中国特有濒危植物杜鹃红山茶群落特征初步研究

杜鹃红山茶仅分布于广东阳春市鹅凰嶂省级自然保护区。在杜鹃红山茶群落中设置了6条5 m×80 m的样带。在样带中记录了维管植物182种(包括变种),隶属74科135属。植物区系以泛热带成分为优势,具有明显的热带北缘性质。群落可分为乔、灌、草3层,但结构比较残次。Shannon指数为3.48,远低于海南热带雨林类群。聚类和排序结果反映了植物群落类型和环境梯度之间的关系,表明影响杜鹃红山茶群落分布格局的主导生态因子为气候类型和海拔梯度。     

文峪河上游华北落叶松天然林立木空间分布模式研究

应用G re ig-Sm ith的等级方差分析方法,结合野外样带调查法,在山西文峪河流域的庞泉沟自然保护区设置了5条典型样带,对华北落叶松林三个群落类型的优势树种立木空间分布格局进行了数量化分析。研究结果表明,等级方差分析法可较方便地分析林木的空间分布格局,确定格局规模尺度,定性地比较分析聚集强度;样带宽度影响分析结果,实际研究中需进行必要的试验,以便确定适当的宽度;研究地区的三个华北落叶松林类型在16 m和64 m两个尺度上,都表现为明显的聚集分布格局,三者的差异反映了局部小尺度干扰和资源环境异质性分布的影响控制作用;研究地区三个类型的华北落叶松林中,在64 m斑块尺度上的聚集强度,灌木落叶松林>云杉落叶松林>苔草落叶松林;在16 m尺度上的聚集强度云杉落叶松林>灌木落叶松林>苔草落叶松林。     

望云山森林公园森林景观稳定性评价

以2010年森林资源二类调查数据为信息源,对望云山森林公园森林景观稳定性进行评价。基于面积信息守恒评价法、景观指数粒度效应和移动窗口法确定了分析的适宜粒度为60 m,移动窗口半径为300 m。基于主成分分析法筛选出分离度(DIVISION)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)、平均分维数(PARA_MN)、聚合度指数(AI)、景观形状指数(LSI)、斑块密度(PD)6个指标,通过2个主成分方差贡献率和各景观指数的得分系数确定其权重分别为0.292 3、0.196 9、0.146、0.141 7、0.132 1、0.090 9。采用克里金插值和自然间断点分级法将公园景观稳定性分为4级,其中稳定区面积所占比例为47.95%,不稳定区占52.05%,表明望云山森林公园整体景观稳定性较差,森林景观有待加强保护。     

苏南丘陵区主要森林类型的生态经济研究

对苏南地区主要森林类型的生态经济特征进行了较为全面的比较研究，并利用主成分分析法进行了数量分析，对区域要林类型的生态经济特点做出了明确的判定，在此基础上，针对区域森林经营规划提出建议。     

杭州市余杭区土地利用类型动态变化检测技术研究

以浙江省余杭区土地利用类型变化为研究对象,利用1994年与2008年2期TM影像,通过光谱直接比较法获取7种变化差异图像,并采用基于Kappa系数的双阈值搜寻算法和双窗口变步长阈值搜寻算法分别计算变化阈值,从而得到变化/未变化二值图。最后采用精度检验法表明,利用主成分差值法获得的差异图像并采用双窗口阈值法确定其变化阈值可以比较地提取变化信息。     

武汉桂子山地区几种常见雀形目鸟类种群数量动态

2005至2007年,在武汉桂子山地区设立5条调查样带,对样带中的灰喜鹊、乌鸫、[树]麻雀、白头鹎4种常见留鸟的种群数量变化进行了调查,并分析校园生态环境对鸟类的影响.结果表明,4种鸟的种群密度均呈上升趋势.各样带由于覆盖的生境类型不同,使得鸟群密度分布不同,并都与其生境丰富度成正相关.     

