植物生长调节剂对刨花润楠种子发芽的影响

采用赤霉素、双吉尔(生根粉)、吲哚丁酸、萘乙酸等4种植物生长调节剂,分别设置6个浓度梯度浸泡处理刨花润楠种子24 h,以清水浸种作为对照,研究不同植物生长调节剂及浓度处理对刨花润楠种子发芽、幼苗生长的影响。研究得出4种较优的处理:赤霉素50 mg·L~(-1)处理,种子发芽指数最高,发芽天数最短,幼苗平均苗高最高,是属于快长型的;萘乙酸100 mg·L~(-1)处理,种子发芽率最高,但发芽指数最低,平均发芽天数最长,幼苗平均苗高最矮,是属于慢长型的;而双吉尔100 mg·L~(-1)、吲哚丁酸300 mg·L~(-1)处理,种子各项指标居中,发芽生长不快不慢。在实际育苗过程中,这4种处理方法可根据具体情况进行选用。     

壳聚糖对长白落叶松和侧柏种子萌发的影响

用0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 g·L-14种浓度的壳聚糖溶液分别对长白落叶松和侧柏种子浸种处理18、24 h,对照为始温45℃清水浸种24 h、恒温25℃培养21、28 d.结果表明:经不同浓度的壳聚糖溶液处理后,长白落叶松种子发芽率、发芽势、平均发芽速率和发芽指数都有显著提高,以1.0 g·L-1壳聚糖浸种24 h效果最佳;侧柏种子发芽率、发芽速率以2.0 g·L-1壳聚糖浸种24 h后效果最好.     

褪黑素浸种对盐碱胁迫下侧柏种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过设置褪黑素浓度为0.1 mmol/L,盐碱浓度为50 mmol/L、100 mmol/L、150 mmol/L的不同处理，研究褪黑素浸种对不同浓度盐碱胁迫下侧柏种子萌发和幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明，与盐碱胁迫处理相比，褪黑素浸种显著提高了侧柏种子的发芽率和发芽指数，显著降低了其相对盐害率。褪黑素浸种显著降低了盐碱胁迫下侧柏幼苗的MDA含量和电导率，提高了盐碱胁迫下侧柏幼苗的根系长度、SOD活性、POD活性、游离脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量。综上所述，褪黑素可以有效缓解不同程度盐碱胁迫对侧柏种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。     

温度及浸种对杜鹃种子萌发特性的影响

研究温度、浸泡液pH、赤霉素(GA3)及噻苯隆(TDZ)等处理对映山红(R.simsii)和马银花(R.ovatum)种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:25℃/15℃变温条件有利于映山红种子的萌发;马银花种子在15℃恒温条件下发芽率达到最大值。GA3100 mg·L~(-1)处理促进映山红种子的萌发,但对马银花的种子发芽率影响不显著;不同浓度的TDZ溶液对马银花、映山红种子发芽率的影响差异均不显著;pH 4.5的溶液浸泡马银花种子,种子发芽率达到最大值,pH 6的溶液浸泡映山红,种子发芽率最好。综合试验结果表明,最适宜的发芽条件为:映山红种子用GA3100 mg·L~(-1)+TDZ 0.001 mg·L~(-1)、pH 6的溶液浸种,在温度为15℃的发芽箱中培养;马银花种子用GA3100 mg·L~(-1)+TDZ 0.001 mg·L~(-1)、pH 4.5的浸泡液中浸种,在25℃温度的发芽箱中培养。     

不同形态氮及钾营养对栲树苗生长和氮吸收的影响

为明确栲树幼苗生长和氮吸收对不同氮钾水平变化的响应,采用L8(4×24)正交试验设计,研究不同氮形态(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N)、氮浓度(8、32 mmol·L~(-1))、钾浓度(0、0.5、1.5、3 mmol·L~(-1))对栲树幼苗成活、生长和氮含量等指标的影响。结果表明:NH_4~+处理条件下的各指标优于NO_3~-处理,成活率、苗高、叶片数、生物量、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和氮含量分别提高了93.46%、6.09%、21.12%、14.81%、51.55%和73.76%;8 mmol·L~(-1) N处理时的成活率、苗高和生物量等较32 mmol·L~(-1)处理时大,分别提高了172.97%、6.77%和10.71%,但叶绿素SPAD值、根系直径和氮含量在32 mmol·L~(-1)时较大;K~+浓度水平对栲树各指标影响缺乏一致性,根系和地上部的生长分别以0 mmol·L~(-1)和3 mmol·L~(-1)较佳,此时植物体内N含量较低。栲树为偏喜铵树种,但铵态氮浓度过高时发生毒害效应,硝态氮浓度过高使栲树幼苗致死。     

