Forest management and conservation before and after the introduction of village participatory land use plans in the Kilosa district REDD+ initiative,Tanzania

The use of Village Participatory Land Use Plan (VPLUP) model as a natural resource management and conservation tool has been growing recently. This study examined the premise under which VPLUPs implementation can enhance the management and conservation of Village Land Forest Reserves (VLFRs) in the context of Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation plus (REDD+) initiative in the Kilosa district of Tanzania. A mixed method research design, which integrates participatory community mapping (PCM), focus group discussions (FGDs), key informants interviews (KIIs), direct observations, and household interviews were used in data collection. The results showed that there were significant (p < 0.05) improvements in forest management and conservation indicators after VPLUPs implementation, and increase in the management and conservation activities carried out by the community after the implementation of VPLUPs. There was also a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in almost all uses of the forest after the implementation of VPLUPs. The findings provide evidence that the VPLUP model has potential for enhancing the management and conservation of forests in the context of REDD+ strategy. Thus, it is argued that VPLUP can be used as a forest management and conservation tool to facilitate the implementation of the REDD+ initiatives.     

再论"结构化森林经营"

在回顾和评价现有可持续森林经营途径的基础上,本文着重论述了"结构化森林经营"的科学性和可行性.文中指出,结构化森林经营的目标--培育健康森林,符合现代森林经营理念;经营理论建立在结构决定功能的系统法则上,理论基础稳固;经营方法充分利用了"基于相邻木关系的森林空间结构量化分析方法"的科学性、简洁性和可操作性,从而使林分结构调整成为可能;经营模式以健康森林结构的普遍规律为范式,以保证林分结构调整目标明确;经营原则在很大程度上借鉴并进一步量化了德国近自然森林经营的原则,有效规避经营风险.总之,结构化森林经营不失为一种简洁、操作性强、科学的森林可持续经营方法.     

浅析集体林权制度改革与森林资源保护管理

集体林权制度改革的深入推进,将对森林资源保护管理产生积极的推动作用。同时,森林资源保护管理也面临一些新问题、新任务。笔者就林改后如何加强森林资源保护管理进行了探讨,提出了相关对策及措施。     

What rights and benefits? The implementation of participatory forest management in Kenya: The case of Eastern Mau Forest Reserve

The study espoused the access analytical framework to investigate how introduction of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in Kenya has changed the various actors’ ability to benefit from the forest resources of Eastern Mau Forest Reserve. Data collected through key informant interviews, and a household survey showed that implementation of PFM has triggered new income opportunities for forest adjacent communities in seedling production and beekeeping. However, PFM bestowed no real decision-making powers to the established Community Forest Associations (CFAs) over important forest resources such as timber and firewood. Members of the local communities and other actors have continued to access these resources through various structural and relational means, in the same way as before the introduction of PFM. Further, it is documented that PFM has introduced additional burdens on the local communities, especially the poorest households, as a result of increased enforcement of rules. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the PFM policy in Kenya, in its current form, is unlikely to realize its dual objectives of forest conservation and livelihood enhancement. To attain them would require a further devolution of rights to the CFAs.     

青海森林可持续经营研究——以东峡林场为例

森林经营是林业可持续发展的保证,基于青海省东峡林场森林资源的现状,提出东峡林场森林可持续经营的措施。     

Community and ecotourist perceptions of forest conservation benefits:a case study of Mabira Central Forest Reserve,Uganda

