中国FSC森林经营认证不符合项分析

作为提高森林经营管理水平、促进森林可持续经营的一种制度创新,森林认证对森林生态保护和建设以及世界林产品贸易均具有影响。森林管理委员会(Forest Stewardship Council,FSC)认证是目前全球最具影响力的森林认证体系,不符合项是针对FSC认证标准层面开具的企业在开展森林经营过程中违反认证标准所包含的原则总和,通过对不符合项进行分析,可以总结出我国已通过认证的森林经营企业经营状况与FSC标准的差距。文中从FSC网站收集中国开展FSC森林经营认证的80家企业的191份审核报告,对FSC认证的发展现状和认证机构开展审核时提出的不符合项进行分析。结果发现,企业在环境影响、森林监测、当地社区、劳动者权利、森林经营方案编制方面与FSC认证标准存在差距。应从加强企业森林认证动力、企业森林认证能力和技术建设以及国家政策支持等方面进一步提升,进而提高森林认证对我国森林经营管理的作用。     

中国开展人工林FSC认证面临的潜在障碍

人工林在中国林业发展中占据了重要地位, 但由于其带来的各种问题迫切要求实现可持续经营。FSC森林可持续经营认证充分考虑了经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的协调, 有助于人工林经营向着可持续的方向发展, 对于解决人工林经营中存在的问题有积极意义。但中国的人工林经营在遵守FSC认证的要求时可能存在一些障碍。针对FSC森林经营认证的具体标准或指标, 列出了中国人工林经营存在的一些潜在的不符合项, 并提出了建议。     

FSC森林经营认证应用的实证研究

随着全球对气候问题的日益关注,国际市场对森林认证(FSC)的要求越来越高.从浙江临安市昌化林场首家FSC森林经营认证到千岛湖的推广应用,针对我国的森林经营对比FSC认证原则与标准,在管理程序、社区权益、环境保护、森林经营方案等方面存在的差距,开展研究和实践,取得了明显成效.并提出了推广森林认证,实现可持续经营的建议.     

人工林可持续经营认证标准与指标问题

阐述了森林认证对于人工林可持续经营的必要性。依据黑龙江森工林区人工林经营实践和森林认证在该地区的发展情况，讨论了FSC原则和标准框架下本区域森林可持续经营认证的人工林标准与指标问题。认为标准与指标应该针对本区域天然林破碎严重，人工林树种单一、稳定性差、生长量低、生态效益不好等一系列问题，提出了人工林标准与指标的基本内容。     

FSC与ISO森林认证体系比较及在我国适应性研究

本文针对当前世界上使用最为广泛的两种森林认证体系—ISO14 0 0 0和FSC进行了多方面比较分析 ,并对这两种认证体系在我国适应性进行了研究。结果表明 ,就目前我国森林经营实际而言 ,进行大面积基于业绩标准的FSC森林认证的条件尚未成熟 ,建议进行基于进程标准的ISO14 0 0 0森林认证 ,这样能够更好地提高我国森林经营水平 ,从而实现森林的可持续经营     

国外竹林经营认证的发展现状

从国际方面看，有少数国家已经开展了竹林经营认证实践。哥伦比亚以FSC标准和指标为基础，于2006年制定了瓜多竹的可持续经营认证标准。在其他地方，如印度等国家，当地的认证机构借用森林经营认证的标准，已经开始对竹林可持续认证的尝试工作，厄瓜多尔的竹林可持续经营认证试点也正在开展之中。     

南方大型林企福建永安林业首获FSC森林认证

2008年7月9日，福建省永安林业（集团）股份有限公司（以下简称“永林公司”）的116，217公顷森林在京获得FSC森林管理委员会（Forest Stewardship Council）的森林可持续经营认证。这是我国南方林区经营面积超过10万公顷的林业企业首次获得FSC认证。至此，我国获得FSC认证的森林总面积达70万公顷，位居亚洲前列。     

获得FSC认证的竹产品

美国：森林管理委员会（FSC）首次认证了竹建筑胶合板和竹地板。Smith ＆ Fong公司的这些经过FSC认证的竹产品可以达到FSC的“完全”标准,也就是100％的原料来自FSC认证的可持续经营的竹林资源,且所有产品均由FSC产销监管链认证公司加工和销售。公司总裁史密斯说,     

南方首个大型林企获FSC森林认证并加盟全球森林贸易网络

今年7月上旬,福建省永安林业(集团)股份有限公司(以下简称"永安林业股份")的116,217公顷森林获得:FSC森林管理委员会(Forest Stewardship Council)的森林可持续经营认证和产销监管链(COC)认证.这足我国南方林区首家经营面积超过10万公顷的企业获得FSC认证.     

森林经营综合监测评价探讨

阐述了可持续森林经营与综合监测评价的关系,总结分析了目前国际可持续森林经营认证FSC标准及对开展森林经营综合监测评价的要求,探讨了构建森林经营综合监测评价体系的理论与方法,以期为进一步开展森林经营综合监测评价体系研究提供参考。     

FSC森林经营联合认证标准最新修订及其对我国的影响

联合认证是小规模经营者开展森林管理委员会（FSC）森林经营认证的重要组织模式。从2018年起FSC对联合认证的标准进行了重新修订，并于2021年3月16日正式生效。FSC森林经营联合认证标准的制修订对于完善中国森林认证标准体系具有参考意义。文中介绍了FSC联合认证标准的最新变动，就该标准实施后对我国已开展认证的组织可能产生的影响进行了评估分析，并就国内如何开展相关工作及应对该标准的变化提出了建议。     

