国内外木质环境学的研究概述*

亘古及今．木材以它独有的色、质、纹等特性受到人们的珍爱．并广泛地应用于建筑、家具、室内装修等生活环境之中。有关木质材料的各种特性与人及室内环境的关系的研究内容，归纳起来被称为木质环境学研究，木质环境学的研究工作有助于推动木材科学的研究向更细致的方向发展，促使木质材料的功能得到进一步发挥，将木质材料和人们生活更加紧密地联系在一起。目前国内外木质环境学的研究工作主要包括：对木质材料的感觉特性的研究；木质材料对环境物理条件的影响及可居住性的研究；由木质材料构成的室内居住环境对生物体的良性调节作用的研究。文中简要论述了上述3个部分的研究内容．并对未来木质环境学的研究方向作出了展望。     

木材耐久性超疏水表面构建研究进展

木材作为一种天然可再生材料,富含亲水性基团且孔隙结构发达,因而具有很强的吸湿/水能力,易发生变形、开裂、腐朽等问题。基于“荷叶效应”原理,仿生构建木材超疏水表面是有效隔离木材与水分接触,赋予木材防水、防污、自清洁等优良特性的木材功能性改良新途径。然而超疏水木材在实际应用中不可避免地要受到刮擦磨损、阳光辐射、化学腐蚀等外界因素的影响,容易造成表面微/纳米粗糙结构的破坏或低表面能物质的降解,从而导致超疏水性能的降低或丧失,限制了超疏水木材的实际应用,因此设法提高木材表面超疏水涂层的机械稳定性和耐久性是亟待解决的关键问题。笔者首先分析了木材超疏水表面耐久性差的主要原因,介绍了木材超疏水表面耐久性能的测试方法,重点综述了木材耐久性超疏水表面的构建策略及其最新研究进展,最后对超疏水木材研究中存在的一些问题及发展趋势进行了总结和展望。     

Physiological effects in humans induced by the visual stimulation of room interiors with different wood quantities

To clarify the visual effects of room interior with wooden materials on humans, pulse rate, blood pressure, and brain activity were measured while the subjects were exposed to visual stimuli using actual-size model rooms. The wood ratios (the ratio of the area covered with wooden material to the whole area of the ceiling, walls, and floor) of the rooms were 0%, 45%, and 90%. Subjective evaluation was also conducted. In the 0% room, diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly, but the observed change in the autonomic nervous activity was relatively small. In the 45% room, a significant decrease in the diastolic blood pressure and a significant increase in pulse rate were observed. This room tended to have the highest scores in subjective “comfortable” feeling. The 90% room caused significant and large decreases in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at the beginning of the test, but the large coverage of wood appeared to cause a rapid decrease in brain activity and an increase in pulse rate. The present study demonstrated that a difference in wood ratio in the interior caused different physiological responses, especially in the autonomic nervous activity, by using actual-size rooms for the first time.     

Influence of wood wall panels on physiological and psychological responses

The effect of visual stimulation from wood on the body was examined in a comparative study using full-sized hinoki wall panels and a white steel wall panel. Continuous blood pressure measurements were used as the physiological indicator. Sensory evaluation by the semantic differential (SD) method and the profile of mood states (POMS) test were performed to determine changes in psychological impression. Results showed that visual stimulation from hinoki wall panels had an emotional and natural impression upon humans. Blood pressure decreased significantly in subjects who liked them, and there was no significant increase in blood pressure in subjects who disliked them. Visual stimulation from the white steel wall panel made an unhealthy and closed impression and increased the sense of depression. In addition, there was stress and a significant increase in blood pressure in subjects who disliked them. Consequently, visual stimulation from hinoki and white steel wall panels had different physiological and psychological effects. Results also showed that the same visual stimulation induced different physiological responses depending on the values of the individuals.Part of this paper was presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society in Shizuoka, April 1998     

竹材及竹制品环境学特性研究现状

室内环境的居住质量直接影响着人类的生活,关系着人类的生存与健康,因此,对于居住环境的研究越来越受到关注.木材长久以来被用于装饰室内环境,制作室内家具,以此提高居住环境的舒适性.随着经济建设的不断发展,木材资源日益匮乏,资源丰富的竹材作为木材的替代品,正被广泛应用于建筑、家居、室内装饰等生活环境中,竹材对家居环境的影响日...     

