遮荫处理对高温胁迫下4种栎树幼苗光合生理的影响

以纳塔栎、舒马栎、樱皮栎这3种北美栎树和栓皮栎为材料,研究在夏季高温胁迫下不同遮荫措施对栎树容器幼苗光合生理的影响,结果表明:4种栎树净光合速率和气孔导度呈上午高、下午低,胞间CO_2浓度呈早晚高、午间低,蒸腾速率呈午间高、早晚低的日变化趋势。在20%和50%透光率处理下,3种外来栎树的净光合速率日变化呈现"单峰"型,峰值出现在9:00—11:00,但栓皮栎呈"双峰"型;在70%透光率和全光照(CK)处理下,4种栎树的净光合速率日变化基本上呈"双峰"型,最大峰值在7:00—9:00。4种栎树幼苗的气孔导度和胞间CO_2浓度与气温呈显著负相关,纳塔栎的净光合速率与气温和光照强度有显著负相关性。在夏季高温胁迫下,50%左右透光率的中度遮荫处理可以显著提高4种栎树的净光合速率,促进苗木的生长。     

弱光胁迫对6种华南观花树种生理代谢影响

以无覆盖为对照,研究了30%遮荫度的黑色遮阳网覆盖(即70%的自然光光照强度);50%遮荫度的黑色遮阳网覆盖(即50%的自然光光照强度);70%遮荫度的黑色遮阳网覆盖(即30%的自然光光照强度),这4个处理组对1年生宫粉紫荆、灰木莲、火力楠、羊蹄甲、木棉、仪花的幼苗生长和生理生化反应。试验表明:夏季适度遮荫覆盖有利于容器苗幼苗的生长,宫粉紫荆、羊蹄甲和仪花耐荫性较强,火力楠和木棉有一定的耐荫性,在50%LI的光照处理下生长量高于其他处理组,但遮光度过高时,受到一定程度的抑制;灰木莲在不同光照条件下其苗木生长差异性不大。6种树种观花树种幼苗叶片遮光度较低的条件下皆具有较高的光合速率,过度遮荫都可能导致器幼苗叶片光合速率下降。6种树种不同处理之间气孔导度和水分利用率的变化基本与光合速率成正比,但胞间CO_2浓度的变化比较复杂。     

遮荫处理对地被菊‘国庆橙'生长及光合特性的影响

以地被菊‘国庆橙'为试验材料,研究了不同遮荫处理(全光照,透光率85%,透光率50、透光率25%)对地被菊‘国庆橙'生长发育及光合特性的影响,为‘国庆橙'的应用推广提供理论依据。结果表明:‘国庆橙'株高、基部茎粗、节间长度、叶长、叶宽及叶面积随着遮荫程度的增加而逐渐增加,冠幅、分枝数以及成花量在全光照条件下达到最大值,花径与成花量负相关;单位面积鲜重、单位面积含水量及比叶重随着遮荫程度的增加而逐渐降低,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总含量以及类胡萝卜素含量随着遮荫程度的增加而逐渐增加,而叶绿素a/b值随着遮荫程度的增加而逐渐减小;‘国庆橙'光饱和点、光补偿点、最大净光合速率及暗呼吸速率随着遮荫程度的增加而逐渐减小;‘国庆橙'在各处理下的净光合速率日变化曲线均为‘单峰'曲线。综上所述,地被菊‘国庆橙'喜阳耐荫,在遮荫条件下,会在形态及生理上做出适当调整以适应弱光环境。全光照条件下,‘国庆橙'生长状况最佳,观赏价值最大;当透光率减少到25%时,‘国庆橙'仍能进行正常的生命活动并正常开花,仍具有一定的观赏价值。     

