衡水市生物多样性保护与建设规划探讨

该文论述了生物多样性的含义,分析了衡水市生物多样性总体现状,提出了生物多样性保护与建设的原则,生物多样性保护与建设的基本思路。针对衡水市生物多样性保护与建设规划,生物多样性保护行动措施及生物多样性管理对策进行了深入探讨研究,提出了具体实施措施。     

北京生物多样性保护现状及其应对措施

生物多样性保护是国际关注的全球环境热点问题之一。本文对生物多样性的定义及国内外生物多样性保护概况进行阐述,讨论了北京市生物多样性及其保护现状,分析了现阶段北京市生物多样性所面临的威胁,最终提出北京市关于生物多样性保护的应对措施。     

广州城市绿地生物多样性的现状与展望

阐述了中国的生物多样性在世界上的位置、生物多样性面临的巨大威胁、生物多样性在自然界和城市生态系统的重要性;分析了广州城市绿地生物多样性的现状;并就城市园林绿地系统的生物多样性评价指标和如何在城市绿地系统中保护生物多样性的途径进行了讨论。     

生物多样性保护：全球关注的热点问题

本文较详细地论述了生物多样性、物种多样性、遗传多样性及生态系统多样性的概念，中国生物多样性的地位，世界及中国生物多样性面临的现状，世界及中国生物多样性保护采取的策略。本文以大量的实例和数据，结合我国生物多样性所面临的诸多问题，提出了开展生物多样性保护和研究所需采取的必要措施。     

城市园林的生物多样性保护

城市园林作为城市景观的一种主要类型 ,其空间结构和发展动态对生物多样性有着重要的影响。开展城市园林生物多样性的研究 ,探索生物多样性保护的有效途径 ,是我国园林健康发展和生物多样性保护的重要内容。文中论述了国内外园林生物多样性的状况 ,并从园林不同景观要素对生物多样性影响的角度进行了分析 ,指出目前我国园林生物多样性保护与研究存在的问题 ,探讨了园林生物多样性保护的一些途径     

鸡足山省级自然保护区生物多样性研究进展

鸡足山自然保护区具有丰富的生物多样性,文中对鸡足山自然保护区生物多样性研究的文献资料进行了整理和回顾,综述了保护区生态系统多样性、物种多样性、遗传多样性等方面的研究现状,剖析了存在的生物多样性本底不清、监测体系尚未建立、缺乏对生物多样性与文化多样性关系以及生物多样性有效管理与合理开发利用的研究等问题.提出今后急需开展构建生物多样性监测网络、生物多样性资源合理利用等方面的研究工作.     

新加坡和日本城市生物多样性指标的借鉴与启示

城市中广泛存在的生物多样性是全球生物多样性保护的重要组成部分,城市生物多样性保护工作需要从量度和确认标准开始。文章主要介绍了新加坡指标和日本指标以及基于"驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应模型"的城市生物多样性指标概念框架,并指出城市生物多样性指标开发的发展方向,即构建覆盖全尺度的城市生物多样性指标、建设合作共享的信息基础设施、评价城市生物多样性指标本身;最后,结合我国城市生物多样性指标现状和国家对城市发展的要求,从城市本土生物多样性、生态系统服务功能、城市管理措施角度出发,提出我国城市生物多样性指标的开发构想。     

海南岛热带森林生物多样性研究进展

生物多样性是生态学研究中一个重要的领域,海南岛热带林有很高的生物多样性。阐述海南岛热带林生物多样性的意义和研究进展,介绍海南岛热带林物种多样性、遗传多样性、生态系统多样性和景观多样性特点,结合生物多样性锐减的现状提出了相应的保护建议。     

论生物多样性与林业发展

林业的发展与生物多样性密切相关，开展生物多样性的研究与保护，对我省林业发展有着十分重要的意义。该文介绍了生物多样性概念及其重要意义，论述了森林与生物多样性，并论述了生物多样性是现代林业发展的新趋势，提出山东省林业实施生物多样性的对策。     

广东南岭生物多样性保护优先区域规划建设策略

在划定生物多样性保护优先区域范围的基础上,编制区域生物多样性保护规划,是开展生物多样性保护的重要举措。以广东南岭生物多样性保护优先区域为例,基于区域内生物多样性及其保护现状,结合区域生物多样性保护存在的问题,提出在区域内实施分类管理,重点开展生物多样性本底调查,建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系,全面提升生物多样性保护能力等对策。     

Problems and Countermeasures to Timber Trade between China and Russian Far East Region

The shortfall of timber resource in China constantly keeps about 150 million m3, which mainly relies on import to fill in the gap. However, Russia, the key timber supply state of China, has encouraged the development of its national intensive timber processing and therefore the Russian Far East Region started to gradually restrict log export. To this end, this paper analyzes the situation of forest industry and timber production in Russian Far East and discusses the current status and existing problems in timber trade between Russian Far East and China. At the end, the paper presents policy recommendation for future timber trade between Russian Far East and China and views their forestry cooperation prospect.     

