无人机RGB影像中人工林单木位置的提取

从无人机RGB影像中提取单木位置时,由于树冠与非树冠植被的颜色相似,以及树冠之间存在粘连的问题,导致单木位置提取精度不高。针对这些问题,提出一种结合冠层高度模型(CHM)和形态学细化算法的人工林单木位置提取方法。首先根据无人机RGB影像生成数字正射影像(DOM)、数字高程模型(DEM)、数字表面模型(DSM),利用可见光波段差异植被指数(VDVI)对DOM进行植被与非植被的分离;其次利用DSM和DEM构建人工林区的CHM,从高程差异上将树冠与非树冠植被进行分离;最后,为提高单木位置提取精度,利用形态学图像细化算法去除树冠之间的粘连,提取单木位置并进行精度验证。以昆明理工大学呈贡校区内的一片人工林为试验区域,分别采用本研究方法和直接基于VDVI的方法对人工林区单木位置进行提取。本研究方法提取的单木位置准确率为91.67%,漏提率为8.33%,错提率为0.24%;而直接基于VDVI提取的单木位置准确率为88.05%,漏提率为11.95%,错提率为21.58%。试验结果表明,本研究方法提取的人工林单木位置精度更高。     

广州市主城区绿地信息提取及其动态变化分析

基于广州市主城区2004年、2008年及2012年SP5影像数据,应用遥感分类技术中的监督分类、非监督分类以及先提取植被技术再非监督分类的方法提取广州市主城区的绿地信息,将提取的结果与森林资源二类调查档案更新资料进行比较,找出最优的分类提取方法;应用最优的绿地信息提取方法,提取广州市主城区2004年、2008年及2012年绿地信息并分析其动态变化过程。研究结果表明:1)通过先提取研究区影像植被指数然后作非监督分类的方法可以快速而准确地提取出城市绿地信息,这是一种可行的城市绿地监测手段。2)从2004—2012年,广州市主城区绿地面积明显减少,特别是在2004—2008年减幅较大,2008—2012年趋于平缓。     

盐城丹顶鹤保护区核心区土地覆被信息提取及其动态变化分析

基于江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区核心区2002年LANDSAT影像数据和2010年ALOS影像数据，分别对两期遥感影像进行图像分类比较、图像差值运算、提取影像植被指数，进行图像差值运算等处理，提取保护区核心区地类和植被覆被的相关信息及其动态变化情况，为保护区核心区进一步加强管理与保护提供科学依据。研究结果表明，保护区核心区的人为干扰较小，境内的原生湿地保存完整，生态系统基本实现自我更新，这种情况对于丹顶鹤的保护非常有利。     

基于植被丰度分析的城市植被胁迫遥感监测

以混合像元分解提取植被丰度作为主要手段,研究基于广州市区东边建成区的Hyperion高光谱遥感影像,以遥感影像预处理—特征选择—SMACC混合像元分解的步骤提取出植被丰度图,再进行PPI迭代运算纯化,提取出7种表征植被健康状况差异端元的PPI影像。经实地考察植被胁迫位置的周边人类活动的情况,结合植物生理学和光谱学分析反射率波谱曲线的变化,解释植物受到胁迫的原因,以期为城市绿地调查管理提供参考。     

Using Landsat images to detect oak decline in the Mark Twain National Forest, Ozark Highlands

Following the severe drought in 1999–2000 there was a widespread outbreak of oak decline in the Ozark Highlands. Over 400,000 ha of dead and dying oak trees were observed by the USDA Forest Service in this region. Although oak forests that are dead can be easily interpreted from air photos or classified from satellite images, it is difficult to detect dying trees that are still green but will die back or recover in the following years. In this study, we applied a normalized difference water index (NDWI) to map the continuous forest dynamics related to oak decline. The Landsat TM image in 1992 and the ETM+ image in 2000 were processed to calculate the differential NDWI which revealed moisture variation primarily caused by the drought and the associated red oak borers. A simple thresholding method was used to map oak dying back, recovery and non-change areas in the study area. The died-back areas were extracted from the modified land use/land cover maps created by the Missouri Resource Assessment Partnership (MoRAP). The forest dynamics map was compared with the online FIA database in which tree species at randomly selected sites were recorded in 1989 and 2003. The overall accuracy of forest dynamics mapping with remote sensing imagery was 75.95%. The user's accuracy of dying/recovery area mapping was also high although the producer's accuracy is questionable because of the limitation in ground data collection. The continuous dying/recovery map in this study could provide valuable information on the prediction of oak decline and evaluation of damage when another period of environmental stresses occurs.     