遮荫对降香黄檀幼苗生长和生理的影响

【目的】探究遮荫对降香黄檀容器育苗生长发育和形态生理的影响,为林木育苗的光环境控制条件提供一定的理论依据。【方法】以当年生降香黄檀幼苗为试验材料,设遮荫程度0(T_0)、40%(T_1)、60%(T_2)、80%(T_3)、95%(T_4)5个处理,用不同遮荫程度处理4个月后,每隔15天监测降香黄檀幼苗的地径、苗高、叶片数等生长指标,观察其生长进程;并于试验处理结束后测量降香黄檀幼苗的生物量、比叶质量、叶绿素含量(Chl)、净光合速率(Pn)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾系数(Tr)等。【结果】随着遮荫程度的增加,处理时间的延长,降香黄檀幼苗的苗高、地径逐渐降低,生长越来越弱,且表现越来越明显,其中T_4的苗高和地径增量分别为7.7和1.0 mm,是T_0的39.2%和35.6%。随着遮荫程度的加强,降香黄檀幼苗的干物质积累、比叶质量以及质量指数(QI)、根冠比、存苗率显著降低,表明遮荫程度的增加使降香黄檀幼苗的生长发育受到抑制;随着遮荫程度加强,幼苗叶片的叶绿素b(Chlb)、叶绿素a(Chla)和植株各部分含水量显著增加,而叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值(Chla/Chlb)、Pn降低,表明遮荫程度的增加引起降香黄檀容器苗的光合利用效率下降,进而导致幼苗生长发育缓慢,存苗率下降。【结论】综合分析生长进程和生理形态指标,降香黄檀容器育苗幼苗期宜在全光照环境下进行,遮荫不利于其生长发育。     

大叶细辛需光特性研究

以辽宁省东部地区林下生长的大叶细辛为研究对象,测定与分析了其光合生理特性.结果表明:研究地点大叶细辛光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度日变化均呈双峰曲线,表现出明显的光合"午休"现象,胞间CO2浓度日变化曲线呈典型"V"字形,通过增加CO2浓度可提高光合速率。大叶细辛对光能利用能力最高的遮荫梯度为69.1%。     

高温对20个鸡爪槭品种叶片形态和光合特性的影响

利用自然高温胁迫,研究了高温对20个鸡爪槭品种叶片形态、净光合速率、气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和气孔限制值等参数的影响及各参数间的相关性,并以耐热性指标隶属度进行评价。结果表明,20个鸡爪槭品种的耐热性存在明显的差异,d1118和c1116是耐热性最强的2个品种,经过自然高温处理没有出现热害症状,y1106、y1107和x1119耐热性最差,其余品种介于2者之间;多数品种经热处理后净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率下降显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01),水分利用效率提高显著(P0.05),表现出明显的气孔抑制;品种d1118高温处理与对照相比净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著增加,表现出极强的高温适应性;品种j1123高温条件下净光合速率下降,但仍保持较高的气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,属于典型的非气孔抑制;高温引起的叶片热害症状与光合参数间不存在显著的相关性,但与蒸腾速率的相对变化值有显著(P0.05)的负相关。     

不同光强对金花茶光合生理特性的影响

以2年生金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)扦插苗为试验材料,对不同光环境下金花茶的光合生理特性进行研究,以期为金花茶的林下栽培提供科学依据。结果表明,80%遮荫处理下,金花茶光合色素含量最高,净光合速率(Pn)最大,气孔导度最大(Gs),蒸汽压亏(Vpdl)缺最小,显著提高了蒸腾速率(Tr),叶片中氮素含量最高,可使叶片合成较多的蛋白质,促进金花茶生长。在70%遮荫处理下,与呼吸作用、光合作用及生长素的氧化等密切相关的过氧化物歧化酶(POD)及抗性强弱相关的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量最高,表明金花茶在此状态下生长状态最好且抗性最强;在40%、50%遮荫处理下,叶片变黄,防御性酶含量增加;在20%遮荫处理下,叶绿素含量下降,光合作用受阻,叶片枯萎并脱落,最终可能导致植株死亡。在光照较强的夏季,金花茶幼树适宜种植在70%和80%遮荫环境下。     

