滴灌在林业上应用的研究与进展*

综述了滴灌在林业上应用的研究与进展，指出滴灌在林业上主要应用于经济林培育中，在用材林、苗木培育上的应用较少。滴灌在多种树木上应用的研究表明，其可促进树木的生长和提高产量，同时可大幅度提高水分利用效率。而其增产和节水的原因在于对树叶水势、光合速率、气孔导度等生理指标以及土壤水分分布及运动特性的影响。此外，还对目前节水灌溉制度探索的研究进行了概括性的总结。最后，建议对滴灌的研究应进一步深入到对优化灌溉制度的探索中，而对优化灌溉制度的研究应依据植物或树木的生长节律、生理特性与土壤的水分运动特征来确定灌溉的开始时间、灌溉频率及灌水定额，从而科学地制定灌溉计划。     

树木菌根的应用

真菌有破坏的作用。但是有些真菌—菌根菌能够帮助高等植物生长,特别是对于贫瘠土壤上树木的生长,作用更为明显。林业工作者的任务之一是取得这种有益的真菌,在林业上充分应用,使它发挥应有的作用。高等植物的根部,除了与根瘤细菌共生以外,还可以与土壤中的真菌共生。许多真菌发育在高等值物(如树木)的根部表面,或伸入根的组织内部,与高等植物发生共生     

植物根围促生细菌的研究进展及在林业上的应用

植物根围促生细菌（PGPR）通过一种或多种不同的作用机制对植物产生直接或间接的作用从而促进植物生长。综述了PGPR的国内外研究概况以及PGPR的特征,从PGPR促生长作用、PGPR生防功能两方面论述了PGPR在林业上的应用,最后简要介绍了PGPR应用于林业的现实意义。     

大庆苏打盐碱地造林研究

本研究采用田间试验法,应用微生物肥料进行植树造林,栽植树木为16个品种。在不同时间内,采集植物和土壤样品,分别测定树木的形态、生理生化等指标;测定土壤物理、化学参数。经过2004-2007年连续4a的野外观测,通过对比施用活性微生物菌肥与不施用肥料的盐碱土上种植乔木和灌木等绿化树种生长状况进行研究。结果表明,施用活性微生物菌肥的乔木、灌木在成（存）活率、生物量、乔木胸径、新梢生长量、叶绿素含量、根系发育和生长势等各个方面均明显优于对照树木。因此,有望应用活性微生物菌肥在盐碱地的造林方面进行推广。本试验证明微生物肥料可以在盐碱土中广泛使用,在一定程度上能改善盐碱土的理化性质,提高土壤肥力,促进树木的生长。     

林参间作对树木生长的研究

林参间作对树木生长的研究杨义波，范树文，陈凤学（吉林省林业学校１３００１２）（吉林省临江林业局金山林场）本文研究了林参间作对树木高生长、径生长、生物量、根系分布及土壤物理性质等方面的影响。结果表明，林参间作地的树木高、径生长，总生物量，平均根系分布范...     

稀土对杨树杂交种子数量和品质影响的初步研究

稀土元素从镧到镥(La—Lu,原子序数57—71)是元素周期表ⅢB族成员。它们在植物中的分布和作用国外很早就有研究,1878年Cossa就报道了(木菊)材、烟草、葡萄等植物中含有少量稀土。我国对稀土的研究起步较晚,农业方面的应用有十几年的历史,在小麦、水稻、苹果等主要作物上使用一般可增产8—10％、林业方面的应用只有几年的历史,稀土可以促进插条生根及苗木生长。但对于稀土在树木种子产量和品质方面的作用报道尚不多见,于是我们选择了适宜室内杂交的杨树为材料,利用稀土元素处理杨树切枝母本,对其杂交种子的数量和品质进行了初步研究。     

沿海丘陵山地高效生态林业植物材料收集和筛选的初步试验研究

通过对参试植物材料的生长比较、合理配置、空间层次组合及其对控制水土流失、改良土壤的作用等一系列试验研究，筛选出马占相思、厚荚相思、红椎、Ｃｈｏｕ木、八角、肉桂、绢毛相思、山毛豆、扶芳藤、甜茶、矮象草等乔、灌、草高效生态林业植物材料，为沿海丘陵山地生态林业工程建设提供了植物新材料及其高效经营模式和技术支撑。     