棋盘山2种野生地被植物种子引种繁殖技术研究

在沈阳地区引种棋盘山野生罂粟和剪秋罗2种地被植物的种子,分别用不同的培养温度、不同的浸种温度和不同浓度的3种药剂(KH_2PO_4、GA3和6-BA)浸种处理,研究了种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,结果表明:40℃清水浸种可促进野罂粟和剪秋罗种子的萌发,在变温(25℃/15℃)的条件下野罂粟、剪秋罗的发芽情况最好,用200 mg·L~(-1) GA3浸种处理或100 mg·L~(-1)6-BA浸种处理,野罂粟种子萌发效果最好。     

外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下白榆生理特性的影响

目的]以白榆幼苗为材料,研究不同浓度水杨酸(SA)的喷施对盐胁迫下白榆生理代谢的影响。[方法]以1年生白榆品种‘白洼一号’幼苗为材料,在0、50、100和150 mmol·L~(-1)Na Cl浓度下,喷施不同浓度SA(0、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol·L~(-1)),处理30 d后对白榆水分生理、膜脂过氧化、光合色素含量和光合气体交换参数进行测定。[结果]表明:(1)盐胁迫下,外源SA可以显著提高白榆叶片相对含水量、可溶性糖含量,并降低丙二醛含量,但对电解质渗透率影响不显著。(2)0.5和2.0 mmol·L~(-1)SA会显著提高50和100 mmol·L~(-1)Na Cl胁迫下白榆叶片的光合色素含量,1.0 mmol·L~(-1)SA对各盐浓度下光合色素含量改善作用均不明显。(3)2.0 mmol·L~(-1)SA的添加提高了盐胁迫下白榆光合气体交换参数,1.0 mmol·L~(-1)SA明显降低了50 mmol·L~(-1)盐浓度下白榆叶片的净光合速率和气孔导度。[结论]适宜浓度的SA能改善白榆的生理参数,隶属函数法综合评价表明:0.5和2.0 mmol·L~(-1)SA对盐胁迫下白榆生理参数的改善作用较明显。     

外源ABA对短期H_2O_2胁迫下侧柏幼苗活性氧代谢及相关基因的影响

[目的]研究外源ABA处理对H_2O_2胁迫下侧柏幼苗活性氧代谢系统的影响,探讨ABA调控侧柏氧化胁迫的可能作用机制。[方法]以侧柏幼苗为试验材料,采用水培方式,研究外施低浓度(0.5μmol·L~(-1))和高浓度(200μmol·L~(-1))ABA对100 mmol·L~(-1)H_2O_2胁迫下侧柏幼苗活性氧代谢的影响。[结果](1)100 mmol·L~(-1)H_2O_2胁迫48 h显著增加了侧柏幼苗叶片过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和脯氨酸含量、抗氧化物酶(SOD和CAT)活性,而可溶性蛋白含量降低。(2)相较于高浓度200μmol·L~(-1)ABA,施加0.5μmol·L~(-1)ABA显著减少了H_2O_2胁迫下侧柏幼苗H_2O_2和MDA的积累,进一步提高了侧柏幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性,同时促进GSH、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的合成。(3)100 mmol·L~(-1)H_2O_2胁迫处理48 h,侧柏幼苗叶片活性氧代谢相关基因Cu/Zn-SOD、CAT、GR、APX、MDAR和GST表达水平较对照CK均有显著性提高;正常和H_2O_2胁迫下侧柏幼苗外施0.5μmol·L~(-1)ABA相较于200μmol·L~(-1)更有利于提高侧柏叶片活性氧代谢相关基因Cu/Zn-SOD、CAT、GR、APX、MDAR和GST的表达量。[结论]低浓度0.5μmol·L~(-1)ABA有效地增强抗氧化系统的防御能力,减弱幼苗的氧化胁迫和膜脂过氧化水平,从而降低活性氧对侧柏的伤害。     