Responses of small mammals to clear-cutting in temperate and boreal forests of Europe: a meta-analysis and review

We analyzed the responses of small mammals to clear-cutting in temperate and boreal forests in Europe. We conducted a meta-analysis of published research on most often studied small mammal species (the striped field mouse, the yellow-necked mouse, the wood mouse, the field vole, the common vole, the bank vole, the Eurasian harvest mouse, the common shrew and the Eurasian pygmy shrew), comparing their abundance on clear-cuts and in unharvested stands. For four other species (the gray-sided vole, the Siberian flying squirrel, the Eurasian red squirrel and the hazel dormouse), we provide a qualitative review of their responses to forest harvest. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that common species of small mammals usually increase in abundance after clear-cutting or are unaffected by this disturbance. As an exception, the yellow-necked mouse declines after clear-cutting in boreal but not in temperate forest. The qualitative review suggests that the responses of more specialized (e.g., arboreal) species to forest harvest are more varied than the responses of generalist species included in the meta-analysis. For some species of small mammals (e.g., the Siberian flying squirrel), habitat loss resulting from forest harvest is a major threat.     

A trait database for Guianan rain forest trees permits intra- and inter-specific contrasts

We present a plant trait database covering autecology for rain forest trees of French Guiana. The database comprises more than thirty traits including autecology (e.g., habitat associations and reproductive phenology), wood structure (e.g., density and tension characteristics) and physiology at the whole plant (e.g., carbon and nitrogen isotopes) and leaf level (e.g., specific leaf area, photosynthetic capacity). The current database describes traits for about nine hundred species from three hundred genera in one hundred families. For more than sixty species, data on twelve morphological and ecophysiological traits are provided for individual plants under different environmental conditions and at different ontogenetic stages. The database is thus unique in permitting intraspecific analyses, such as the effects of ontogenetic stages or environmental conditions on trait values and their relationships.     

木材真菌染色研究现状及发展趋势

木材真菌染色是由于真菌侵染而导致材色改变,包括菌纹线、白腐和染色。木材真菌染色可形成特殊肌理和色泽,改善木材的装饰特性,为木质产品的设计带来多样化的塑造空间。作为一种全新、天然的染色方式,真菌染色技术对于木材的美学价值和综合利用率都有较大提高。目前,分析木材真菌染色机理及染色工艺改进是开发真菌染色木材的关键。菌纹线是由于真菌的种间或种内的对抗形成,染色是由于真菌在细胞外部分泌色素或是伴随真菌自身在木材内部的生长形成。笔者从木材真菌染色机理、染色方法、染色条件、真菌染色木材性能等方面综述了木材真菌染色的研究进展。重点介绍了针对不同表现形式的不同染色方法,并对存在的问题进行了分析,提出了后续研究的方向为采用多种真菌的组合运用、环保色素溶剂的筛选、探寻更多的真菌色相用于色素提取方法染色、结合染料渗透机理改进染色工艺等。     

Decay-influencing factors: A basis for service life prediction of wood and wood-based products

The need for a reliable database and a corresponding methodology to predict service life of wood and wood-based products emanates from the European Construction Products Directive, as well as from a strong interest by the building industry. A literature review on decay-influencing factors and on previous approaches to implement methods and tools for service life estimations was the basis for a concept for service life prediction of wooden components. The effect of various indirect decay factors was found to be reducible to a few direct decay factors, with material resistance, as well as wood moisture content, wood temperature and their dynamics among the key factors for fungal decay. Approaches that consider only indirect factors, e.g. climate indices, suffer from poor correlation with service life or decay rates. Therefore, the overall consideration of all possible influences, reduced on the key direct decay factors in first instance, is recommended. To fill a theoretical model with a reliable database, various data sources need to be considered, in decreasing order of priority: in-service performance, field test data, laboratory test data, survey analysis and expert opinion.     