基于GF-2遥感影像的潍坊城区建筑高度反演研究

由于遥感技术是当前先进信息科技的重要组成部分,在采集处理和分析应用地球表面空间数据中起到越来越重要的作用。以GF-2卫星影像为数据基础,通过对影像进行正射校正和预处理操作增强图像的几何信息、纹理以及光谱特征,进一步提取了建筑物阴影和基坑信息,通过构建太阳和卫星各自所处位置的高度角、方位角与建筑物之间的几何参数反演模型来估算建筑物高度。结果表明:基于GF-2遥感影像的建筑物高度信息提取技术,在分析建筑物几何信息的同时兼顾到建筑物的光谱信息,提取的建筑物阴影和基坑信息更为准确,研究区内随机抽取一定数量的建筑物,对实测高度值和估算高度值进行误差对比分析,反演误差在0.73 m左右,总体精度约为96.68%,符合预期目标要求。潍坊城区多层建筑(9~30 m)所占有率较高,超高层建筑(大于100 m)所占比重相对较低,且不同区域分布不均,多层建筑多分布在老城区(潍城区、奎文区),城区边缘多以低层建筑分布为主,体现了建筑物类型分布与区域经济发展水平呈正相关。     

地震滑坡区覆盖生态毯对土壤湿度和养分的影响

为了研究生态毯覆盖对土壤湿度和养分的影响,首次将生态毯应用于地震滑坡区砾石泥沙堆积区和泥沙堆积区。结果表明:铺设生态毯的土壤含水量均高于裸地的;各层的土壤水分含量随干旱日数的增加呈下降的趋势,生态毯的下降趋势较为平稳;保水效果为椰纤维生态毯秸秆+椰纤维生态毯秸秆生态毯裸地。覆盖生态毯可以提高土壤有机质含量和p H值;土壤速效N、P、K和全N、全P、全K的含量也有一定程度的提高。铺设生态毯能有效固定地震滑坡区的砾石泥沙,改善土壤的水热条件,进而增加根系、微生物的活动和植被有机体的积累,促进枯落物的分解,逐步提高土壤中的养分含量。     

基于高分二号遥感数据的森林自然度等级划分

以地面样点为基础的森林自然度评价方法很难获得区域范围森林自然度等级,针对该问题,提出了利用高分遥感卫星影像数据,划分区域范围森林自然度等级的方法。以湖北竹山县九华山林场为试验区域,在选取研究区典型样地的基础上,结合高分二号(GF-2)遥感影像数据的特点,从GF-2影像上提取遥感光谱、纹理等特征并结合地形特征,采用随机森林算法在大尺度范围对九华山林场森林自然度等级进行分类研究。结果发现:以GF-2数据为基础提取的植被指数、光谱、纹理等特征与地形特征结合,采用随机森林算法可较好地划分森林自然度等级,总体分类精度高达93.97%,Kappa系数为0.91。对森林自然度等级影响最重要的6个特征因子为高程、坡向、坡度、纹理均值、光谱主成分变化分量和归一化植被指数(NDVI)。结果表明,基于遥感影像提取的特征和地形特征结合进行森林自然度等级划分的研究方法具有可行性,为大面积区域的森林自然度等级划分奠定基础。     

基于面向对象的高分辨率影像的森林植被变化信息提取研究

如何利用遥感技术获取森林植被变化信息是遥感应用的重要领域之一。基于ALOS高空间分辨率的遥感影像数据,研究利用面向对象的分类方法,对影像进行多尺度分割,通过隶属度函数,提取森林植被变化信息,并实地验证变化结果。研究表明:利用面向对象的方法对ALOS遥感影像进行森林植被变化信息的提取,个数精度达到80.85%,面积精度达到84.90%。此研究为森林植被变化信息的提取提供了又一有效的方法。     

基于多尺度分割技术的高分辨率影像信息提取方法分析

为了提高高分辨率遥感数据的应用价值,通过采用影像分割和多尺度分割最优尺度确定等方法,开展了从高分辨率遥感影像中提取地物信息技术的研究。结果表明:水体、植被、居住用地、道路和裸地最大面积分割尺度参数分别为200、180、80、120和100时,提取的地物信息比较准确,可以在生产实践中应用。     

GROWING EUCALYPTUS SALIGNA

SYNOPSIS

Monitoring plots were established in two mountain catchment areas in the Western Cape to assess the impacts of dense alien plant stands and alien plant clearance on indigenous Fynbos vegetation. In both areas Pinus pinaster was the dominant alien species with Hakea sericea also common. Indigenous vegetation persisted in the understorey of invaded stands, indicating that the high density of aliens was of recent development. Species richness of indigenous vegetation was lower in invaded, compared to uninvaded plots.

