区块链技术在木材供应链中的应用

在全球范围内,木材被广泛地运用于建筑、家具、造纸等重点民生领域;但在新的世界发展格局下木材供应链仍面临着诸多挑战,包括木材来源合法性、供应链稳定性以及碳排放限制等。区块链作为一种去中心化、安全可信、不可篡改的分布式账本技术,为木材供应链管理提供了新的视角。文中介绍了木材供应链目前所面临的挑战,梳理国内外学者对于区块链技术在木材供应链溯源、交易透明化、增汇减排等不同领域中的应用研究,对木材砍伐监管平台、交易平台等国内外典型应用进行讨论与分析,阐述区块链在木材供应链不同领域中的解决方案,最后结合技术特性分析了区块链技术在木材供应链金融、林业碳汇开发、木材资源监测和数据管理等维度的未来研究方向,以期为木材供应链的高质量发展提供参考。     

基于区块链的企业管理系统设计与应用分析

为解决传统企业信息化管理中存在的效率较低、信息不对称、数据安全性不强等问题，采用区块链技术设计了一种去中心化、公开透明、可追溯性、数据安全性更高的现代企业管理系统。首先简述了区块链技术的内涵，其次阐述了区块链企业管理系统的底层架构、应用方案、数据访问方式，最后从企业加强应用资源投入和政府加大宣传力度这两方面对区块链管理系统在现代企业中推广应用提出了相关建议。     

大数据视域下木材流通企业的供应链管理策略研究

随着我国社会主义市场经济体系的不断完善,现代化企业的管理模式和产业结构逐步科学化、精细化。而木材流通企业作为木材贸易的重要载体,应用先进的技术和经营模式强化供应链管理,有助于促进木材资源创造丰富的社会价值和经济效益。介绍了大数据环境下企业供应链管理特点,分析了木材流通企业供应链管理大数据优势,对大数据视域下木材流通企业的供应链管理进行展望。     

木材贮运中应用RFID技术的探讨

通过分析我国目前木材贮运中存在的问题和RFID技术的发展方向、技术特点等因素,提出将RFID技术应用到木材贮运作业中,以解决我国木材贮运系统中的木材基本信息录入繁琐、归愣信息不准确、查询效率低下等问题,为实现木材贮运系统自动化和信息化建设提供理论参考。     

近红外光谱技术及其在木材科学中的应用

近红外光谱技术是一项新的木材无损评价方法,能够迅速、准确地对生长锥、固体木材或木粉等试样的性质进行全面无损评价,目前已广泛应用于木材性质预测、木材加工利用等方面的研究中,并为林木的定向培育、木材的遗传改良和高效利用提供技术支持。本文介绍了近红外光谱技术的基本原理及其主要应用,重点介绍了木材的近红外光谱技术及其在木材化学组成、物理力学性质、木材加工利用和木质复合材料等方面的研究成果及应用。     

中国森林认证产销监管链标准与《欧盟木材法》关于合法性的比较分析

2010年颁布的《欧盟木材法》要求所有进入欧盟市场的木材产品都必须具有合法性,而我国则在2012年出台了关于森林认证的2个国家标准——《GB/T 28951-2012中国森林认证森林经营》和《GB/T 28952-2012中国森林认证产销监管链》。文中通过对《欧盟木材法》和中国森林认证产销监管链标准关于木材合法性的比较分析提出,开展产销监管链认证或尽职调查是应对《欧盟木材法》的一种现实选择,但林产品外贸企业应以《欧盟木材法》实施为契机,进一步加强对林产品供应链的监管以确保木材来源的合法性,提升经营管理水平。     

“中国木材与木制品流通协会会员企业产品质量监督中心”挂牌成立北大核心

近日,＂中国木材与木制品流通协会会员企业产品质量监督中心＂挂牌成立。该中心负责接受消费者对会员企业产品质量和售后服务质量的投诉,对被投诉企业的产品质量进行抽检验证,指导消费者向不合格产品企业索赔,并提供木材与木制品产品质量鉴定与技术咨询服务。中国木材与木制品流通协会同时还发布了＂全国木制品可追溯信息查验标识＂。     

木材综合信息数据库查询系统的研究

木材综合信息数据库查询系统是在收集、整理我国木材科学领域多年来研究成果和实验数据的基础上，建立起来的大型木材科学综合信息数据查询应用软件包。系统收录有木材标本、木材译名、木材用途、及木材解剖识别、木材眼微构造、木材化学、木材物理力学、木材、木材热学、木材声学及木材渗透性等信息，建立了十二个专项子数据库。     

数字图像技术在木材科学中的应用

随着现代计算机技术的快速发展,计算机数字图像处理技术已成为当前追逐的热点,并广泛应用在木材科学领域中。数字图像技术所具备的现性好、精度高、灵活性强等优势,为木材科学的发展提供了新手段。文中基于数字图像处理技术从木材宏观与微观方面对木材缺陷、木材纹理、细胞特征等进行综述,同时分析了木材科学研究中主要用到的数字图像处理技术,并对数字图像处理技术在木材科学中的研究方向及发展趋势进行展望。     