Rootstock effects in grafted conifers: A review

The literature on rootstock effects (on scions) in conifers was reviewed, specifically: graft success, compatibility, size, reproduction, phenology, crown and needle characters, mineral contents, organic compounds, water relations, disease resistance and wood properties. Scions usually had higher graft success and less incompatibility on more closely related rootstocks although there were exceptions. Even intergeneric grafts have succeeded on occasion. Although there were marked rootstock effects on growth and reproduction, the effects did not follow a pattern with increasing relationship. It is also likely that some crown characters and the nutrient content of scions can be manipulated by the use of rootstocks. For many characters, a specific rootstock may give a desired result only for a limited number of scion types (species, cultivars or clones). With some exceptions, the review shows that the subject has not been comprehensively studied. Many of the studies were either short-term, inadequately replicated, or poorly designed to allow firm conclusions about rootstock effects. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms, which cause the changes seen in morphology, are not well understood. Further research and more comprehensive study of rootstock effects on scion biology are recommended.     

Testing and evaluation of natural durability of wood in above ground conditions in Europe – an overview

Natural durability of wood is determined by the European standard EN 252 for specimens in ground contact and EN 113 for basidiomycetes in the laboratory, but no test exists for above ground conditions. For above ground conditions, the European prestandard ENV 12037 and EN 330 are used to determine the durability of treated wood. The most important factors for fungal establishment on the surface and within wood are the moisture content, the surrounding temperature, and the relative humidity. Strength tests are the most sensitive for decay detection, but neither strength tests nor identification of fungi responsible for the decay are included in the standards of above ground durability in field tests. To detect decay, visual examination, pick or splinter tests, and mass loss determination are used. Identifying fungi with traditional methods, e.g., growth on solid medium, is time consuming and complicated. Molecular methods like polymerase chain reaction and sequencing do not require mycological skill for identification to species level, and furthermore the methods do not depend on the subjective judgement like most traditional methods, but are based on the objective information of the target organism (e.g., nucleotide sequences). The next generation of standard field tests will probably consider the drawbacks of standard tests today and be rapid and include both quality tests like molecular identification and nondestructive quantitative tests, e.g., acoustic tests. Laboratory tests can be improved by using fungi identified from field trials and by combining different fungi in the same test and thus simulate degradation in practice.     

Decay-influencing factors: A basis for service life prediction of wood and wood-based products

Abstract

The need for a reliable database and a corresponding methodology to predict service life of wood and wood-based products emanates from the European Construction Products Directive, as well as from a strong interest by the building industry. A literature review on decay-influencing factors and on previous approaches to implement methods and tools for service life estimations was the basis for a concept for service life prediction of wooden components. The effect of various indirect decay factors was found to be reducible to a few direct decay factors, with material resistance, as well as wood moisture content, wood temperature and their dynamics among the key factors for fungal decay. Approaches that consider only indirect factors, e.g. climate indices, suffer from poor correlation with service life or decay rates. Therefore, the overall consideration of all possible influences, reduced on the key direct decay factors in first instance, is recommended. To fill a theoretical model with a reliable database, various data sources need to be considered, in decreasing order of priority: in-service performance, field test data, laboratory test data, survey analysis and expert opinion.     

Effects of oak wood on the maturation of alcoholic beverages with particular reference to whisky

Oak casks are used for the maturation of a wide range of alcoholicbeverages. Focusing on whisky production, this paper reviewsthe influence of oak wood properties on the flavour of alcoholicbeverages. It examines whether the selection of wood or caskson the basis of their effects on flavour can be justified givenour present understanding of the process. The current use ofoak casks in whisky manufacture is briefly summarized and thewood properties, both chemical and anatomical, that might influenceflavour are described. These characters vary in both the virginwood and the used casks. The factors influencing this variationare identified. The review also highlights weaknesses in paststudies on the subject and proposes research that would allowfuture work to be more productive and applicable. Despite ourincomplete understanding of the role of cask properties in maturation,the selection of wood or casks on the basis of their effectson flavour is feasible.     