基于种实性状的水榆花楸优良单株选择

应用主成分分析法，从样本相关矩阵出发，以吉林省长白山水榆花楸天然分布区14个种群123个初选优树的9个种实性状（果体积、果千粒重、果形指数、种千粒重、种体积、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比和p H值）进行分析。结果表明，通过对样本的主成分得分和现实增益的比较分析，按5%入选率筛选出4种不同利用类型的水榆花楸优良单株各6株，即大果高糖型、种子优质型、大果高品质型和复合型。不同类型优良单株主成分得分值的现实增益为67.4%～104.7%，说明利用主成分分析法选出的不同类型优良单株具有显著的优异性，可在生产中推广应用。     

基于主成分分析的黄土区小流域立地类型划分

以鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗西黑岱小流域内的水土保持林为研究对象,综合运用主成分分析法分析研究区立地类型。结果表明:西黑岱流域土壤、地形等条件对立地因子影响相对较大,其中黄土和砒砂岩在第一主成分分析变化较大,分别为0.85和0.85;坡度和坡向分量在第二主成分中所占比例最大,分别为0.76和0.65。以岩土类型、坡度、坡向作为影响立地条件类型划分的主要依据,可将本流域划分为2个立地条件类型组和7个立地条件类型。     

清凉峰自然保护区华南梅花鹿种群数量与分布研究

于2006年1—3月,采用雪地足迹计数法和样带法对清凉峰国家级自然保护区内野生华南梅花鹿种群与分布进行调查研究,结果表明,在38条样带中有13条样带发现有华南梅花鹿,这13条样带构成一个狭长地带;清凉峰自然保护区内野生梅花鹿种群最低密度为0．90头／km^2,最高密度为2．79头/km^2,平均密度为1．84头／km^2,种群数量为104（51～156）头。研究揭示,华南梅花鹿主要在海拔800-1200m的范围内活动,栖息地植被类型以草甸和灌丛为主。     

长沙市边缘区城市森林景观格局梯度分析

本文以2003年长沙市森林资源二类清查数据和2003年TM遥感数据为主要信息源,借助3s技术平台,运用景观生态学原理和方法对长沙市边缘区城市森林进行了景观格局梯度分析,结果表明：在斑块类型水平上,城市森林景观类型在样带梯度上表现出明显的“梯度特征”,城市森林在沿样带移动过程中,大致呈“V”型分布,其景观比例在城市外边缘处最大;在景观水平上,城市森林在中心城区分布最少,但较为集中,破碎化程度不高,形状比较规则,在向边缘区移动的过程中,其分布趋于零碎化,形状趋于自然。     

Patterns of forest vegetation responses to edge effect as revealed by a continuous approach

Context

Understanding the variability of vegetation distribution and its determinants is a central issue for addressing the effects of edges on ecological processes. Recent studies have revealed inconsistencies in the patterns of responses to edge effects that raise important questions about their determinants. We investigated the edge effect response patterns by adapting a recently proposed continuous approach to the case of small forest fragments in southwestern France.

Methods

We surveyed forest understory vegetation (composition, species richness, and percent cover) and abiotic variables (soil temperature, moisture, pH, and canopy openness) along 28 transects across hard forest edges. We tested five statistical models to describe the response pattern of each variable (1) over all transects and (2) per transect. We then compared the response patterns as a function of the attributes of the edge (orientation, topography, and adjacent land cover) and forest patch size.

Results

Over all transects, a general decreasing trend was observed for all variables as the distance from the edge increased. In the individual transects, we evidenced a large variability in the response patterns that was not related to edge attributes or to patch size.

Conclusion

It is difficult to assess the depth of edge influence in highly fragmented forests and to identify the determinants of edge effects. We recommend that care should be taken with studies using pool of transects, and that further studies should be carried out including situations with neutral patterns, in order to gain a broader understanding of edge effects on vegetation.     