FSC森林经营认证中国标准的最新变动

FSC是全球最有影响力的森林认证体系之一。2016年7月《FSC中国国家森林管理标准》获得FSC总部的初步批准,经过2年的不断完善,已于2018年10月1日正式发布实施。文中从整体变化和具体变化2个角度分析新标准与原标准之间的主要区别,讨论新标准的正式发布和实施将给中国开展FSC森林经营认证的企业带来的新机遇和新挑战,指出新标准中体现出的一些理念与中国森林经营理念存在一定出入。     

How does forest certification contribute to boreal biodiversity conservation? Standards and outcomes in Sweden and NW Russia

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one of the leading forest certification schemes. While many studies concern political aspects and social outcomes of FSC, little is known about the contribution of certification to biodiversity conservation. In Europe, the Russian Federation and Sweden have the largest areas of FSC-certified forest. We assessed the potential of FSC certification for boreal biodiversity conservation in terms of standard content, and outcomes as habitat area set aside and habitat network functionality. First, we compared the biodiversity conservation indicators at different spatial scales in Swedish and Russian FSC standards. Second, focusing on one large state forest management unit in each country, we compared the areas of formally and voluntarily set aside forests for biodiversity conservation. Third, we evaluated the structural habitat connectivity by applying morphological spatial pattern analysis, and potential functional connectivity by using habitat suitability index modelling for virtual species. The Russian standard included indicators for all spatial scales of biodiversity conservation, from tree and stand to landscape and ecoregions. The Swedish standard focused mainly on stand and tree scales. The area of voluntary set-asides for FSC was similar in Sweden and Russia, while formal protection in the Russian case study was three times higher than in the Swedish one. Swedish set-aside core areas were two orders of magnitude smaller, had much lower structural and potential functional connectivity and were located in a fragmented forestland holding. We conclude that to understand the potential of FSC certification for biodiversity conservation both the standard content, and its implementation on the ground, need to be assessed. We discuss the potential of FSC certification for biodiversity conservation with different levels of ambition. We stress the need for developing rapid assessment tools to evaluate outcomes of FSC for biodiversity conservation on the ground, which could be used by forest managers and FSC-auditors toward adaptive governance and management.     

集体林权制度改革后FSC森林认证对我国人工林可持续经营的借鉴意义

我国人工林面积居世界之首,但人工林的质量并不高,且大多林分结构简单,生物多样性低,针叶化现象较严重,不利于地力维持和林分生产力提高.基于FSC森林认证体系及其认证模式,分析林改后FSC森林认证体系对人工林可持续经营的借鉴作用,包括人工林的经营应在法制的框架内实施,人工林的发展要考虑生物多样性和社区利益,实现“近自然化经营”,制定规范的人工林经营方案等我国人工林可持续经营对策.     

国外高保护价值森林判定的进展与启示

高保护价值森林的概念是由国际组织——森林管理委员会(FSC)提出的.FSC在其制定的森林可持续经营认证标准中首先定义了6种高保护价值.高保护价值森林是指具有一种或多种高保护价值的森林区域.高保护价值森林判定的核心在于高保护价值的识别.文中综述了近年来一些国家在高保护价值森林判定领域的进展, 评价和论述了部分国家在开展高保护价值森林判定方面的有益经验和存在的主要问题, 提出了我国开展高保护价值森林判定工作的一些启示.     

Forest Stewardship Council certification for forest ecosystem services: An analysis of stakeholder adaptability

There are many studies indicating the linkages of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) forest management certification to forest ecosystem services (FES). The primary focus of the research was the FSC system's impacts on FES management. What is unique about this study is that it evaluates the adaptability of key FSC stakeholders in terms of their ability to incorporate FES. We surveyed 270 FSC stakeholders to quantify the capacity of FSC certification bodies (e.g., auditors) to audit FES delivery, the preferences of FSC enabling partners (e.g., FSC national networks) to provide training, and the experiences and expectations of FSC certificate holders (e.g., forest owners) to manage and sell FES. The study results indicate that the stakeholder adaptability was high for biodiversity conservation, carbon storage, and provision of non-timber forest products, medium for watershed protection services, and low for ecotourism and agricultural products. This may help FSC establish priorities for capacity development for FES.     

Does forest certification enhance livelihood conditions? Empirical evidence from forest management in Kilwa District,Tanzania

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) forest management certification standards have been promoted to contribute to community livelihood conditions. However, little has been done to evaluate it quantitatively. Employing theory of change, this study assesses and compares empirical evidence of the influence of the FSC forest management certification approach to enhance livelihood conditions in Kilwa, Tanzania, by using economic valuation methods and governance indicators. This is achieved through a comparative study of villages with certified community forests (FSC) under community based forest management and those without (non-FSC). Results show that annual average household forest income from FSC-certified forests is significantly higher than that of households in non-FSC-certified forests. With reference to rule compliance as an indicator of good governance, implementation of forest bylaws in villages managing FSC-certified forests is significantly more effective than villages in non-FSC-certified forests. These findings provide an insight into the influence of forest certification in enhancing livelihood conditions and that the incorporation of FSC standards into forest policies may lead to more enhancement of livelihood conditions. These findings serve as a baseline for further research on the effects of forest certification at both spatial and temporal scales.     

基于FSC森林认证的千岛湖森林经营方案编制研究

FSC森林管理认证明确要求编制森林经营方案．依照FSC森林认证的原则与标准,传统森林经营方案内容需要调整,广度需要拓展,深度需要加大．分析了编制符合FSC森林认证要求的千岛湖森林经营方案的重要性和必要性,结合淳安县新安江开发总公司实际,论述了森林经营方案编制的指导思想、基本原则、重要内容和主要依据,提出了基于FSC森林认证的森林经营方案编制的几个关键技术和对策措施．