After clearance by felling and burning, the aliens were effectively controlled, except for pines at Genadendal, where unfelled, older generation pines released seeds to recruit in the post-fire environment. The post-fire recovery of indigenous vegetation at both sites was rapid, with no significant differences measured in projected canopy cover, plant density and functional guild richness between invaded and uninvaded control plots. This improved condition of the indigenous vegetation was reflected in an increase in community similarity between invaded and uninvaded plots after fire. However, species richness and diversity remained lower for invaded plots compared to controls two and a half years post-fire and guild structure also differed between treatments.

Clearance of serotinous alien species by felling and burning is an effective method for controlling the aliens and initiating Fynbos recovery in relatively young vegetation (8 years in this study). It is recommended that alien clearance teams are coordinated to reduce time lags between the clearance of younger generation aliens and older established or inaccessible trees. Biological control should be developed, where not already available, to lower the re-invasion risk from clearance escapes. At sites where soil damage may result from fire through heavy slash (e.g, older vegetation), steps should be taken to minimize this risk and contingency plans developed to prevent soil erosion and accelerate post-fire vegetation recovery.     

基于GIS的洞庭湖区沙化土地空间动态分析

Spatial Dynamic Analysis of Desertified Land in Dongting Lake Area Using GIS     

Soil disturbance and post-logging forest recovery on bulldozer paths in Sabah, Malaysia

We examined the extent of soil disturbance associated with bulldozer yarding and the regrowth of woody vegetation on bulldozer paths (skid trails) in selectively logged dipterocarp forest. In an area logged in 1993, using conventional, i.e., uncontrolled, harvesting methods, about 17% of the area was covered by roads and skid trails. In contrast, in a 450-ha experimental area where reduced-impact logging guidelines were implemented, 6% of the area was similarly disturbed. Skid trails in the reduced-impact logging areas were less severely disturbed than those in conventional logging areas; the proportion of skid trails with subsoil disturbance was less than half that in conventional logging areas. Four years after logging, woody plant recovery on skid trails was greater in areas logged by reduced-impact than by conventional methods. Skid trails where topsoil had been bladed off had less woody vegetation than skid trails with intact topsoil. In a chronosequence of logging areas (3, 6, and 18 years after logging), species richness and stem densities of woody plants (>1 m tall, <5 cm dbh) were lower on skid trail tracks than on skid trail edges or in adjacent forest. Both richness and density increased with time since logging, but even 18 years after logging, abandoned skid trails were impoverished in small woody stems compared with adjacent forest. Minimizing soil and stand disturbance during logging appears to allow a more rapid recovery of vegetation on bulldozed soils, but the long-term fate of trees growing on compacted soils remains uncertain.     

广南县岩溶森林保护及石漠化治理

岩溶洞隙和孔隙、强降雨、土壤流失、较大坡度的地貌以及人为因素对森林植被的破坏是岩溶石漠化的主要原因。岩溶地区生态环境的脆弱与其恢复的难度决定了岩溶森林保护的重要性。要限制薪材及薪材树种的消耗，控制用材消耗，以达到保护的效果。以恢复森林植被为主题的岩溶石漠化治理包括半石漠化山地、耕地、工矿地的治理和石漠化土地的治理。     

Bottomland hardwood forest recovery following tornado disturbance and salvage logging

Catastrophic wind events, including tornado, hurricane, and linear winds, are significant disturbances in temperate forested wetlands. Information is lacking on how post-disturbance salvage logging may impact short and long-term objectives in conservation areas where natural stands are typically managed passively. Woody regeneration and herbaceous cover were assessed for three years in a bottomland hardwood forest across a gradient of damage from an F4 tornado, with and without subsequent salvage logging. Soil disturbance intensity and recovery associated with salvage logging within wind-disturbed sites were also assessed. Woody stem density and proportion of potential overstory species (species with the potential to occupy a position in the canopy) increased as a function of wind disturbance intensity. Stem density, proportion of overstory trees, or species diversity did not differ between wind + salvage and wind-disturbed-only plots. Significant dissimilarity occurred among soil disturbance classes within salvaged sites. By the third growing season, vegetation in soil disturbance classes in wind + salvage areas was converging toward undisturbed conditions and bottomland hardwood forest recovery was underway in all vegetation disturbance types and soil disturbance classes. Post-tornado salvage logging, applied judiciously, may contribute to microsite and vegetation diversity.     