Outbreaks of Mass Reproduction of Siberian Moth in the 2nd Half of the 20th Century in Priamurye

Siberian moth Dendcrolimus superans sibiricus Tschetw. is the main important insect pest not only in Siberian coniferous taiga, but it often forms foci of mass reproduction in larch stands in the Russian Far East. This article has described outbreaks of the Siberian moth and other insect pests since 1960 till now.     

Differences in forest management practices in Primorsky Krai: Case study of certified and non-certified by Forest Stewardship Council forest concessions

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) aims to promote environmentally responsible forest management globally. However, quantifiable evidence of effects of FSC on forest management practices is lacking. FSC has been present in the Russian forestry arena for over 20 years. In this case study, we compare ecological indicators of forest management in FSC-certified and non-certified companies in Primorsky Krai of the Russian Far East. Those indicators include percent of forest cover loss and gain on forest concessions managed by three certified and three non-certified companies. We also interview a range of stakeholders involved with forest management or in forest policy planning in Russia to provide context for this case study. Results indicate no difference between certified and non-certified companies with regard to forest cover loss from 2008 to 2015 or forest cover gain from 2000 to 2012. Stakeholder interviews reveal that while forest certification is viewed positively and considered an efficient mechanism to improve forest management, the stakeholders doubt its ability to stimulate quantifiable changes in forest management practices in Russia and the Far East specifically. We focus on Primorsky Krai because of its unique geographic location, where its neighbors China and Japan significantly influence Primorsky Krai’s export market.     

Russian Far East forest disturbances and socio-economic problems of restoration

For many years the economy of the Russian Far East relied on the military potential and use of natural resources, such as fish, wood and minerals. The economic crisis of the 1990s led to an increase in the importance of extractive industries and exploitation of natural resources became even more active with the application of the most exhausting and damaging methods. During the transition period to a market economy, the system of legislation and control over the use of natural resources weakened considerably and, as a consequence, there are continued efforts to expand logging in protected areas, non-compliance with cutting regulations and harvest of forbidden species like Korean pine. As a result, the degradation of unique complexes and reduction in populations of endangered species continues. With 26% of Russia’s forest reserves, the Far East represents a mammoth opportunity to contribute to the solution of numerous ecological problems, both local and international, including carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, regeneration and forest disturbances. The paper presents an analysis of recent processes in Far East forests that are related to disturbances and their socio-economic consequences.     

How does forest certification contribute to boreal biodiversity conservation? Standards and outcomes in Sweden and NW Russia

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one of the leading forest certification schemes. While many studies concern political aspects and social outcomes of FSC, little is known about the contribution of certification to biodiversity conservation. In Europe, the Russian Federation and Sweden have the largest areas of FSC-certified forest. We assessed the potential of FSC certification for boreal biodiversity conservation in terms of standard content, and outcomes as habitat area set aside and habitat network functionality. First, we compared the biodiversity conservation indicators at different spatial scales in Swedish and Russian FSC standards. Second, focusing on one large state forest management unit in each country, we compared the areas of formally and voluntarily set aside forests for biodiversity conservation. Third, we evaluated the structural habitat connectivity by applying morphological spatial pattern analysis, and potential functional connectivity by using habitat suitability index modelling for virtual species. The Russian standard included indicators for all spatial scales of biodiversity conservation, from tree and stand to landscape and ecoregions. The Swedish standard focused mainly on stand and tree scales. The area of voluntary set-asides for FSC was similar in Sweden and Russia, while formal protection in the Russian case study was three times higher than in the Swedish one. Swedish set-aside core areas were two orders of magnitude smaller, had much lower structural and potential functional connectivity and were located in a fragmented forestland holding. We conclude that to understand the potential of FSC certification for biodiversity conservation both the standard content, and its implementation on the ground, need to be assessed. We discuss the potential of FSC certification for biodiversity conservation with different levels of ambition. We stress the need for developing rapid assessment tools to evaluate outcomes of FSC for biodiversity conservation on the ground, which could be used by forest managers and FSC-auditors toward adaptive governance and management.     