光照强度对日本荚蒾幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

通过不同遮荫处理(全光照、遮荫30%、遮荫60%和遮荫85%)研究了光照强度对日本荚蒾Viburnum japonicum幼苗生长及生理特性的影响,为该植物的引种驯化和苗木培育提供理论依据。结果表明,随着光照强度的减弱,日本荚蒾幼苗叶片比叶重(SLW)逐渐降低,在遮荫30%和60%处理下幼苗的相对生长速率(RGR)较大,而在全光照条件下日本荚蒾幼苗的生长受到明显抑制。日本荚蒾幼苗叶片花色素苷含量随着光照强度的减弱而逐渐减小;不同程度的遮荫处理均降低了叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量,处理60 d和90 d时,遮荫60%处理叶片的MDA含量最低;在全光照下叶片可溶性糖含量最高。处理90 d时,遮荫60%处理叶片的可溶性糖含量最低;随着处理时间的延长,不同遮荫处理叶片的可溶性蛋白含量均有所增加,但遮荫60%处理叶片的可溶性蛋白含量显著低于其他处理(P0.05);处理60 d和90 d时,叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着遮荫强度的增大而逐渐降低,遮荫60%处理叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)活性低于遮荫30%和遮荫85%处理。综上分析,全光照下日本荚蒾生长受到严重抑制,遮荫60%处理较适宜该植物的生长。     

夏季遮荫改善大田牡丹叶片光合功能的研究

利用气体交换和叶绿素荧光分析技术,研究大田牡丹叶片在自然光照和夏季遮荫处理下光合作用日变化.结果表明:自然光下夏季牡丹叶片的净光合速率(Pn)明显低于春季,2个生长季节Pn日变化差异明显,即春季的Pn日变化呈"单峰型"曲线,夏季的Pn日变化为"双峰型"曲线,有明显的光合"午休";羧化效率(CE)变化趋势与Pn相似;表观量子效率(AQY)中午降低,下午逐渐回升;光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和最大荧光Fm日变化为倒"单峰型"曲线,中午明显降低;与夏季自然光下相比,夏季遮荫处理(遮光50%)的牡丹叶片Pn、AQY、CE升高;气孔限制值(Ls)和叶温(t1)降低;Fv/Fm和Fm中午下降幅度显著减小.这些结果说明:夏季晴天中午高温、强光下,牡丹叶片PSⅡ反应中心发生了可逆失活,PSⅡ功能下调,光合作用的光抑制明显发生,遮荫可减轻光抑制,改善光合功能以增加光合产物积累.     

泽兰的耐荫性研究

为探讨泽兰的耐荫性,用黑色遮荫网进行不同遮荫处理(遮光率为30%、50%、70%、90%,以全光照为对照),对不同遮荫条件下泽兰的生长形态特征、生理特征、光合特征等进行研究。结果表明,随着遮荫度的增加,泽兰的叶面积、叶绿素总量及叶绿素a/b值呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势;与全光照相比,遮荫处理的泽兰叶片含水量、相对电导率增加,可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量减小;泽兰的净光合速率日变化在各遮荫处理下均为"单峰型";不同遮荫处理下,泽兰的叶片净光合速率与叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率都呈正相关;随遮荫度的增加,表观量子效率(AQY)表现出先增加后减小的趋势,而叶片光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)均明显降低。由此可知,泽兰具有一定的耐荫性,在50%遮荫处理下生长较好,遮荫度过大,会抑制该植物的生长。     

温度和光照对多花黄精种子萌发的影响

为了解多花黄精种子的萌发特性,探索其种子萌发的最适宜条件,以年珠林场收集的多花黄精种子为研究材料,开展其种子形态测定以及温度和光照对其种子萌发特性影响的研究。结果表明：温度对多花黄精种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和平均发芽时间的影响达到显著水平;在10℃～35℃范围内,随着温度的升高,种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均呈现先增加后减小的趋势,而平均发芽时间则呈现先减小后增加的趋势;当温度为25℃时,种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数最高,分别为93.4%、70.1%和48.5,平均发芽时间最低为11.4 d。光照对多花黄精种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和平均发芽时间的影响不显著。试验结果为多花黄精栽培育苗提供技术支持和理论支撑。     

