铝对马尾松菌根苗生长及营养元素吸收的影响

以接种褐环乳牛肝菌和未接种的马尾松幼苗为试验材料,采用水培法研究不同浓度铝(Al^3+)处理(0、0.2、0.4、0.8和1.2 mmol·L^-1)对菌根化和非菌根化马尾松幼苗生长、营养元素吸收的影响,揭示菌根化马尾松苗木对Al^3+的适应机制,为减轻马尾松苗木铝毒害现象提供理论和技术依据。结果表明,在相同浓度Al^3+胁迫下,接种褐环乳牛肝菌的马尾松幼苗苗高、生物量、根系形态以及对氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)的吸收能力均优于不接种的马尾松苗。马尾松幼苗苗高、干物质量积累以及根系生长随着Al^3+浓度的增大均呈现先升后降再升的趋势,随着Al^3+浓度的逐渐增大,马尾松幼苗根、茎、叶中的N、P、K含量呈现出低促高抑的趋势,根、茎、叶中Al^3+含量的分配为根>茎>叶。Al^3+胁迫下,接种褐环乳牛肝菌的马尾松幼苗,通过改变马尾松幼苗根系结构,促进了幼苗的生长,特别是根系的生长,以及对N、P、K等营养元素的吸收,抑制了根系吸收Al^3+,提高了马尾松幼苗的耐铝能力。     

马尾松外生菌根菌的培养和育苗效应研究

对彩色豆马勃、厚环乳牛肝菌、血红铆钉菇等７株菌根菌株在４种培养基、３种温度梯度下的生长状况和马尾松苗期接种效果进行研究。结果表明：改良麦芽汁培养基是外生菌根菌的适宜培养基；彩色豆马勃适应力强，明显促进马尾松苗期生长，菌根感染率高，但各菌株之间存在差异；厚环乳牛肝菌不适宜马尾松的苗期生长。     

接种外生菌根真菌对马尾松幼苗生长的影响

采用松乳菇(Lactariusdeliciosus01,02)、华南牛肝菌(Suillusplacidu504)和双色蜡蘑(LaccariabicolorS238N)4株外生菌根真菌固体纯培养接种物,对马尾松进行了圃地育苗接种试验。接种6个月后取样,比较了接种和未接种马尾松幼苗的生长、菌根侵染率和氮磷钾含量的差异。结果表明,外生菌根对马尾松幼苗的生长和氮磷钾养分的吸收有明显的促进作用,接种幼苗的株高、地径、生物量和氮磷钾含量等显著增加,菌根感染率超过65%以上,较对照均达显著水平(P<0 05)。     

几种外生菌根菌对松苗抗非根部病害的影响

研究几种外生菌根真菌对松苗抗松枯梢病和抗松材线虫病的影响.结果表明:菌根菌增强了马尾松苗苗木对松枯梢病的抵抗力,其中华美牛肝菌(504)菌根苗的抗性最强,其次为黄豹斑鹅膏(EG)和彩色豆马勃Pt2菌根苗,彩色豆马勃Pt,和紫金蜡蘑(ZJ)菌根苗的抗性相对较弱;但外生菌根菌对湿地松苗苗木抗松枯梢病的能力未见提高.对黑松和马尾松菌根苗接种松材线虫后发现,菌根增强了黑松和马尾松对松材线虫病的抵抗力,延缓或减轻了苗木的死亡,以504、Pt2和EG的效果较好.黑松菌根苗接种松材线虫后各处理体内早期的PAL活性存在一定差异.对松材线虫抗性较强的菌根苗其体内PAL酶活也较高,反之亦然.供试外生菌根菌的促生作用以及菌根苗体内抗病代谢酶活性的变化与其抗病性有一定的相关性.     

红汁乳菇菌种分离培养及其对马尾松苗木生长效应研究

红汁乳菇菌种分离实验表明，红汁乳菇可通过组织分离获得纯菌，不同地域的红汁乳菇子实体在相同条件下进行分离时，菌丝生长的快慢不同。红汁乳菇一级菌种培养时，菌丝在PDA、MMN、酵母葡萄糖酸钙培养基上生长较快和旺盛，菌丝在MS、查氏、蛋白胨培养基上生长缓慢，且生长很弱。用液体培养的红汁乳菇接种马尾松幼苗可形成菌根化苗，苗木菌根形成率为73．3％，且菌根明显促进马尾松苗木生长。马尾松菌根化苗可以提高马尾松苗出圃率及造林成活率，促进马尾松生长，为实现红汁乳菇的半人工栽培提供基础。     

