化第2天起,雌雄成虫的日平均取食次数及日平均取食时间均逐渐增加,雄虫的日取食活动高峰期在9:00—11:00,雌虫日访花高峰期在11:00—13:00和15:00—17:00,雌雄成虫的日平均取食次数、平均取食时间和日取食规律的差异均不显著(p0.05);取食次数与取食时间均呈不显著正相关(雌蝶:r=0.949,p0.05;雄蝶:r=0.853,p0.05)。最早交配时间发生在羽化第4天,雌雄成虫均可多次交配,交配主要发生在14:00—16:00。产卵时间主要在11:00—13:00,雌成虫的产卵方式为散产,主要产卵于寄主植物叶片背面。[结论]金斑蝶成虫期可分为运动器官成熟阶段、补充营养和促进生殖器官发育阶段、求偶和交配阶段、产卵等4个阶段,各阶段内行为有交叉。     

利用蒲螨和管氏肿腿蜂防治双条杉天牛幼虫

Pyemotes sp. and Scleroderma guani were used to control the larvae of Semanotus bifasciatus. The results as follows: (1) the suitable control time of Pyemotes sp.was from early April to early May. The reason was that in this time, the larvae of S. bifasciatus were young and not bored into xylem that was so easy to be parasitized by Pyemotes sp. With the parasitic rate 80% in average. Indoor experiment showed that the Pyemotes sp. had the same tropism selection to every instar for the host, but the parasitic rate was higher in low instar than other instars.(2)Using Scleroderma guani to control S. bjfasciatus, the suitable time was from mid May to mid June, the optimal ratio of host and parasite was 1∶ 1. Indoor experiment showed that Scleroderma guani had strong tropism toward middle-aged and elder larvae, the parasite linger around them and choose suitable position on hosts where they could lay eggs successfully. This behavior showed that Scleroderma guani had strict selectivity for their hosts. In experiment, the authors found a phenomenon that in one trap wood, both the Pyemotes sp. and Scleroderma guani could be found at the same time, they themselves did not affect each other and otherwise they could increase the parasitic rate for host. So, the authors suggested that in practice to control pests especially for boring pests, the Scleroderma guani and Pyemotes sp could be used at the same time.     

Pistil Development in 2 Types of Flowers of Xanthoceras sorbifolia

In order to investigate flower development and female abortion during sex differentiation ofXanthoceras sorbifolia,anatomical observations and comparative study on differential proteins were carried out in different developmental stages of two types of flowers of this species. It was found that the selective abortion happened in male flower before the formation of megasporocyte. Special proteins related to the female abortion were found through 2-dimensional electrophoretic analysis. Protein Al(14.2 kD)only existed in florescence of male flower, while B1 (13.7 kD) and B2 (18.2 kD) disappeared in that stage of male flower. They were all considered to be relative to pistil abortion ofXanthoceras sorbifolia.     

天牛消化纤维素的机制研究

天牛能否自身消化植物的纤维素,是长期来争论未决的问题,本课题用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳方法着重研究了纤维素酶复合酶中C_X酶在虫体中的来源。对天牛科18种雌成虫、16种雄成虫、12种幼虫消化道C_X酶进行了电泳分离,并根据C_X酶同工酶在不同虫态与不同发育程度间的差异,探讨了天牛科C_X酶的来源,结果证明天牛中肠肠壁细胞能自身分泌C_X酶。     

Effects of gamma radiation on life stages of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

We report the results of experiments conducted with Ephestia kuehniella Zeller to determine the effects of gamma radiation on life stages. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were irradiated with increasing doses of gamma radiation (seven dose levels between 50 and 400 Gy for eggs and larvae, six dose levels between 50 and 350 Gy for pupae and four dose levels between 250 and 550 Gy for adults). All the experiments were conducted in a growth chamber maintained at 27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% r.h., and alternating 14 h light:10 h dark cycles. The number of adults that developed from irradiated eggs and larvae was lower than the untreated control. Doses of 200 Gy and above prevented adult emergence from irradiated eggs. Although a dose of 200 Gy was enough to prevent adult emergence from young larvae, 250 Gy should be used to prevent adult emergence completely from last instar larvae. Delayed developmental periods were observed for the treated eggs and larvae. Fecundity and egg hatchability were decreased depending on the doses applied. Decreased fecundity and egg hatchability were more prevalent when both the male and female pupae were treated compared to the treatment of female pupae only. There was no significant decrease in the fecundity of irradiated adults except 550 Gy, and no eggs hatched at doses of 300 Gy and above.     