Seed dormancy and germination of Ficus lundellii and tropical forest restoration

We investigated seed dormancy and germination in Ficus lundellii Standl. (Moraceae), a native species of Mexico's Los Tuxtlas tropical rain forest. In an 8-h photoperiod at an alternating diurnal (16/8 h) temperature of 20/30 degrees C, germination was essentially complete (96%) within 28 days, whereas in darkness, all seeds remained dormant. Neither potassium nitrate (0.05-0.2%) applied continuously nor gibberellic acid applied either continuously (10-200 ppm) or as a 24 hour pretreatment (2000 ppm) induced germination in the dark. Germination in the light was not reduced by a 24-h hydrochloric acid (0.1-1%) pretreatment, but it was reduced both by a 24-h pretreatment with either H(2)O(2) (0.1-5 M) or 5% HCl, or by more than 5 days of storage at 40 degrees C (4.5% seed water content). In a study with a 2-dimensional temperature gradient plate, seeds germinated fully and rapidly in the light at a constant temperature of 30 degrees C, and fully but less rapidly in the light at alternating temperatures with low amplitudes (< 12 degrees C) about the optimal constant temperature. The base, optimal and ceiling temperatures for rate of germination were estimated as 13.8, 30.1 and 41.1 degrees C, respectively. In all temperature regimes, light was essential for the germination of F. lundellii seeds.     

Paclobutrazol affects the resistance of black spruce to high light and thermal stress

Detached needles from 20-week-old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings root-drenched with 60 mg of paclobutrazol were exposed to two temperatures (22 and 50 degrees C) and two light treatments (100 and 1900 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1) PAR) in a factorial combination for 4 h in vitro. Mean dry weights of individual needles from paclobutrazol-treated plants were approximately 1.9 times heavier than that of needles from untreated controls at 22 degrees C, but no differences were observed following incubation at 50 degrees C. Numbers of cells per needle remained constant in all treatments. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents per needle were higher in seedlings treated with paclobutrazol than in untreated control seedlings, and the differences were most pronounced in the high temperature plus high light treatment. In low light at 50 degrees C, quantum efficiency of photosystem II was 45% higher in needles of paclobutrazol-treated seedlings than in needles of untreated control seedlings, but quantum efficiency of needles from treated seedlings declined when needles were exposed to high light at either temperature. Peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were up-regulated by paclobutrazol, whereas catalase activities were depressed and no significant differences were observed between treated and control needles at 50 degrees C in either light treatment. Paclobutrazol treatment did not moderate the depressive effects of high temperature on total soluble protein or on the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. In contrast, high activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase were maintained in paclobutrazol-treated needles under all stress conditions, whereas large losses in activity were recorded in untreated needles at 50 degrees C. Collectively, these observations suggest that paclobutrazol treatment may convey resistance to excessive light and high temperatures by increasing the potential of conifers to limit damage caused by oxidative stress.     

Ecophysiological characteristics of the seed of the tropical forest pioneer Urera caracasana (Urticaceae)

Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb is a small, fast-growing evergreen pioneer tree which colonizes openings in the tropical rain forest of 'Los Tuxtlas', Veracruz, Mèxico. Annual seed production by 10 trees was estimated to range from 0.4 x 10(5) to 1.6 x 10(6) seeds per tree. Fifteen species of resident and migratory birds were observed to visit the plants and disperse the seeds. Most seeds imbibed in petri dishes placed on the forest floor beneath a small opening in the canopy, where the red/far-red ratio of the light was around 1.0, germinated within 2 weeks. Germination beneath the forest canopy, where the red/far-red ratio of the light was approximately 0.2, was much slower and did not exceed 40%. A minimum of 4 h daily exposure to unfiltered natural light was required for rapid germination in the forest. In the laboratory rapid germination at 25 degrees C required a minimum of 4 h white light. However, if temperature during the light period was 35 degrees C, 30 min exposure to white light daily was sufficient to induce germination. Seeds that failed to germinate when imbibed for 60-360 days in petri dishes placed on the forest floor beneath the forest canopy, germinated rapidly in the laboratory when held at 25 degrees C and exposed daily to 12 h white or red light. Seeds imbibed for 120 days or more beneath the forest canopy were also induced to germinate by 12 h daily exposure to far-red light when this was combined with a 35/25 degrees C day/night temperature regime. Seeds buried in vermiculite-filled nylon mesh bags disappeared rapidly with few remaining after 2 months. Seeds that survived remained viable and germinated when incubated in petri dishes at 25 degrees C. Initially, buried seeds required light for germination. However, after 17 months' burial, seeds germinated in darkness when transferred to the laboratory and incubated on agar at 25 degrees C.     

Influence of leaf angle on photosynthesis and the xanthophyll cycle in the tropical tree species Acacia crassicarpa

We examined the effects of artificially altering leaf angle of the tropical tree species Acacia crassicarpa (A. Cunn. ex Benth., Fabaceae) on light interception, leaf temperature and photosynthesis in the wet and dry seasons of tropical Australia. Reducing leaf angle from the natural near-vertical angle (90 degrees ) to 67.5, 45, 22.5 and 0 degrees greatly increased light interception and leaf temperature, and decreased photosynthetic activity. Compared with the 90 degrees phyllodes, net photosynthetic rates in the horizontal phyllodes decreased by 18 and 42% by the second day of leaf angle change in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The corresponding values for Day 7 were 46 and 66%. Leaf angle reduction also altered the diurnal pattern of photosynthesis (from two peaks to one peak) and reduced daily CO2 fixation by 23-50% by Day 2 and by 50-75% by Day 7 in the dry season. In contrast, the xanthophyll cycle pool size in the phyllodes increased with leaf angle reduction. Thus, there are at least five major advantages to maintaining high leaf angle orientation in tropical tree species. First, it reduces excessive light interception. Second, it lowers leaf temperature. Third, it protects the photosynthetic apparatus against photodamage by excessive light. Fourth, it minimizes xanthophyll cycle activity and reduces the cost for xanthophyll biosynthesis. Finally, it enhances photosynthetic activity and helps to sustain high plant productivity.     

6个山茶品种的耐晒性研究

为筛选出耐晒性较强的山茶花品种,以烈香、六角大红、克瑞墨、金花茶、五色赤丹、迪斯6个品种为试验材料,研究不同光照强度（全光照、遮阴率50%、遮阴率70%、遮阴率90%）对植物形态指标及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,从生长特性、叶绿素含量、生物量积累等方面来看,全光照条件下品种迪斯、克瑞墨的生长表现最好,不同程度的遮阴处理均影响各品种的生长。最终筛选出品种迪斯、克瑞墨作为耐晒性较强的山茶品种。     

Chlorophyll fluorescence and CO(2) assimilation of black spruce seedlings following frost in different temperature and light conditions