外生菌根真菌菌剂的制备及其对松苗生长效果的研究*

从不同林型下分离获得的外生菌根真菌纯培养菌株中,选择了劣味乳菇、美味红茹、赭丝膜菌、彩色豆马勃四株菌根菌,进行菌剂制备及其对松苗生长效果的试验。结果表明,PDMA和PD培养基是培养外生菌根真菌较适合的培养基,木屑、麸皮、米糠、玉米粉、珍珠岩、蛭石等是培养菌根菌菌剂较适宜的基质。供试菌对油松、马尾松、落叶松、樟子松、红松苗都具促进生长作用,效果较明显的是丝膜菌,其次是劣味乳菇、美味红菇、彩色豆马勃;对促进火炬松苗生长效果最明显的是劣味乳菇,其次是美味红菇、彩色豆马勃。四种菌对湿地松苗生长效果均高于对照。     

干旱胁迫对马尾松菌根化苗木水分生理和光合特性的影响

以马尾松Pinus massoniana 1年生苗为材料,采用双因素随机区组试验设计,6个接种处理,分别为牛肝菌7 Suillus luteus,牛肝菌1,鸡油菌Cantharellus cibarius,彩色豆马勃Pisolithus tinctorius Strain Pt 715,土生空团菌Cenococcum geophilum Strain Cg SIV和对照(不接种);4个水分处理,土壤相对含水量分别为正常(65±5)%、轻度胁迫(50±5)%、中度胁迫(35±5)%和重度胁迫(25±5)%,比较分析马尾松菌根化及非菌根化苗木,在干旱胁迫下水分生理和光合特性的差异。结果表明,外生菌根真菌通过提高叶片相对含水量,增加束缚水含量,降低苗木水势、自由水和水分饱和亏缺,从而改善苗木水分状况,增强苗木保水能力;外生菌根真菌增加了苗木叶绿素含量,提高了苗木光合速率,各处理间差异显著(P 0.05)。较高的叶绿素含量使菌根化苗木的光合速率增强,气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和资源利用效率也提高,从而降低蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和光合耗氧量,减少气孔对水分的阻力,提高菌根化苗木的含水量;马尾松菌根化苗木主要是通过提高光合利用效率来适应干旱环境,其抗旱能力由强到弱为:牛肝菌1土生空团菌牛肝菌7鸡油菌彩色豆马勃对照。     

铝对外生菌根真菌草酸分泌及氮磷钾吸收的影响(英文)

选用来自我国西南酸性土壤上的松乳菇、褐环乳牛肝菌和来自西北石灰性土壤的厚环乳牛肝菌、土生空团菌作为供试菌株,采用液体培养的方法,研究不同浓度铝对4种外生菌根真菌的生长、草酸分泌及氮磷钾吸收的影响。结果表明:铝胁迫下,4种外生菌根真菌生物量均出现不同程度的下降,且松乳菇与褐环乳牛肝菌生物量下降幅度较厚环乳牛肝菌、土生空团菌少;同时,松乳菇与褐环乳牛肝菌无论在是否含铝的培养基中均有较高的草酸分泌量。这可能是由于草酸能够与培养基中的铝螯合,从而降低铝离子的活性、减轻对菌株的伤害。在大多数铝处理的菌丝中,松乳菇与褐环乳牛肝菌的氮磷钾吸收量高于厚环乳牛肝菌与土生空团菌。根据菌株在铝胁迫下的生物量与养分吸收状况可知,选自酸性土壤上的菌种具有较强的抗铝性,这可能是酸性土壤上自然选择的结果。另外,培养基中适当的铝浓度能够增加4种菌株的磷含量,这可能是有益于沉淀细胞内的铝以减轻铝毒。     

褐环乳牛肝菌对马尾松幼苗根际土壤微环境的影响

为探索菌根-土壤-植物共生体系原理,以马尾松为供试植物,研究褐环乳牛肝菌Sl12、Sl13对苗木根际和非根际土壤pH值、酶活性和可培养微生物数量的影响。结果表明:(1)褐环乳牛肝菌接种处理会使苗木根际土壤的p H值降低0.13。(2)褐环乳牛肝菌在不同程度上增加根际土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶的活性,与CK相比,Sl13菌株根际土壤酶活性分别增加47.14%、8.86%、5.91%、22.38%。(3)接种褐环乳牛肝菌能显著增加根际土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量。其中,Sl12菌株能显著增加土壤中可培养真菌数量,提升效果优于Sl13。与CK相比,接种组Sl12菌株根际真菌数量增加63.75%,Sl13菌株增加39.06%。研究表明褐环乳牛肝菌通过改变马尾松苗木的根际土壤微环境,从而促进植物生长发育,提高植物抗逆性。     

外生菌根菌剂在油松育苗造林中的应用

将工业液体发酵法生产的厚环乳牛肝菌固体菌剂与彩色豆马勃孢子粉剂，细菌菌剂及磷马以不同的模式进行组合。应用到油松容器育苗中，并将生长百天的菌根化油松苗在山西黄土高原造林。结果表明，将厚环乳牛肝菌与细菌混合接种并施磷肥效果最佳。接种菌根真菌并施肥的处理优于菌根真菌单接种的处理，单施肥处理优于驿照但不及其它处理。接种菌根真菌能促进苗木的生长，尤其是增加苗木的干重和对磷元素的吸收，提高造林成活率，并在...     