杨黄褐锉叶蜂雄性幼虫发育起点温度和有效积温

对杨黄褐锉叶蜂雄性幼虫发育起点温度和有效积温进行研究的结果表明:杨黄褐锉叶蜂雄性幼虫在18、22、26、30℃4个温度下可正常生长发育,而在34℃条件下不能完成发育,不同龄期(共5龄)雄性幼虫的发育起点温度和有效积温存在差异,且不同龄期对二者的要求不一致,有效积温分别为37.68、30.26、29.18、42.55、75.01日·度,发育起点温度分别为6.07、5.61、8.84、8.67、5.50℃。杨黄褐锉叶蜂雄性幼虫期发育起点温度和有效积温分别为6.35℃和220.68日·度,发育历期预测式为N=220.68/(T-6.35)。     

山鸡椒水分及氮素利用效率性别特异性动态

【目的】以雌雄异株山鸡椒为研究材料,分析雌雄植株在生殖生长过程中水分及氮素利用策略的性别特异性动态变化规律,以期为雌雄异株植物资源分配动态变化机制提供理论依据。【方法】测定雌雄植株在开花后105～165天共5个时期叶片养分含量(碳含量、氮含量、碳氮比)、稳定碳同位素组成(δ¹³C)、稳定氮同位素组成(δ¹⁵N),并分析其动态变化规律。【结果】1)雌雄株叶片δ¹³C平均值分别为-29. 38‰和-28. 08‰。性别和发育时期对雌雄株叶片δ¹³C值影响均显著,5个时期雌株δ¹³C值均显著低于雄株;且随发育进程雌雄植株δ¹³C值均不断下降。2)雌雄株叶片δ¹⁵N平均值分别为1. 90‰和2. 95‰。性别和发育时期对雌雄株叶片δ¹⁵N值均有极显著影响,开花后105～150天(即雌株果实中精油及柠檬醛含量快速积累期)雌株δ¹⁵N值显著低于雄株;随着发育进程,雌雄株叶片δ¹⁵N值均表现出双峰变化趋势,双峰出现在开花后105天和135天,雌株叶片δ¹⁵N在开花后120天达到最低值,雄株叶片在开花后165天时达到最低值。3)雌雄株叶片碳含量平均值分别为49. 44%和49. 28%。开花后105天和120天,雌株叶片C含量高于雄株叶片C含量,开花后135～165天(果实精油快速积累期到稳定期),雌株叶片C含量低于雄株。雄株叶片C含量随发育进程显著升高,而雌株叶片C含量在不同时期无显著差异。4)雌雄株叶片N含量平均值分别为1. 71%和1. 51%。性别对N含量影响显著,雄株叶片N含量均低于雌株(除开花后135天)。5)雌雄株叶片C/N平均值分别为29. 15和33. 72。性别对叶片碳氮比影响显著,雌株C/N值在不同发育时期均小于雄株,但发育时期对其无显著影响;随着发育时期推进,雄株C/N值下降程度高于雌株。6)雌雄植株叶片δ¹³C与N含量以及δ¹³C与δ¹⁵N之间均无显著相关性。【结论】山鸡椒雌雄植株在养分含量、水分及氮素利用策略存在差异,且在开花后105～165天表现出动态变化规律。雌株水分利用效率低于雄株,从果实精油及柠檬醛含量快速积累期到稳定期,雌株水分利用效率不断下降;雌株氮利用低于雄株,且随着植株发育,雌雄株叶片氮素利用效率均表现出双峰变化趋势;雄株叶片氮含量低于雌株,分配更多的氮素至花芽以保证花粉形成;果实精油快速积累期到稳定期,雌株叶片碳含量低于雄株,为果实及种子的形成提供更多的碳元素。     

Fumigant and repellent activities of essential oil from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coriandrum sativum</Emphasis> (L.) (Apiaceae) against red flour beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The biological activity of essential oil extracted from coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) against eggs, larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Bioassays conducted in air-tight glass chambers showed vapour toxicity and strong repellency on filter paper arena test towards all the stages used. Responses varied significantly (P < 0.001) within insect stages, dosages and exposures. At 12.0 μg/ml dosage, mortality of adults reached 95%, but for 12-, 14- and 16-days larvae, mortalities were 65, 74 and 82%, respectively. On the developmental inhibition, individuals fumigated at the larval stage confirmed that the percentage of larvae reaching to pupal stage and pupae to adult stage, decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing dosage concentration. The oil fumigation yielded 100% mortality for T. castaneum larvae, pupae and adults at 0.08 μg/ml dosage. The oil had fumigant activity against eggs and the toxicity progressively increased with increased exposure times and concentrations. One hundred per cent T. castaneum egg mortalities were obtained with oil fumigation at 20 μg/ml and 96 h exposure period. C. sativum oil also showed highly repellent activity to the adults of T. castaneum, with overall repellency was 90% and at a dosage of 12 μg/ml repellency was 100% in a filter-paper arena test.