Introduction of Mandshurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.) to Estonia: Is it related to the current epidemic on European ash (F. excelsior L.)?

Recent investigations in Japan have suggested that the causal organism of the ongoing epidemic affecting European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Europe, Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, may originate in East Asia. The fungus may have been unintentionally carried to Europe during the introduction of Mandshurian ash (F. mandshurica), the host tree of the fungus in East Asia. Still unicentric emergence hypothesis is in force: An area in the eastern Poland or Baltic has been shown to be the presumed epicentre of the epidemic. Really, during the Soviet occupation, several consignments of F. mandshurica seeds and plants, originating directly from the natural range of F. mandshurica in East Asia (Russian Far East), reached Baltic areas. In this paper, an overview about the Mandshurian ash is presented, the history of introduction of F. mandshurica to Estonia is reviewed and colonization of F. excelsior in this country by H. pseudoalbidus is briefly discussed. At present, we could not find any evidence, spatial or temporal, for a direct connection of the disease emergence on native F. excelsior with the introduction of F. mandshurica. The pathogen first colonized northwest Estonia and moved southeast and not from south to north as would be expected according to the hitherto existing unicentric hypothesis. However, more information is needed from different regions before to pose a multicentric emergence hypothesis and to deepen more into the investigations of the environmental factors that affected the host and supported to the epidemic in different areas.     

俄罗斯林业生物安全现状及评价

通过对俄罗斯林业生物安全法律法规与政策的分析, 从林业生物多样性、林业转基因、外来物种入侵等方面探讨林业生物安全的内涵, 并对俄罗斯林业生物安全现状进行评价, 提出我国制定相关政策可借鉴的经验。     

东亚地区单维管束亚属松树遗传资源、林木改良和基因资源保存

东亚地区单维管束亚属松树遗传资源丰富 ,5针松组 11种 2变种 ,白皮松组 2种。在生态植物地理上 ,单维管束亚属松树从远东地区、西伯利亚、朝鲜、韩国、日本、中国东北向南延伸 ,直至亚热带和热带地区 ,具有明显的地理间断、种群隔离和种间替代现象。在单维管束亚属松树中 ,红松、华山松和白皮松资源丰富 ,在木材生产、人工林营建和环境建设方面尤其具有重要价值 ,因此在遗传变异、育种和林木改良与基因资源保存方面研究较多 ,而对于其他树种的研究目前还仅限于分类学和生态学描述。迄今为止 ,中国在 2 0世纪 80年代做过红松、华山松全分布区多点地理种源试验和子代测定 ,建立多处红松种子园 ,期望遗传增益 10 % ;全国建立华山松种子园 133hm2 。研究表明 ,红松和华山松都具有显著的地理种源差异和G×E交互作用。中国在红松分布区内设立多处自然保护区 ,就地保存红松基因资源 ,此外还建立了异地保存的基因库。韩国已建立红松无性系种子园 91hm2 ,Nc4 3。韩国通过遗传标记对红松群体遗传结构和基因多样性进行了深入研究 ,建立育种和基因保存策略 ,确立红松和偃松基因就地保存林分别为 5 5hm2 和2hm2 ,91hm2 种子园也视作基因异地保存林。俄罗斯通过同工酶分析发现在群落交错区存在西伯利亚红松和偃松的天     

大兴安岭阿木尔林业局对俄罗斯森林资源开发建设成果的评价

对俄罗斯森林资源开发前景、开发潜力、资源结构以及利用价值作了深入的探索研究。通过在俄罗斯远东林区进行森林资源的合理开发利用，缓解国内市场对木材的供需矛盾，并带动了对俄的资源开发和经贸事业的发展。     

中俄两国森林资源现状与木材供求前景分析

俄罗斯森林资源十分丰富,并且主要集中在俄罗斯远东西伯利亚地区。中国对森林资源需求旺盛,并已成为重要的木材消费大国和进口大国。在系统研究中俄两国森林资源状况与木材需求现状的基础上指出,随着经济的发展与环保压力的增加,未来中俄两国在森林资源利用和木材贸易方面将呈现旺盛的发展态势,并认为中国和俄罗斯两国政府和企业将在未来林业经贸合作过程中发挥重要作用。