平潭综合实验区城市绿化土壤的生态改良原则

针对平潭综合实验区主要土壤类型存在旱、瘦、沙、漏、盐、碱等问题,限制了城市绿化的植物选择、应用和正常生长。提出在充分利用原生植物资源、适地适树的前提下,对土壤进行混配改良,以及促进土壤—植物—水三者生态和谐、良性循环、持续发展的城市绿化土壤的生态改良原则。     

多效丰产灵对植物的作用机理

多效丰产灵是目前我国应用效果较好的一种新的植物生长调节剂,对树木与植物生长和增产作用明显,其可通过促进植物代谢、植物细胞与组织结构、基因表达、信息传递等对植物生长起到积极作用。     

固氮植物在林业上的应用

本文概述了豆科和非豆科固氮植物在林业上应用的状况,综合评论林业上应用固氮植物的四种基本途径:1)固氮植物与非固氮树木轮作,2)固氮树木与非固氮树木混交,3)固氮树木为目的经营树种的纯林,4)固氮植物作为林下植物与非固氮树木伴生,最后提出林业上应用固氮植物需考虑的技术关键。     

Soil temperature and plant growth stage influence nitrogen uptake and amino acid concentration of apple during early spring growth

In spring, nitrogen (N) uptake by apple roots begins about 3 weeks after bud break. We used 1-year-old 'Fuji' Malus domestica Borkh on M26 bare-root apple trees to determine whether the onset of N uptake in spring is dependent solely on the growth stage of the plant or is a function of soil temperature. Five times during early season growth, N uptake and total amino acid concentration were measured in trees growing at aboveground day/night temperatures of 23/15 degrees C and belowground temperatures of 8, 12, 16 or 20 degrees C. We used (15NH4)(15NO3) to measure total N uptake and rate of uptake and found that both were significantly influenced by both soil temperature and plant growth stage. Rate of uptake of 15N increased with increasing soil temperature and changed with plant growth stage. Before bud break, 15N was not detected in trees growing in the 8 degrees C soil treatment, whereas 15N uptake increased with increasing soil temperatures between 12 and 20 degrees C. Ten days after bud break, 15N was still not detected in trees growing in the 8 degrees C soil treatment, although total 15N uptake and uptake rate continued to increase with increasing soil temperatures between 12 and 20 degrees C. Twenty-one days after bud break, trees in all temperature treatments were able to acquire 15N from the soil, although the amount of uptake increased with increasing soil temperature. Distribution of 15N in trees changed as plants grew. Most of the 15N absorbed by trees before bud break (approximately 5% of 15N supplied per tree) remained in the roots. Forty-six days after bud break, approximately one-third of the 15N absorbed by the trees in the 12-20 degrees C soil temperature treatments remained in the roots, whereas the shank, stem and new growth contained about two-thirds of the 15N taken up by the roots. Total amino acid concentration and distribution of amino acids in trees changed with plant growth stage, but only the amino acid concentration in new growth and roots was affected by soil temperature. We conclude that a combination of low soil temperature and plant developmental stage influences the ability of apple trees to take up and use N from the soil in the spring. Thus, early fertilizer application in the spring when soil temperatures are low or when the aboveground portion of the tree is not actively growing may be ineffective in promoting N uptake.     