外生菌根真菌对油松幼苗生长的影响

采用红蜡蘑L.l、美味牛肝菌B.e、铆钉菇G.v、厚环乳牛肝菌S.g、褐环乳牛肝菌S.l等5种外生菌根真菌的固体培养物对油松幼苗进行接种实验,研究外生菌根真菌对其生长的影响。3个月后取样测量,结果表明外生菌根真菌能明显提高苗木的菌根化程度,对幼苗的生长有促进作用,提高了植株对养分NPK的吸收。筛选出L.l、S.l、S.g是油松菌根化育苗的优良菌种。     

落叶松菌根真菌圃地接种效应

采用厚环乳牛肝菌,赭丝膜菌,灰环乳牛肝菌和彩色豆马勃４种外生菌根真菌固体纯培养接种物,对日本落叶松进行了圃地育苗接种试验。结果表明,苗高,地径,侧根数分别比较对照提高了１３．３８％－２３．５４％、１０．６５％－２４．７１％、９．９７％、－１３．７８％,苗木Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量分别比对照增加了０．７０％－１９．９６％、９．０６％－４７．８１％和１４．４５％－２１．１２％,苗木菌根感染率为６７．８２％－８３     

Synergistic effects between Suilllus luteus and Trichoderma virens on growth of Korean spruce seedlings and drought resistance of Scotch pine seedlings

Korean spruce(Picea koraiensis Sieb. El Zucc.)is one of the main afforestation species in northern China.Seedling quality is a critical factor at planting time. To test whether the synergistic growth enhancement of Scotch pine(P. sylvestris var. mongolica) seedlings brought by the plant beneficial fungus Trichoderma virens(J.H. Mill., Giddens and A.A. Foster) Arx and ectomycorrhizal fungus(Suillus luteus(L.) Roussel.) can also benefit Korean spruce seedlings, we examined the effects of S. luteus and T. virens on the growth of P. koraiensis seedlings and drought resistance of P. sylvestris var. mongolica in peat soils. The two fungi were added to sterilized peat soil in pots, and the plants were grown for 4 months. Seedling growth and physiological variables, including mycorrhizal colonization rate of roots,biomass, and chlorophyll content, were examined. The colonization rate of the mycorrhizal fungus on P. koraiensis exceeded 65 %, and the synergism between S. luteus and T.virens enhanced most of the variables for P. koraiensis seedlings after inoculation with S. luteus then 30 days later with T. virens as in our published results for seedlings of P.sylvestris var. mongolica. When seedlings of P. sylvestris var. mongolica were inoculated with this sequence, they became more drought tolerant. T. virens also induced S.luteus to produce-1,3-glucanase and chitinase. This inoculation sequence at planting can thus improve the quality of P. sylvestris var. mongolica and P. koraiensis seedlings and substantiates our previous results.     

Mycorrhization, growth and nutrition of Pinus halepensis seedlings fertilized with different doses and sources of nitrogen

? Although fertilization is commonly used in nurseries, the effects of high level of nitrogen on Pinus halepensis mycorrhization are still unknown.

? The effect of fertilization at different N levels (low-LN: 35 mg/plant; medium-MN: 60 mg/plant; high-HN: 120 mg/plant), differing N sources (ammonium-(NH₄)₂SO₄; nitrate-HNO₃; ammonium+nitrate-NH₄NO₃) and inoculation with Pisolithus tinctorius and Lactarius deliciosus on the mycorrhization, growth and nutrient status of P. halepensis has been studied.

? P. tinctorius 3SR showed higher mycorrhizal ability (100% of mycorrhizal seedlings) than L. deliciosus (nearer to 50%). The application of increasing doses of N resulted in a significant reduction of mycorrhizal seedlings but no differences were observed between NH₄ and NO₃as N source at the 60 mg N/plant dose applied. The effects of fertilization on growth were mainly observed in uninoculated plants. The use of NH₄ increased growth in non-mycorrhized plants. Nutrient status was similar in all cases except for K concentration, which was higher in plants mycorrhized with P. tinctorius. Interactions between inoculation and fertilization were found, mycorrhizal effects appearing only at LN fertilization.