The different interests in forest resources by various stakeholders may result in differences in perceived value of forest conservation. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared the valuation by international ecotourists and local respondents of the perceived benefits of the Mabira Central Forest Reserve. The factors that influenced respondents’ valuation of forest conservation were also investigated. Describing a hypothetical scenario to elicit respondents’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for forest conservation was the central part of the questionnaire. The WTP;income ratio was used to estimate respondents’ perceived value of forest conservation. A chi-square (χ ²) test indicated significant association between respondent category (local and tourist) and categories of perceived benefits (p-value = 0.001). The locals were more interested in direct-use values while the tourists showed greater interest in the indirect-use values. A Student's t-test showed that the WTP:income ratios of the locals were much higher than for the ecotourists (p-value < 0.001). This implies that the local communities had a higher valuation of forest conservation than the ecotourists. Regression analysis revealed that all other factors being constant, the WTP of respondents who perceived direct- and indirect-use value as the most important forest benefit was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those who perceived no value by $5.8693 and $0.02628, respectively. The respondents who rated the contribution of the ecotourism project to community development as moderate had a significantly higher WTP compared to those who rated it as low by $6.6908. Overall, these results indicate that the benefits people derive from the forest either through direct or indirect uses influence valuation of forest conservation. Results also indicate that although ecotourismrelated benefits improved attitudes towards forest conservation, ecotourism alone may not be an adequate conservation tool because of the limited support it can provide to the local community.     

关于森林健康及其经营的思考

森林健康是森林经营的一种新理念,也是新时期森林经营的方向和目标。提出了森林健康的概念、内涵和森林健康经营的实质,分析了国内外森林健康经营的实践,探讨了森林健康经营的途径与方法。     

Increase of forest carbon biomass due to community forestry management in Nepal

Community forest management helps in mitigating deforestation and forest degradation by addressing the negative aspects of rural livelihoods such as poverty and social exclusion. It is important in regulating global climate by encouraging sequestration of carbon in shoots, roots and soils. We studied the status of community forest management, forest resource harvest and carbon stocks in two community forests of the mid hill region of central and western Nepal. The study was based on primary and secondary data collected through carbon stock measurement from field visits and allometric equations, household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and review of past studies. Socioeconomic variables such as gender, age group, livestock and landholding status were related to resource utilization, conservation, and management of community forest. Forest resources such as timber, firewood, fodder and leaf litter were harvested in sustainable ways. People were involved in forest thinning, co-management meetings, guarding and planting trees for forest conservation and management. Density and carbon stock of trees increased gradually in comparison to a previous study. We recommend further research on other community forests for more accurate and better results.     

流溪河林场森林资源调查与分析

通过二类资源清查数据,分别从林地面积、林种、树种、龄组等方面对流溪河林场森林资源动态变化进行了分析和评价,并对林杨林业的发展提出建议。     

森林生态系统服务功能评估研究进展

森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的主体,具有涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境、森林保护、生物多样性保护和森林游憩等多种服务功能。近年来,随着生态环境的日益恶化,森林生态系统服务功能研究已经成为生态学研究的前言和热点。本文基于国内外森林生态系统服务功能评估的研究成果,回顾了森林生态系统服务功能评估进展,对森林生态系统服务功能分类、评估方法进行概述,进而探讨森林生态系统服务功能评估的发展趋势。     

Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Community Forest in Nepal

Community forestry is an approach for mitigating deforestation and forest degradation by managing the forest resources for benefitting neighboring communities. Monetary benefits and costs are associated in a community forest during conservation and management of a forest. For sustainable forest management, the benefit should be more than cost which is a contesting issue of research. So, this study was conducted in a community forest of the central part of Nepal with the help of 80 household surveys and a focus group discussion. The firsthand information collected at the site is complimented by forest product harvest and cost-related secondary information. It was observed that the total annual harvest of timber was 60 cubic feet, pole was 8 cubic feet, firewood was 1,110 Bhari,¹ fodder was 4,388 Bhari, and leaf litter was 590 Bhari. To manage a forest, people were involved in fencing, thinning, and meetings. Management cost was six times higher than administration cost. The benefit from firewood and fodder was more due to the dependency of people in a forest for enhancing their livelihood. The higher value of benefit cost ratio indicates that the Community Forest User Group benefited from community forest management.     