森林面积方法研究

本文通过对遥感图像的处理和光谱特征信息的分析,应用ETM 影像数据和地面调查数据,研究了遥感数据处理技术在植被信息提取中的应用,尝试对高山峡谷区的森林资源调查提出较为完善的计算机图像处理技术和自动分类方法。对道孚县台站林场和麻孜林场地类的分类结果表明:运用TM453波段融合能够达到较好的图像增强效果;运用无监督分类方法提取森林面积能达到较高的分类精度;NDVI比RVI更能突出植被信息和消除山体阴影的影响。     

Evaluating vegetation recovery following large-scale forest fires in Borneo and northeastern China using multi-temporal NOAA/AVHRR images

This study evaluated whether a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), derived from 8-km-resolution National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Pathfinder AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) land (PAL) data, is appropriate for monitoring recovery following large-scale forest fires. Recovery processes were examined after fires on the island of Borneo and in northeastern China in 1983 and 1987, respectively. Based on pre- and post-fire NDVI differences (NDVId), six damage classes were established. Post-fire changes in land cover were monitored using (1) the average NDVI of all pixels corresponding to each damage class (A-NDVI) and (2) the ratio of a fire-affected A-NDVI to a non-fire-affected A-NDVI (QNDVI). Burn areas located by an NDVId threshold value were similar to reported burn areas. Both A-NDVI and QNDVI values signaled vegetation recovery, but the QNDVI gave much better results. For both the 1983 Borneo and 1987 northeastern China fires, QNDVI values dropped at the time of the fire and increased for about 4 years afterwards, although a 4-year period is obviously less than the time required for biomass recovery. Trends at the two study sites diverged after this period, however. The QNDVI values for multiple fire events in Borneo (in 1983, 1987, 1991, 1997, and 1998) showed that recovery times varied with the size of the burn area, but not with the damage class of the same event, whereas the severe-class QNDVI values for the fire in northeastern China in 1987 were still lower than the control value 10 years after the fire.     

Wood defect classification based on image analysis and support vector machines

This paper addresses the issue of automatic wood defect classification. A tree-structure support vector machine (SVM) is proposed to classify four types of wood knots by using images captured from lumber boards. Simple and effective features are proposed and extracted by partitioning the knot images into three distinct areas, followed by utilizing a novel order statistic filter to yield an average pseudo color feature in each area. Excellent results have been obtained for the proposed SVM classifier that is trained by 800 wood knot images. Performance evaluation has shown that the proposed SVM classifier resulted in an average classification rate of 96.5% and false alarm rate of 2.25% over 400 test knot images. Future work will include more extensive tests on large data set and the extension of knot types.     

基于RS的北京山前平原区土地沙化研究

土地沙化是北京市最主要的生态环境问题之一,是制约其城市发展的重要因素,研究北京土地沙化的动态变化趋势及成因对保障北京市的生态安全和改善其环境质量有重要意义。利用2007年4月SPOT5卫星的多光谱和全色影像,结合植被覆盖度,土壤类型和土地利用类型这3种辅助数据,进行沙化信息提取。根据所提取的信息,分析北京山前平原区土地沙化现状和动态变化特征,并结合气象、水文等多元信息资料的统计分析数据对其沙化成因进行探讨。研究结果表明:在各种自然和人为因素的影响下,研究区的沙化土地主要分布在永定河、潮白河、温榆河3条河流沿岸,康庄、南口地区以及怀柔、密云大沙河地区;沙地类型主要是固定沙地,以轻度和中度沙化为主;2007年与1999年、2004年北京沙化土地数据相比,沙化土地总面积呈减少趋势,表明北京市防沙治沙工作卓有成效,前景乐观,但局部依然存在边治理边破坏的现象,防沙治沙工作依然任重而道远。     

Impact of mining on tree diversity of the silica mining forest area at Shankargarh,Allahabad, India

The Shankargarh forest area is rich in silica, a major mineral used in glass industry. Extensive open cast silica mining has severely damaged the forest as well as productivity of the region. An understanding of the impact of mining on the environment particularly on vegetation characteristics is a prerequisite for further management of these mining sites, especially in the selection of species for reclamation works. The present paper deals with the study of the tree composition of silica mining area of Shgankargarh forest, at both disturbed and undisturbed sites. Tree vegetation study was conducted at undisturbed and disturbed sites of Shankargarh forests using standard quadrate method. Density, abundance and frequency values of tree species were calculated. Species were categorized into different classes according to their frequency. The importance value index (IVI) for each species was determined. Species diversity, Concentration of dominance, Species richness and Evenness index were calculated for the undisturbed and disturbed sites. The distribution pattern of the species was studied by using Whitford’s index. Similarity index between tree composition of disturbed and undisturbed sites was determined by using Jaccard’s and Sorenson’s index of similarity. Tree species showed a drastic reduction in their numbers in disturbed sites compared to that of the undisturbed sites. The phytosociological indices also illustrated the impact of mining on the tree composition of the area. The present study led to the conclusion that resultant tree vegetation analysis can be used as important tool for predicting the suitability of particular species for revegetating the mined areas.