? It is advisable to avoid high doses of N fertilization in order to produce mycorrhizal P. halepensis seedlings.

     

Influence of the fertilisation method in controlled ectomycorrhizal inoculation of two Mediterranean pines

The influence of the fertilisation method: soluble (SF) vs. slow-release fertiliser (SRF) and of inoculation with Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Fr., Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch and Melanogaster ambiguus (Vittad.) Tul & C. Tul. on ectomycorrhizal colonization and growth of Pinus pinea L. and Pinus pinaster Ait. was evaluated. For both pines, mycorrhization with L. laccata was not affected by the fertilisation method. Percentages of ectomycorrhizas (ECM) formed by P. tinctorius were dependent on the fertilisation method, the inoculum type (vegetative or spores) and the pine species involved. ECM formed by M. ambiguus were increased with fertilisation in both pines. Inoculation significantly improved P. pinea biomass when seedlings were fertilised with SRF whereas no effect was found in non-fertilised ones. For non-fertilised P. pinaster, inoculation with L. laccata and both inocula of P. tinctorius increased seedling biomass whereas fertilisation neutralised the fungal effect. Fertilisation increased P. pinea and P. pinaster biomass, independently of the inoculation treatment.     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林中马尾松菌根研究

通过对浙江天童常绿阔叶林中马尾松的菌根研究,比较分析了马尾松在不同样地及不同季节菌根感染率的状况,结果表明,菌根感染率与季节及样地类型有密切的联系,12月份左右,在裸地中菌根感染率较低,只有2.67%;而7月份左右,在马尾松林中,菌根感染率达到了76%.其次,通过一年多对各样地子实体的采集研究和实验室分析,确定在这个阔叶林中与马尾松共生的菌根真菌共4科6属8种,其中硬皮马勃科（Scleroderrnataceae）豆马勃属（Pisolithus）的彩色豆马勃（P.tinctorius（Pers.））和大包硬皮马勃（S.bovista Fr.）以及红菇科（Russulacese）乳菇属（Lactarius Dcex Gray）的松乳菇（L.deliciosus（L.ex.Fr）Gery）分布较广泛,在多数样地中均可找到相应的子实体.最后,本文通过菌根在生态系统中的作用,初步探讨了菌根与常绿阔叶林整体退化机制之间的关系.     

Effects of Acidic Precipitation and Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth,Mineral Nutrition,and Xylem Water Potential of Juvenile Loblolly Pine and White Oak

Abstract

Individual and interactive effects of simulated acidic rainfall and mycorrhizal inoculation on growth and nutrient and water relations of loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.) grown in a loam soil were examined. Seedlings of each species inoculated with basidiospores of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.) Coker and Couch, a known my-cobiont of both loblolly pine and white oak, and uninoculated control seedlings received two simulated rains per week of either pH 3.6, 4.2, or 4.8 for 26 weeks. Higher acidity rainfall reduced the growth but increased mycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine, while both loblolly pine and white oak exposed to these rains exhibited greater foliar injury. Inoculation with P. tinctoriusincreased growth and reduced foliar injury of both species. Foliar concentrations of P, S, and Cu in loblolly pine and white oak, Ca in loblolly pine, and Fe and Zn in white oak decreased with increasing rain acidity while the Al concentration of both species increased. Higher rainfall acidity also reduced soil pH and Ca and Mg concentrations while increasing soil AI. Foliage of inoculated seedlings of both species had higher N and P concentrations and lower Al concentrations than control seedlings. Following the final rain applications, a drought cycle was simulated by withholding irrigation for two weeks during which seedling xylem pressure potential and soil water potential were measured. One day after cessation of irrigation, xylem pressure potential of loblolly pine that had received pH 3.6 rains was lower than that of other treatments. Thereafter, xylem pressure potential and soil water potential of the inoculated treatment decreased below those of the control treatment in both species. These results suggest that acid deposition is detrimental to juvenile loblolly pine and white oak, but the magnitude of this effect is less than the positive response to ectomycorrhizal inoculation.     

Inoculation effects ofSuillus grevillei on Larch seedlings

A large areas of Larch seedlings, including container and bare-root seedlings (new and transplanted seedlings) were inoculated pure inocula that were cultivated by usingSuillus grevillei. Compared with those of control area, all growth indices as rate of emergence, growth(in seedling height, collar diameter and number of lateral branch-root), rate of mycorrhiza inoculum, rate of survival and content of nutrient elements were greatly increased. Therefore,Suillus grevillei is a better and suitable mycorrhizal fungus to larch seedling either in the severe cold mountain area or in the plain region. It should be spread and used in larch cultivation and planting.