Relative contribution of edge and interior zones to patch size effect on species richness: An example for woody plants

In order to understand the capacity of habitats to conserve species, many authors have searched for a species–area relationship (SAR) to evaluate the effect of patch size on species richness in habitat fragments. However, a range of different processes may underlie or obscure this relationship. For woody plant species in forest fragments, as for other taxa, considering forest edges separately in the investigation of SAR is particularly relevant. The objective of our study was to evaluate edge influence on SAR in a fragmented forest landscape in south-western France. To achieve this objective, we considered SAR in two separate spatial portions of the forest fragment: the edge and the forest interior. We also considered SAR for different ecological groups of species based on their shade tolerance and their mode of dispersal, as species can respond differently to habitat reduction depending on their ecological characteristics. In 40 woodlands in an agricultural landscape, we observed the presence/absence of all woody species along parallel walking transects 20-m wide to inventory the total number of species in each woodlot. Vegetation surveys resulted in the identification of 53 woody species, with a total of 23 trees and 30 shrubs, and a number of species per woodlot ranging from 18 to 44. The species richness found in a given woodlot was significantly correlated with its area. When considering the edge and the interior parts of the woodlot separately we found a steeper increase in species richness with area for the part we considered as the edge, compared with the increase found in the interior part of the forest. Our results confirm the contribution of forest edge to forest fragment SAR. Results also underlined the importance of two additional processes that may contribute to SAR: a possible extinction debt of shade-tolerant species in forest edge zones and colonisation by light-demanding species in forest interior zones probably due to disturbances. This approach underlines the importance of taking the edge effect into account when studying the influence of patch size on species richness and the dynamic of species richness pattern.     

黄土高原三种类型复合农林业边界地区土壤水分的时空变化(英文)

黄土高原山坡上的复合农林业是一种普遍存在的景色,在这里土壤的水分是植物生长和发展的限制因素。文中研究了三种类型复合农林业边界(林-牧地、林-耕地和防护林-耕地)下水分的时空特性。研究结果表明,从土地表面到110cm处土壤的水分含量随着土壤深度的增加而减少。在雨季(7-9月)、干旱季(5-6月)和春季(3-4月),土壤的水分含量在三种边界下变化非常显著。在三种边界类型的不同土壤层下,土壤水分的水平分布呈现出线性、波形、勺形或是"W"形不同的形式。通过方差分析和多重比较估计除了不同边界类型下土壤水分影响域(DEI)。在干旱季节,在0-10cm的土壤层的DEI为0.4H(H为平均树高),该数据从牧地或耕地下的0.2H到林-牧地、林-耕地下的0.2H和防护林-耕地下0.7H(从耕地的0.2H到防护林的0.5H)。在雨季,在0-110cm土壤深度三种边界下的DEI为0.7H。研究结果表明,特别在黄土高原的恢复退化土地区域为了保持土壤的水分在土地管理上复合农林业类型应该谨慎选取。     

马鞍山城市森林景观镶嵌与其城郊分布梯度格局研究

运用景观生态学的原理与方法及3S技术,研究马鞍山市区63.8 km2城市森林景观特点及与其他景观的关系;并沿城市南北纵轴设立样带,采用移动窗口法对6个样区景观要素的景观特征进行计算,分析城市森林斑块在城市中心与城郊间的分布规律.结果表明:该城市的景观要素有各类硬质铺装表面、城市森林、农业用地、水面与一般绿地五大类,分别占67.25%、16.47%、11.9%、3.99%、0.39%;景观多样性指数1.071 28;主要景观要素的优势度排列顺序为硬质表面0.573,城市森林0.472,农田0.122,水面0.114,一般绿地0.029,城市森林已具有较高的环境控制能力.城市森林类型有风景林、庭院林、游憩林、道路林、苗圃及防护林;分别占城市森林面积的40.8%、23.9%、21.5%、7%、3.6%、3.2%;风景林面积最大,斑块数量最少;庭院林斑块数量最多,道路的绿化质量较高.城市森林斑块数达到2 464,最大面积185.1 hm2,平均面积0.43 hm2,大面积的风景林地主要集中在城市西侧;城市森林的景观密度及最小距离指数都反映其具有一定程度聚集分布的特征;而农田在城南与城北近郊具有较高的聚集性;城市森林在城市南北轴向的分布具有明显的变化,其面积比、斑块密度等城区高于近郊;城市北侧的城市森林要优于城市南侧.     