森林生物量与生产力研究综述

森林生态系统在维护全球碳平衡中有着重要作用，其生物量和生产力是研究生态系统碳平衡的基础数据，进一步推动了森林生物量和生产力的研究。阐述了森林生物量和生产力形成的生理生态学基础，不同森林类型的生物产量、区域分布格局，森林经营对生物产量的影响、研究方法和模型等。在多尺度上，采用先进的研究手段，围绕资源环境等热点问题来研究森林生物量和生产力，实现数据共享和网络化是森林生物量和生产力研究的发展趋势。     

Farmers’ perceptions and attitudes toward forest watershed conservation of the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest

Over the past several decades, the management of forest ecosystem functions through policies such as “command and control” has not been successful, largely because existing policies and legislation for natural resource management are inadequate and often formulated without consulting local communities such as farmers. However, farmers’ decisions to participate in natural resource conservation or watershed conservation more particularly are generally influenced by their knowledge of the problems and perceived benefits of conservation. This study focuses on farmers’ perceptions and attitudes toward forest watershed conservation in the North West Selangor Peat Swamp forest of Malaysia. A survey questionnaire was administered to 380 paddy farmers at the North West Selangor irrigation scheme. Dates were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the theory of value and social psychology constructs. The study concludes that farmers have generally positive attitudes toward forest watershed conservation. Therefore, we recommend farmers’ involvement in the conservation and management of the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest (NSPSF).     

南华山国家森林公园生态旅游及森林保育初步研究

从生态学和旅游资源角度分析了湖南凤凰南华山国家森林公园的特点及功能定位,在此基础上对森林公园开展森林生态旅游项目进行了规划,并对森林保育提出了一些具体建议。     

森林经营方案编制方法研究--以临武县东山国有林场为例

根据临武县东山国有林场开展森林经营的需要,依据国家林业相关政策、森林经营方案编制技术规程,结合现有的森林资源现状及发展方向,分析了临武县东山国有林场森林经营环境,提出了林场森林经营方针、原则与经营目标,设计了林场森林发展阶段的主要经营措施,规划了林场森林多资源利用方案,以供在经理期内规划参考落实。     

湖南云山森林公园森林景观数量化评价

根据云山森林公园的自然地理条件和植被类型，采用定性与定量评价相结合的方法，并参考游客对典型景点的评价资料，建立了森林景观的数量化评价模型，就典型森林景观的经营和森林景观的构建作了探讨。     

Community Dependency on Forest Resources in West Java,Indonesia

Abstract

Policies aimed at the exclusion of local communities from forest management are inappropriate, especially in a densely populated area with a low level of land ownership. Here we demonstrate that termination of the Tumpang Sari program, which allowed local communities access to areas for controlled cultivation in several parts of the state forest area in West Java, Indonesia, did not cease illegal cultivation of the forestland. Moreover, illegal cultivation continues to be conducted by many people. This has created not only a land degradation problem but also has affected other forest resource users, the fuelwood collectors and the dairy cattle farmers. Therefore, the re-involvement of local communities in better forest management is required to avoid further environmental degradation as well as enhance poverty alleviation programs.     

平和天马国有林场可持续经营的探讨

平和天马国有林场从场情出发 ,调整林种结构、产业结构 ,发展多种成份经济 ,增强了林场综合实力。并对国有林场可持续经营的途径、存在问题及对策进行探讨     

Equity Mechanisms in Traditional Forest Management Systems: A Case Study of Loita Forest in Kenya

Equity in forest resources access remains a key challenge. In Kenya this was exacerbated by the application of command and control management approaches. The introduction of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in 1997 has started changing this scenario. The main objective of this study was to determine the equity mechanisms practiced under Traditional Community Based Forest Management (TCBFM), a traditional form of participatory forest management in Loita forest. An assessment of the impact of this management approach showed that equity and pro poor practices were inherent in Loita forest, where TCBFM was being implemented. The approach facilitated the poor to build up assets through relatives contributing to their livelihood assets. This was sustained through traditional support systems that are interwoven with forestry management. A majority of the community members interviewed perceived that the importance of the forest to household livelihood had been increasing since 1995. An increase in household assets since 1995 was associated with household participation in Traditional Community Based Natural Resources Management (TCBNRM). A majority (93%) of the households who were members of TCBNRM indicated grazing as the benefit. There was a general perception that participation in this form of PFM contributed to improvement of economic, physical, natural, human, social, and political capitals at the household and community levels.