木材压缩改性技术研究进展

为改善速生材自身固有的缺陷,提升其利用价值,需对速生材进行强化改性处理。木材压缩改性技术作为一种木材物理强化改性方法,具有生产效率高、无化学污染和易于产业化生产等优点,是扩展速生材应用范围最具潜在商业价值的木材改性技术之一,已成为木材改性研究领域的前沿和热点。笔者在广泛阅读文献的基础上,对木材压缩强化改性方面的代表性成果进行了梳理和总结,主要从木材压缩改性类别、木材软化、压缩木定型、木材压缩工艺、压缩木材性能及应用等方面进行了深入广泛的论述。最后,基于木材压缩改性的应用现状,对压缩改性技术研究中存在的问题以及未来发展趋势进行了分析展望。木材压缩改性技术有必要在高效型木材压缩改性技术开发、复合型木材压缩改性技术开发和森林?压缩木价值链评估方面取得突破,这些突破对推动木材压缩改性技术向商业化发展以及实现压缩木的高附加值利用具有重大意义。     

基于RFID的林产品原料追溯系统的设计

探讨基于大容量的RFID技术构建林产品原料追溯体系的方法,利用Mifare one卡的特殊结构满足林产品产销监管链上的所有单位分区管理的需求,并设计一种加密性好又适合林产品物流追溯的加密控制方法,利用各扇区独立的安全机制保证各单位日志安全,设计一定的仿伪功能。该项研究投入应用后,可利用RFID卡解决林产品原料追溯困难的问题,有助于快速判定盗砍滥伐及非法运输行为,保护和鼓励合法经营,提升木材加工企业的国际竞争力,促进我国林业可持续发展。     

Forest product trade,wood consumption,and forest conservation—the case of 61 countries

Trade barriers of forest products are often advocated in the name of protecting forest resources. Whether the promoting of trade of forest products will increase or decrease the global forest resources is still a matter of debate. We offer an assessment of how forest product trade helps shape observed forest change, by relating wood consumption change to trade of forest products based on cross-section data from 61 countries in 2010. The result shows that wood outputs have positive effects on wood consumption. Compared to domestic production, the result suggests that imports of forest products can help reduce wood consumption. This may indicate that trade liberalization can promote the allocation efficiency of timber resources across the global, which can improve the utilization efficiency and reduce the wood consumption in the world to protect the global forest resources. It is suggested that the high-efficient harvest and wood-processing technological transfer should be advocated in the international community to contribute to global forest conservation.     

当代世界林业发展总趋势

本文主要就世界森林资源消长，林业发展战略，森林工业政策，林业科技，科研教育等发展趋势进行了论述，为研究和制定我国林业发展战略和长远规划提供科学依据和借鉴。     

Efficiency in wood and fiber utilization in OECD countries

Utilization efficiency has been defined as the ratio of the amount of industrial roundwood (or wood pulp) consumed in a country and year to the amount that would have been consumed to produce the same output with a reference technology. The reference technology was described by the average input–output relationships in countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), from 1961 to 2005. The results showed that the efficiency of industrial roundwood utilization increased in most OECD countries from 1961 to 2005. There was also a strong decrease in the amount of wood pulp used for a given level of paper and paperboard production. Regression analysis with cross-sectional data suggested that the main determinant of the differences in efficiency of wood utilization between countries was the forest area per capita. The wood pulp price and population density were the main variables explaining the differences in wood pulp utilization between countries.     

Assessment of standing wood and fiber quality using ground and airborne laser scanning: A review

Accurate information on the wood-quality characteristics of standing timber and logs is needed to optimize the forest production value chain and to assess the potential of forest resources to meet other services. Physical and chemical characteristics of wood vary with both tree and site characteristics. At the tree scale, crown development, stem shape and taper, branch size and branch location, knot size, type and placement, and age all influence wood properties. More broadly, at the stand level, stocking density, moisture, nutrient availability, climate, competition, disturbance, and stand age have also been identified as key determinants of wood quality. Such information is often captured in polygon based forest inventory data. Other terrain-related spatial information, such as elevation, slope and aspect, can improve assessments of site conditions and limitations upon plant growth which impact wood quality. Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) is an emerging technology, which directly measures the three-dimensional structure of forest canopies using ground or airborne laser instruments, and can provide highly accurate information on individual-tree and stand-level forest structure. In this paper, we explore the potential of LiDAR and other geospatial information sources to model and predict wood quality based on individual-tree and stand structural metrics. We identify a number of key wood quality attributes (i.e., basic wood density, cell perimeter, cell coarseness, fiber length, and microfibril angle) and demonstrate links between these properties and forest structure and site attributes. Finally, the potential for using LiDAR in combination with other geospatial information sources to predict wood quality in standing timber is discussed.     