Landscape pattern and diversity of natural secondary forests in the eastern mountainous region, northeast China： A case study of Mao＇ershan region in HeUongjiang Province

Mao‘ershan region is a representative natural secondary forested region in the eastern mountainous region, northeast of China. Under the support of ARC/INFO, the landscape pattern and landscape diversity of Mao‘erhshan region were sudied by combining the forest type map (1:10 000), which was drawn from the aerial photographs (1999), field investigation and land utilization map (1:10 000). The selected indices included patch number, patch size, patch density index, richness index,dominance index, evenness index and diversity index. The results showed that the landscape dominant forest type in Mao‘ershan region was softwood broad-leaved forest. In all landscape types, the average patch area of natural secondary forests was bigger than that of artificial forest. The patch density index of each landscape formed in artificial forest was higher than that of natural secondary forest. The landscape diversity index and landscape evenness index of natural forest were highest, the landscape heterogeneity was also, but the landscape dominance was lower. In natural forest, the control effects of landscape elements on landscape-structure, function and its change were weakened. The artificial forest was on the contrary.     

Edge effect of the ecotone of wetland and arid grassland in a semi-arid region of China

The edge effect of plant communities was investigated in a wetland-dry grassland ecosystem at the Siertan Wetland in Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Four transects lines, with each about 1 km long, were established for a vegetation survey in July 2005, along biotope gradients in four directions: east, northeast, west and northwest. The data was analyzed using TWINSPAN classification method. The vegetation in this wetland was classified into three vegetation types: halophytic marsh vegetation, meadow vegetation and grassland vegetation. Based on the calculation of the community structure indices, the edge effect was studied which revealed distinct differences among those three vegetation zones along each transect line. The ecotone had high richness indices (R), a high diversity index (SW) and ecological dominance (SP). Evenness, as measured by the index (E), was less apparent. From the four transect lines, it appears that the ecotone in the northeasterly direction scored higher in each community structure indicator than any of the other directions and those towards the northwest were least. The variation in the edge effect between the different transect lines is caused by human disturbances and topographic uplift. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2007, 27(5): 989–994 [译自: 西北植物学报]     

A comparison of different survey methods for assessing gap parameters in old-growth forests

Examining the actual state of canopy gaps in forests is critically important for evaluating forest community structure and dynamics, and for comparing gap disturbance regimes in different forests. We, therefore, re-examined our own previously published data from three studies of three different gap survey methods - the Belt transect method, the canopy coverage census method, and an aerial photography method - in order to ascertain how gap parameters (area, size and density of gaps, and related gap characteristics) obtained from these methods differ from each other. We found that the Belt transect method is easy to apply and practical in the field, and the method used for gap measurement is simple. Mean gap size and size distribution obtained using the Belt transect method were not different statistically from those of the other gap survey methods, and quantified gap parameters were in the range recorded for other forests of the world. For preliminary studies of gap dynamics in different forest types, an easy, speedy and workable gap survey method is needed. In addition, surveying a large number of gaps and a large area improve the accuracy of the method. We conclude that the Belt transect method is most suitable method for preliminary gap surveys in the field.     