Effects of artificial frosts on light-saturated photosynthesis (A(max)) and ground, maximal and variable fluorescence variables (F(o), F(m), and F(v) and F(v)/F(m)) were monitored on 1-year-old foliage of black spruce seedlings (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) grown at high (25 degrees C), moderate (15 degrees C) and low (5 degrees C) temperatures and moderate (240 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1)) and low (80 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1)) irradiances. Photoinhibition of 1-year-old foliage was greater in seedlings grown in moderate light than in seedlings grown in low light. Photoinhibition increased with decreasing growth chamber temperature at both irradiances. Most changes in F(v)/F(m) were caused by changes in F(v). Exposure to -4 degrees C decreased both F(v)/F(m) and A(max) compared with control values. The effect of the -4 degrees C frost treatment was greater in seedlings grown in low light than in seedlings grown in moderate light, probably because seedlings grown in moderate light were already partially photoinhibited before the frost treatment. Following -4 degrees C treatment, neither F(v)/F(m) nor A(max) recovered in seedlings grown in low light. Light-saturated photosynthesis decreased with decreasing growth chamber temperature. Light-saturated photosynthesis was more sensitive to the -3 and -4 degrees C frost treatments in seedlings grown at 25 degrees C than in seedlings grown at 15 and 5 degrees C. The A(max) of seedlings grown at 15 degrees C was sensitive only to the -4 degrees C frost treatment, whereas A(max) of seedlings grown at 5 degrees C was not sensitive to any of the frost treatments. Recovery of A(max) following frost took longer in seedlings grown at high temperatures than in seedlings grown at low temperatures. For seedlings grown at the same temperature but under different irradiances, both A(max) and F(v)/F(m) reflected damage to the photosynthetic system following a moderate frost. However, for seedlings grown at the same irradiance but different temperatures, A(max) provided a more sensitive indicator of frost damage to the photosynthetic system than F(v)/F(m) ratio.     

绿竹链蚧危害对绿竹叶绿素及光合作用的影响

研究了绿竹链蚧不同危害程度对绿竹光合作用的影响。结果表明:与未受害比,轻度、中度、重度受害绿竹的SPDA值分别减少4.6%,12.4%,22.4%;净光合速率分别减少7.79%,16.39%,29.38%;暗呼吸速率分别提高了5.49%,26.67%,-7.39%;光呼吸速率分别提高了6.60%,30.08%,-11.56%;CO2补偿点分别提高1.15,1.48,2.04倍。不同受害程度对绿竹光合作用各项指标的影响均达极显著或显著水平。     

Growth of Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah) seedlings in a greenhouse in response to shade and soil temperature

The effects of shade and soil temperature on growth of Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm (jarrah) seedlings were studied in greenhouse experiments. Plant dry weight and that of all plant parts declined in response to shade, as did root/shoot ratio. Plant leaf area was less in unshaded plants than in plants grown in shade, and specific leaf area increased with shade. Unshaded seedlings had a higher light-saturated rate of photosynthesis, a higher light compensation point and a higher light saturation point than seedlings grown in 70% shade. The relationship between plant dry weight and leaf dry weight was independent of shading, whereas the relationship between plant dry weight and plant leaf area was dependent on shading. Therefore, leaf dry weight may be a better predictor of biomass production than leaf area in forest stands where shade is likely to affect growth significantly. Soil temperature had a significant effect on the growth of all plant parts except cotyledons. Total plant growth and shoot growth were maximal at a soil temperature of 30 degrees C, but root growth had a slightly lower temperature optimum such that the root/shoot ratio was highest at 20 degrees C. Roots grown at 15 degrees C were about 30% shorter per unit of dry weight than roots grown at 20 to 35 degrees C. We conclude that increases in irradiance and soil temperature as a result of overstory removal in the forest will cause significant increases in growth of E. marginata seedlings, but these increases represent a relatively small component of the growth response to overstory removal.     

不同配比基质对油茶容器苗生长的影响

为了促进油茶容器苗的生长,提高苗木质量,研究了不同配比基质对油茶容器苗生长的影响,结果表明:不同配比基质培育的油茶容器苗苗高、新梢生长量均存在显著差异,地径、叶片数量差异不显著。综合分析,以P3(黄心土20%,松林表土40%,椰糠20%,秸秆20%)最有利于油茶苗木的生长,苗高、地径、新梢生长量均最大,分别达48.5 cm、0.8 cm和7.70cm。研究为油茶容器苗培育基质的配制提供了技术参考。