落叶松人工林土壤腐殖物质组分及其对酸度的影响

对落叶松人工纯林不同发育阶段幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林及二代幼龄林土壤腐殖物质组分变化及其对酸度的影响进行研究,以次生林和一代幼龄林为对照,比较不同发育阶段落叶松人工林与天然次生林、一代幼龄林与二代幼龄林土壤有机质含量、腐殖物质组分特征的差异.结果表明:落叶松人工林从幼龄林到近熟林根际与非根际土壤有机质含量、胡敏酸含碳量、胡敏素含碳量随林龄的增大而增大;近熟林到成熟林根际与非根际土壤有机质含量、富啡酸含碳量和胡敏素含碳量随着林龄的增大而降低;土壤腐殖化程度(土壤中胡敏酸占全C的百分比)和土壤腐殖质中胡敏酸含碳量与富啡酸含碳量比值(HA/FA)为次生林大于幼龄林和近熟林;二代幼龄林与一代幼龄林相比,根际土壤有机质含量、富啡酸含碳量和胡敏素含碳量分别降低4.53%、35.8%和1.98%,非根际土壤有机质含量、胡敏酸含碳量、富啡酸含碳量和胡敏素含碳量分别提高46.44%、43.69%、47.45%和49.5%;土壤腐殖物质组分与酸度的相关关系随着年龄的变化而变化,并且不同发育阶段根际土壤腐殖物质组分与根际土壤活性酸(pH值)、交换性酸、水解性酸相关性密切.     

杉木观光木混交林土壤腐殖质组成及特性

1999年1月对福建三明莘口教学林场杉木观光木混交林及对照杉木纯林土壤腐殖质的有机碳和胡敏酸(HA)含量、HA/FA、可见光谱、红外光谱特性等进行研究。结果表明,与杉木纯林相比,混交林各土层土壤有机碳、胡敏酸含量及胡敏酸的E4值均有显著增加,HA/FA比值亦有所增加(不显著),而E4/E6值略有降低,胡敏酸红外光谱在1650 cm-1处出现明显的吸收峰。可见混交林中土壤腐殖质腐殖化程度和芳香度较纯林的高,这对土壤结构改良和有效养分供应有利,土壤肥力有一定程度的提高。图1表1参17。     

不同改良利用模式对辽西北风沙土理化性质的影响

为了研究不同改良措施对辽西北风沙土理化性质的影响,选择了4种不同的改良利用模式作为研究对象,以流动风沙土作为对照,对不同模式下土壤的物理化学性质进行了测定分析。结果表明:风沙土经过各种措施改良后土壤的物理化学性质得到了很好的改善,风沙土三相比例更加趋于协调。不同利用模式对风沙土土壤养分的改善效果是阔叶树模式好于苜蓿改土模式,苜蓿改土模式好于灌木林模式,灌木林模式好于针叶树模式。各模式土壤的胡敏酸与富里酸的比值与流沙比较呈降低趋势,且HA/FA<1。     

不同土壤条件下云南紫荆幼苗生长和光合特征比较

通过盆栽对比试验,对酸性土和石灰土上生长的云南紫荆(Cercis yunnanensis)幼苗的生长和光合特征进行研究。结果表明:经过一个生长季节后,石灰土上云南紫荆的生长比酸性土上好,具有较高的生长量和生物量积累。云南紫荆对石灰岩土壤适应能力较强,可作为石灰岩山地的造林树种进行推广。     

Mineral nutrition, soil factors and growth rates of Gmelina arborea plantations in the humid lowlands of northern Costa Rica

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors which are responsible for clearly visible growth irregularities in Gmelina arborea stands by relating growth rates to soil and site properties. All Gmelina plantations under study, established on degraded pasture soils in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica, showed the same growth pattern: very poor growth and chlorotic foliage of trees in mid-slope positions, and fast growth and healthy leaves of trees on hilltops and hillbases. The variation in site and soil properties and tree growth rates was analysed, investigating 24 plots in eight different plantations. Leaf samples were taken from 120 trees (five trees per site). Foliar analysis revealed that the tree growth is highly dependent on the supply of N, P, K and S, indicating that poorly growing trees suffer from a multiple nutrient disorder. To identify the most restricting soil factor, simple correlations between growth rates and soil chemical and physical properties were applied to the entire data set. The best correlation was obtained with exchangeable soil K (r=0.78, P<0.001). Subdivision of the data set into plots on brown soils (eight) and plots on red soils (16) and subsequent correlation analysis resulted in much stronger relationships. Growth depressions in mid-slope positions had other causes on brown soils than on red soils. On the acid brown soils the combination of the variables Al saturation and bulk density could explain 82% of the variation of tree growth. Al saturation of up to 80% in brown soils inhibits nutrient uptake, particularly of N and P. The red soils dominate on Ca---Mg-enriched, alluvial terraces and were among the first soils to be cultivated in the region. During the agricultural use and at the establishment of the tree plantations, they received dolomitic lime to reduce Al toxicity. Here, very low K/Mg ratios (less than 0.03) may induce K deficiency. Therefore, the best multiple regression model for tree growth rates on red soils is obtained with K/Mg ratio and thickness of the humic A-layer (r²=0.75, P<0.001). Inclusion of the variable bulk density resulted in a clear improvement of the model, explaining 91% of the growth variability.     