Forest edge quantification by line intersect sampling in aerial photographs

There is a need for accurate and efficient methods for quantification and characterisation of forest edges at the landscape level in order to understand and mitigate the effects of forest fragmentation on biodiversity. We present and evaluate a method for collecting detailed data on forest edges in aerial photographs by using line intersect sampling (LIS). A digital photogrammetric system was used to collect data from scanned colour infrared photographs in a managed boreal forest landscape. We focused on high-contrast edges between forest (height ≥ 10 m) and adjoining open habitat or young, regenerating forest (height ≤ 5 m). We evaluated the air photo interpretation with respect to accuracy in estimated edge length, edge detection, edge type classification and structural variables recorded in 20 m radius plots, using detailed field data as reference. The estimated length of forest edge in the air photo interpretation (52 ± 8.8 m ha⁻¹; mean ± standard error) was close to that in the field survey (58 ± 9.3 m ha⁻¹). The accuracy in edge type classification (type of open habitat) was high (88% correctly classified). Both tree height and canopy cover showed strong relationships with the field data in the forest, but tree height was underestimated by 2.3 m. Data collection was eight times faster and five times more cost-effective in aerial photographs than in field sampling. The study shows that line intersect sampling in aerial photographs has large potential application as a general tool for collecting detailed information on the quantity and characteristics of high-contrast edges in managed forest ecosystems.     

On the influence of windward edge structure and stand density on the flow characteristics at forest edges

Experimental investigations in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel were carried out in order to study both the influence of the windward edge structure and the stand density on the flow characteristics near the canopy top of forest edges. For the edge structure investigation, two different types of forest edges were used. The taper angle was varied three times for both edge types, and all tapered edges were combined with both dense and sparse forest stands. In addition, a configuration was investigated where the airflow in the trunk space of the dense forest was blocked completely by an impermeable wall. In order to study the influence of stand density, forest stands were varied three times by removing whole rows of the originally dense model forest. The measurements show that a forest edge induces strong disturbances in the flow field at the near-edge region leading to an increased momentum transfer and to an increased wind loading on trees. The region of significant disturbances extends to a distance of about eight tree heights. Both edge density and taper angle determine the amount of volume influx through the edge, which seems to be primarily responsible for the flow field properties near the canopy top. It was found that for sparse forest stands, sloping tapered edges reduce the wind velocities nearest to the canopy. It could also be shown that the positive skewness of the near-canopy longitudinal velocity distribution is diminished with decreasing taper angle indicating that higher wind velocity fluctuations are reduced.     

Recruitment of three non-native invasive plants into a fragmented forest in southern Illinois

Plant invasions are a current threat to biodiversity conservation, second only to habitat loss and fragmentation. Density and heights of three invasive plants, Rosa multiflora, Lonicera japonica, and Elaeagnus umbellata, were examined between edges and adjacent interiors of forest sites in southern Illinois. Density (stems m⁻²) and heights (cm) of invasive plants were obtained in plots along transects at edge and interior sampling locations within forest sites. The effect of species, sampling location, and site shape index on invasive plant density was investigated, as well as differences in heights of invasive plants in edge vs. interior sampling locations.

Species, sampling location, and fragment shape index were significant factors influencing invasive plant density at study sites. Density for all three species ranged from 0 to 18 stems m⁻². All three species invaded interiors of sites, however, R. multiflora and L. japonica had significantly greater densities in edge as opposed to interior transects. These two species also had significant differences in density among site shape indices. Density of E. umbellata was not significantly different between edge and interior sampling locations or among site shape indices. Mean heights of all three invasive plants were higher in edge transects, however, this relationship was only significant for L. japonica.

These findings suggest that (1) preservation of tracts of forest with less edge can minimize invasion by these three plants in this area. Interiors of forest sites can be protected from invasion by having less edge habitat for invasive species to enter and become established; and (2) E. umbellata, unlike the other two species, is established in both interior and edges of study sites. Therefore, E. umbellata may pose the most ecological damage because it is well established throughout sites, and should be given a high priority when implementing management and control efforts in southern Illinois forest ecosystems.