外源SA对干旱胁迫下金莲花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为提高金莲花种子萌发和幼苗生长阶段的抗旱性,试验选用采自河北小五台山国家级自然保护区的金莲花种子,利用PEG-6000模拟干旱,探讨了外源SA对干旱胁迫下金莲花种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并探索了减轻干旱胁迫危害的最适SA浓度及各个生长指标、生理指标的变化规律。结果表明:通过对不同处理及对照的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、根冠比、相对含水量、叶片叶绿素含量以及叶片相对电导率进行测定比较,外源SA的最佳缓解浓度为1.0mmol/L。该结论为促进其规范化栽培和扩大其在干旱半干旱地区的种植范围提供了科学依据。     

NaCl胁迫对构树种子发芽及幼苗生理生化指标的影响

研究了不同浓度NaCl(0,25,50,75,100,125 mmol/L)对构树种子发芽和幼苗生长及生理效应的影响.结果表明:低浓度(25 mmol/L)盐胁迫下,构树种子的发芽率比对照升高了7.7%,同时幼苗根长亦有显著增加,比对照高23%,苗高、发芽指数、活力指数虽有所下降但不显著;随着NaCl浓度的增大,构树种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均呈下降趋势,发芽后幼苗的根长、苗高、鲜质量等也呈下降趋势,幼苗生长被抑制.对幼苗的生理指标测定显示:细胞膜透性随着盐浓度的增加逐渐升高,细胞膜稳定性受到破坏;MDA含量、SOD、POD活性随盐浓度的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,膜透性和MDA含量与SOD活性呈极显著相关.     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Insecticidal activity of certain medicinal plants

The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)].     

Populations of adult fungus gnats and shore flies in British Columbia container nurseries as related to nursery environment,and incidence of fungi on the insects

Adult fungus gnat and shore fly populations were monitored in four container nurseries near Victoria, British Columbia. In general, populations of both insects were larger in summer than in winter. Also, both insects were more abundant in the nursery with a plastic-covered, soil floor, which favored moisture accumulation and build up of algae, liverworts and mosses, than in nurseries with other types of floors such as cement. Results of fungus isolations revealed that gnats and flies both harbor the seedling pathogens Botrytis cinerea and species of Fusarium and Phoma, plus several non-pathogenic fungi. The results are discussed in relation to nursery sanitation practices, their effects on gnat and fly populations, and some possible roles of these insects in seedling disease epidemiology.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Constituents of aromatic plants: carvacrol

Carvacrol is a component of numerous aromatic plants. Up to now, no toxicological data were available. Carvacrol show a weak activity in the mutagenicity studies. Moreover, in the metabolism study, carvacrol has shown to be excreted with urine after 24 h in large quantities or unchanged or as glucoronide and sulphate conjugates. The available data do not allow the assessment of the NOEL. Further toxicological studies are needed.     

崖柏属植物的核型分析

[目的]为了从细胞学角度探讨崖柏属植物分类与进化问题,[方法]采用根尖压片法对崖柏属5种植物进行核型研究。[结果]表明:崖柏和日本香柏的核型公式为2n=2x=22=18m(2SAT)+4sm,朝鲜崖柏、北美乔柏和北美香柏的核型公式为2n=2x=22=20m(2SAT)+2sm,5种植物的核型均属于1A类型。[结论]该属在柏科中可能处于比较进步的进化地位;通过进化趋势图分析发现,崖柏在该属中分化最晚,而朝鲜崖柏则较原始。     

Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia

Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline.     

Effects of thinning on growth of six tree species in north-temperate forests of Lithuania

This paper summarises the results from 35 years-observed thinning experiments on 256 permanent sample plots in 10–60 year-old stands of ash, aspen, birch, oak, pine and spruce in Lithuania. Thinning enhanced crown projection area increment of residual trees. The largest effect was observed in stands of aspen and birch (growth increase by 200%), followed by ash and oak (over 100%), and spruce and pine (about 80%). Thinning also promoted dbh increment, especially in younger stands, and the increase of dbh increment was positively correlated with the thinning intensity. The strongest reaction was exhibited by oak and aspen, while ash, birch and conifers reacted to a lower extent. Low and moderate intensities of thinning stimulated volume production in younger stands while the opposite was observed in older stands with increasing removals. Spruce stands exhibited relatively strongest increase of volume increment and pine, –the weakest, while the effect on deciduous species was intermediate. The results demonstrate that significant increase in volume increment is achievable with thinning of only young forest stands, e.g. 10–20 year-old pine, birch and ash, or 10–30 year-old oak, aspen and spruce.