促进我国木材防腐产业的跨越式发展

木材防腐（保护）可以延长木材使用寿命、节约木材、保护森林资源,是一项缓解我国木材短缺的有利措施。但我国的木材防腐产业远远落后于世界发达国家和许多发展中国家,建议采取措施促进我国木材防腐产业的跨越式发展,尤其是要提高政府和公众对木材防腐功能的认识,制定符合当代科技发展水平的标准和规范,制定促进木材防腐的法规和政策,建立木材防腐剂的审核、认可、注册制度。     

The challenge of information service development for private forest owners: The Estonia and Finland cases

This paper investigates forest ownership objectives and the need for information among Estonian and Finnish private forest owners based on two surveys. The motivation for the analysis is the fragmenting private forest ownership in Europe. The broad lines of ownership objectives are found to be similar in both countries, and can be described under the dimensions of economic objectives, intangible values, and products and activities provided by forests. In both countries, economic and intangible objectives are considered important at the same time. Thus forest owners can be described as multi-objective. The economic objectives are ranked as somewhat more important than non-economic objectives in Estonia, but not in Finland. Estonian forest owners most strongly emphasise information about legal and economic matters, including forest taxation and forest health issues, while Finnish forest owners emphasise information about wood markets and forest taxation. Differences between the two countries may be related to private ownership being relatively new in Estonia. Some generalisations may be drawn for European forest policy. Overall, private forest owners need both information about economic issues and personal advice on how to manage forests with regard to their individual and multiple objectives. Generally, personal advice may be concentrated on the complicated and most important themes, while information can mostly be provided via written or electronic channels. Particularly in countries where private forestry is new, there is a need for personal advice on legislative and economic matters. As a conclusion, it is suggested that efficient allocation of resources and development of information services require regular analysis of private forest ownership, and segmenting private forest owners according to their objectives and information needs.     

The Fingerprint Method: Using Over-bark and Under-bark Log Measurement Data Generated by Three-dimensional Log Scanners in Combination with Radiofrequency Identification Tags to Achieve Traceability in the Log Yard at the Sawmill

In the forestry–wood chain the concept and the technologies of traceability are in a mature development phase. Important advances in marking and reading techniques have been made in different parts along the forestry–wood chain. For Swedish sawmills the most critical information gap is located between the log sorting station and the saw intake, where the forest log batch identity disappears and the logs are mixed according to different sorting criteria. This study utilizes radiofrequency identification tags for automatic log marking/reading to develop a traceability system for logs, which is free of marking/reading, between the log sorting station and the saw intake, i.e. the fingerprint method. The originality of the fingerprint approach rests on the hypothesis that logs are separate entities with individual features. The results show that the log parameters and the search algorithm developed, combined with the negative influence of the measurement uncertainty due to bark thickness and bark damage, made it possible to achieve an individual separation for 57% of the tested logs.     

Evaluating the impacts of a carbon tax on imported forest products—evidence from Taiwan

Levying a carbon tax is one of the approaches used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) and has been adopted in a number of countries since the Kyoto Protocol. Applying such an approach in the forest sector may have important policy implications. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of a carbon tax on imported forest products using Taiwan as an example. Taiwan relies on foreign imported timber and such consumption of harvested wood products (HWPs) lengthens the storage of carbon beyond the life of the tree. This study investigates the impacts of implementing a carbon tax on seven types of HWPs by applying the ARDL approach to imported timber demand functions in Taiwan. The empirical results show that the volumes of imported HWPs as well as carbon dioxide are significantly reduced once a carbon tax is implemented. These empirical outcomes provide some important forest policy implications for countries importing wood products.     

Reorganisation of wood production for improved performance: a swiss forest district case study

An extremely fragmented timber supply, high harvesting costs, low profitability, high subsidies and insufficient competitiveness characterise forest enterprises in Switzerland. In a case study using a forest district in the state of Solothurn as an example, it was sought to identify strengths and weaknesses of wood production and to formulate possible improvement opportunities. The results indicate that there is considerable potential for industry rationalisation. The greatest handicaps are the small sized forest holdings, excessive numbers of staff, insufficient use of modern harvesting technology and costly business administration. The most eminent of the proposed improvement measures are those which aim to increase concentration of timber supplies and reduce production costs. These include greater centralising of timber sales as well as planning and steering of production, making full use of modern harvesting systems, reducing transaction costs, supporting administration, planning and steering of wood production with modern information technology and reducing input on stand tending. In principle, amelioration can be best achieved by close cooperation with neighbours or even merger of enterprises. Consequently, there is a need for related business tasks to be combined in functions. The paramount prerequisite for success is the willingness and readiness of all affected stakeholders to make changes. The situation described is typical for Swiss forestry and the proposed solutions could well be used as models for a wide range of Swiss forest districts.