豆科树种无性快速繁殖技术研究与进展

豆科树种目前已广泛应用于荒山绿化、饲用及观赏。文中从扦插(嫩枝扦插、硬枝扦插、根插)，组织培养等方面综述了豆科树种无性快速繁殖技术的研究和进展。指出目前豆科树种嫩枝扦插技术研究还局限在对某一树种繁殖途径的探索阶段；硬枝扦插技术研究较为系统和深入，对不同树种扦插生根的影响因素有了比较深入的了解，并因此建立起较为成熟的技术体系；根插方法简单，成活率高，但是研究普遍较少；豆科树种组织培养虽较为困难，但某些树种也已经建立起了较为完善的再生体系。此外，还对豆科树种快速繁殖的生理基础研究进行了讨论，建议加大对豆科树种快速繁殖技术和生理机制的研究力度，为解决优良种质资源快速扩繁奠定基础。     

木材光老化表征与评价方法研究进展

木材在户外使用过程中受到太阳光辐照易发生光老化,进而影响使用寿命。在木材光老化表征过程中受环境因素的影响,对木材光老化程度需要进行多方面性能的综合评价。因此全面阐述光老化表征方法以及性能评价,有助于为不同使用环境的户外材选用提供指导。文中分别介绍了自然老化和人工老化2种表征方法,总结了在2种表征测试过程中光源、温度、雨水等环境因素对木材光老化的影响;归纳了从木材组织结构、化学组分、物理和力学性能等方面对木材光老化的评价,并提出今后进一步开展相关研究工作的建议与设想。     

Effects of contact with wood on blood pressure and subjective evaluation

This study examined the effects of contact with wood on the living human body using a physiological index and subjective evaluation. Consecutive blood pressure measurements were used as the physiological index, and sensory evaluation using the semantic differential (SD) method was used for subjective evaluation. Consideration was also given to cases in which materials were cooled and heated as well as kept at room temperature, to eliminate the effects of heat flux due to differences in thermal conductivity between wood and other materials. It was found that contact with wood produced coarse/natural sensations, with no associated increase in systolic blood pressure. Contact with cold wood created subjectively dangerous/uncomfortable but still coarse/natural sensations, also with no associated increase in blood pressure; therefore, there was no correspondence between subjective evaluation and physiological responses. Contact with aluminum kept at room temperature and cold acrylic plastic created flat/artificial and dangerous/uncomfortable sensations, with an associated significant increase in blood pressure; thus, there was a close correlation between subjective evaluation and physiological responses. It was therefore concluded that contact with wood, unlike artificial materials such as aluminum, induces no physiological stress even when kept at room temperature or cooled. Part of this report was presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society in Shizuoka, April 1998     

Growth response of Douglas-fir seedlings to nitrogen fertilization: importance of Rubisco activation state and respiration rates