The Growth of Sitka Spruce on Poorly Drained Soils in Northern Ireland

A soil survey of Lisnaskea Forest, Co. Fermanagh, showed thatgrowth of Sitka spruce was far from uniform on areas of apparentlyuniform soil. The relation between soil factors, tree growth,and foliar nutrient status on two blocks of trees growing ongleyed soils was therefore studied. Simple regression showed that tree growth was poor when thelevels of foliar nutrients were low and when there was a matof undecomposed needles on the forest floor. It is thereforeconsidered that lack of organic matter breakdown in the soilis causing poor tree nutrition and growth. Multivariate statistical analysis also showed highly significantregressions between tree growth, level of foliar nutrients,and depth of litter layer. The correlations between soil factorsalone and tree growth were barely significant and the multivariatetechnique did not give an acceptable method of predicting treegrowth from soil measurements. Methods of improving soil conditions are discussed.     

金沙江干热河谷退耕地植被恢复模式初探

以金沙江干热河谷退耕地为研究对象 ,在金沙江一级支流———小江流域进行了植被恢复模式的探讨 ;初步筛选了 10余种适应于干热生境和退化耕地植被恢复的乔、灌、藤、草植物物种 ;对其开展了乔草、灌草、藤草、草草、乔灌草等复层植物群落模式研究。结果表明 :该植被恢复模式的建立 ,对水土保持效益明显 ,试验区的泥沙流失量平均减少 5 7% ,其中以草草及藤草模式的泥沙减少量最大 ,分别达 73%和 5 1% ;同时 ,由于所营建植被为生态经济型植物群落 ,既改善了环境 ,又给当地增加了经济收入 ,促进了小流域生态和社会经济的持续发展     

植物根系生物学研究进展

根系生物学是近十几年来兴起的一门专门研究植物根系的前沿学科,研究领域涉及形态学、生理学、发育生物学、分子生物学、遗传学等多个学科。根系生物学是重要的生态和农业指标,对于保护和利用植物资源、改良植物遗传品质和提高植物生产力具有重要的指导作用。文中从根系构型、根系生长发育与环境、根际、根系解剖结构以及根系遗传改良等方面总结归纳植物根系生物学的研究进展,阐明根系生物学的研究意义,在探讨当前根系生物学研究存在问题的基础上提出今后研究建议。     

橡胶人工林生态系统氮素循环模型

根据海南儋州地区不同树龄PR107无性系橡胶人工林生态系统养分循环规律,应用系统动力学原理,构建了土壤、胶树和凋落物层3个分室之间的养分循环分室模型及其微分方程组,并测定了各分室中氮素(N)现存量、流通量和流通率。结果表明:1)土壤、胶树、凋落物层中氮素现存量的平均值分别为3069.61kg/(hm2.a),580.22 kg/(hm2.a),62.94 kg/(hm2.a),随着树龄的增加(4~24a),土壤中氮素现存量变化为先减少后增加,胶树、凋落物中氮素贮存量则呈逐年增加的趋势;2)土壤、胶树、凋落物分室之间氮素流通量变化规律为吸收量、归还量、分解量都随树龄增加而逐渐增大,而胶乳中氮素流失量在24a有所下降;3)氮素在土壤、胶树与凋落物层各分室之间的流通率大小各不相同,4~24a胶树的吸收系数为0.0640~0.1588,并随树龄增加呈指数递增的趋势,归还系数、分解系数、流失系数的平均值分别为0.1335,0.6621,0.0279。此外,本文所建分室模型可以实现对橡胶林生态系统养分动态的精确模拟和预测,并可望用于指导人工施肥。