High foliar nitrogen concentration ([N]) is associated with high rates of photosynthesis and thus high tree productivity; however, at excessive [N], tree productivity is reduced. Reports of excessive [N] in the Douglas-fir forests of the Oregon Coast Range prompted this investigation of growth and needle physiological responses to increasing foliar N concentrations in 1-year-old Douglas-fir seedlings. After 1 year of N fertilization, total seedling biomass increased with each successive increase in N fertilizer concentration, except in the highest N fertilization treatment. Of the many physiological responses that were analyzed, only photosynthetic capacity (i.e., Vcmax), respiration rates and leaf specific conductance (KL) differed significantly between N treatments. Photosynthetic capacity showed a curvilinear relationship with foliar [N], reaching an apparent maximum rate when needle N concentrations exceeded about 12 mg g(-1). In vitro measurements of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity suggested that photosynthetic capacity was best related to activated, not total, Rubisco content. Rubisco activation state declined as foliar [N] increased, and based on its significant correlation (r2= 0.63) with foliar Mn:Mg ratios, it may be related to Mn inactivation of Rubisco. Respiration rates increased linearly as foliar N concentration increased (r2= 0.84). The value of K(L) also increased as foliar [N] increased, reaching a maximum when foliar [N] exceeded about 10 mg g(-1). Changes in K(L) were unrelated to changes in leaf area or sapwood area because leaf area to sapwood area ratios remained constant. Cumulative effects of the observed physiological responses to N fertilization were analyzed by modeling annual net CO2 assimilation (Anet) based on treatment specific values of Vcmax, dark respiration (Rdark) and KL. Estimates of Anet were highly correlated with measured total seedling biomass (r2= 0.992), suggesting that long-term, cumulative effects of maximum Rubisco carboxylation, Rdark and KL responses to N fertilization may limit seedling production when foliar N exceeds about 13 mg g(-1) or is reduced to less than about 11 mg g(-1).     

淹水胁迫对中华蚊母生理生化特性的影响

采用完全随机化试验设计研究了不同淹水胁迫对中华蚊母生理生化特性的影响。结果显示:不同淹水胁迫对中华蚊母生理生化特性产生的影响趋势相同,均表现为叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随时间延长先下降后上升,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率和可溶性糖含量随淹水时间延长而上升,根系活力随淹水时间延长而下降;但不同淹水胁迫对中华蚊母生理生化特性产生的影响大小各异,植株全淹(Y3)除了对叶片可溶性糖含量产生的影响较小外,对其余各指标的影响增多为最大,植株半淹(Y2)对各指标的影响居中,植株根淹(Y1)除了对叶片可溶性糖含量产生的影响最大外,对其余各指标产生的影响均为最小。     

三种国外木材防腐剂室内防腐防霉防白蚁性能评价

不含铬和砷的TanalithCuAz、Tanalith CY和Totim B是目前国外广泛应用的环保型木材防腐剂产品.本文报道了这3种国外木材防腐剂产品的首次国内室内防腐性能评价试验的结果.结果显示,用少量Tanalith CY和Totim B产品即可有效地抑制腐朽菌对木材的侵害;Tanalith CuAz对腐朽菌的抑制效力随其浓度的增加而快速增大;Tanalith CuAz和Totim B分别显现出良好的抑制白蚁、防止蓝变菌及霉菌侵染的功效.     

实木定制柜门的标准化设计

实木定制家具市场正在逐步扩大,柔性生产能满足市场的个性需求,标准化设计是实现柔性生产的前提,也是实现自动化、工业化、智能化生产的关键。以M企业的93款实木定制柜门设计生产现状入手,在分析现有问题(产品体系复杂导致零件难以互换、设计和生产信息传递存在壁垒)的基础上提出了构建标准化的设计平台。平台步骤包括健全柜门产品信息数据(5项资料的输入构成完善的前段数据来源)、搭建软件设计和拆单环境(制定数据库和柜门的拆分准则满足参数化设计需求)、加强柜门数据的处理速度与资料输出完整度(软件内部尺寸结构约束和图表制作与输出)。并阐述了平台搭建流程中所需的关键技术,针对企业在售柜门样式分析零件榫槽结构特征(边料、芯板、线条的连接方式)和尺寸(宽度和厚度)分布情况进行整合归纳,选取4项分类属性利用多属性交叉聚类算法划分产品零件族(尺寸为层次聚类,工艺为模糊聚类,榫槽为形状分类,弯曲程度为弯曲半径),以“标识码+分类特征码+尺寸码”的编码方式制定柜门产品信息码和零件加工信息码,在分析零件尺寸结构关系之上利用编程技术构建最小单元零件模型库,创建共享端口实现信息的交互与贯通。本研究系统地阐述了实木柜门标准化设计的关键流程,旨在为实木定制柜门的标准化设计奠定前端基础,从而促进实木家具的数字化升级。