沿海地区台湾相思次生林林隙边缘效应的研究

通过对福州地区的台湾相思次生林林隙进行实地调查,运用Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数、生态优势度指标以及边缘效应强度指数,对其边缘效应现象进行了深入分析.研究结果表明:用物种多样性指数测定的边缘效应强度值为1.016 9～1.182 8,而用生态优势度值测定的边缘效应强度值为0.6844～1.289 6,均值...     

北京九龙山灌丛植被的物种多样性分析*

应用物种多样性的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数（Ｈ）、均匀度（Ｊ）、生态优势度（Ｃ）等指标，测定了北京九龙山１８个天然次生灌丛植物群落的物种多样性、均匀和生态优势度。结果是：Ｈ为１．５５－３．４４，Ｊ为０．５４－０．８９，Ｃ为０．１２－０．４１。物种多样性随生境条件渐好、海拔的递增以及群落结构的复杂性而递增。物种多样性与群落结构有密切关系。它随均匀度增大而增加，与生态优势度的增加而递减。这项研究     

亚高山针叶林不同大小林窗植物多样性及其海拔动态

通过典型抽样法,分析了川西亚高山针叶林不同大小林窗中植物物种的更新组成及其沿海拔的动态变化,研究了林窗大小及林窗海拔对林窗内植物多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)随林窗海拔的降低,乔灌层主要植物种垂直分布格局明显,林窗中植物种类组成逐渐增多,各物种更新数量逐渐增大,林窗越大,增加趋势越明显;(2)在不同海拔、不同大小林窗中,岷江冷杉Abies faxoniana在乔木层物种重要值排序中始终位列第一,大叶金顶杜鹃Rhododendron faberisp、无柄杜鹃Rhododendron watsonii和华西箭竹Fargesia nitida重要值分别占据高、中、低海拔林窗中灌木层物种的首要位置,草本层主要物种排序有变化,但无明显规律;(3)物种丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener物种多样性指数与林窗大小成极显著正相关,Simpson生态优势度与林窗大小呈极显著负相关,Pielou均匀度指数与林窗大小呈正相关但相关性不显著;(4)低海拔林窗中植物多样性最高,其次为中海拔,高海拔林窗中的植物丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener物种多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson生态优势度指数与中低海拔之间存在显著差异。     

林窗对南酸枣林灌木层植物多样性的影响

于湖南省宁乡县青羊湖国有林场南酸枣林内的41个林窗和41个非林窗中设置样方,对其灌木层植物群落进行调查,采用物种多样性指数研究林窗干扰对南酸枣林灌木层植物多样性的影响。结果表明:林窗干扰改善了微环境,林窗内与非林窗中林下灌木层树种重要值及多样性存在差异。林窗内的灌木层树种组成数量、累计出现的平均密度、频度、丰富度指数R、Shannon-Wienner指数H、Pielout均匀度指数E、综合多样性用均优多指数Z均高于非林窗中的,而其生态优势度指数λ稍低于非林窗中的。     

开林窗与封禁对华北落叶松林下植被多样性的影响

以木兰林管局典型的华北落叶松林为研究对象,对其采取开林窗、封禁等改造措施,采用样方法进行野外调查,通过丰富度、生态优势度、多样性、均匀度指数,分析不同经营措施下的生物多样性及样地的物种组成。结果表明:开林窗面积中等及较小的样地各生物多样性指数均呈上升趋势,且高于对照,而开林窗面积较大样地的Pielou均匀度指数成降低趋势;封育区的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与均匀度指数均大于对照区,而封育区的Margalef丰富度指数虽然呈上升趋势,但仍小于对照区;该实验区林下植被的优势物种为乌苏里苔草。     

林窗理论在山地型城市森林建设中的应用前景

从森林循环演替、森林特殊的生境、边缘效应、森林植被物种多样性及森林景观格局多样性等方面论述了林窗干扰作用,并讨论了林窗理论在山地型城市森林建设中森林动态管理、森林景观格局优化和林相改造等方面的应用前景。     

不同健康保育措施下千岛湖区森林群落结构及其物种多样性

针对千岛湖区的植被现状，实施了阔叶化改造等森林健康保育措施，通过对杉木纯林、马尾松纯林和不同健康保育措施下杉木林、马尾松林的样地调查，计算各物种重要值、物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数、生态优势度指数，研究结果表明，杉木纯林和马尾松纯林经阔叶化改造后，杉木和马尾松的重要值明显下降，乔木层物种多样性指数高于纯林，有利于维持森林生态系统向复杂化、多样化发展。杉木纯林和马尾松纯林经阔叶化改造后，群落均匀度指数增大，群落生态优势度指数减小，群落稳定性增强。     

太行山低山灌草丛和中多样性分析

应用物种多样性的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数（Ｈｓｗ）、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数（Ｈｓ、种间相遇机率（ＰＩＥ）以及均匀度（Ｊ）、生态优势度（Ｃ）指标，测定了平山县两岔试区１０个灌草丛、３个人工林植物群落的植物多样性、均匀度和生态优势度。用这些指标分析了灌草丛的类型、结构、组织特征及与生境的关系。     

郁闭度对风景游憩林林下植被及林内景观的影响

文章试图通过分析郁闭度对林下植被和林内景观的影响,探讨部分群落生态学因子与林内景观美景度的关系,为风景游憩林经营管理提供数量化指标。研究结果表明:所调查风景游憩林侧柏刺槐林的林内景观美景度不高,急需进行人工干预;不同郁闭度类型林下植被的物种组成成分和物种多样性指数均存在差异,郁闭度0.6～0.7时,Simpson指数、Shannon指数和均匀度最大,生态优势度最小;尽管林内景观美景度与郁闭度的关联性不显著,但林下植被物种Simpson指数、Shannon指数、均匀度与美景度标准化值呈显著负相关,生态优势度与美景度标准化值呈显著正相关。综合考虑风景游憩林的多种功能需求,本研究认为风景游憩林侧柏刺槐林的郁闭度以0.6～0.7为宜。     

高黎贡山自然保护区东坡垂直带蚂蚁群落研究

研究了高黎贡山自然保护区东坡北段、中北段、中南段、南段垂直带蚂蚁群落及其物种多样性。高黎贡山自然保护区东坡垂直带上蚂蚁群落具有明显的规律性，随海拔升蚂蚁群落优势种数目普遍递减，优势种所占比例递增，物种数目和个体密度递减，随海拔升高，优势度指数普遍递增，物种多样性指数和均匀度指数递减，同时观察到了一些例外，在北段云南松林出现的优势度指数偏高，优势种数目、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数偏低例外与植被为纯度林有关，而该处物种数目和个体密度偏高例外与边缘效应有关，中南段季风常绿阔叶林出现的优势度指数偏高，优势种数目、个体密度和物种多样性指数偏低与植被片断化有关，中北段和中南段山体上部出现的优势种所占比例和优势度指数偏低、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数偏高情况与植被保持原始林状态有关，在保护区东坡4个地段垂直带上，蚂蚁群落之间的相似性系数几乎均在0－0．25之间，处于极不相似水平，只有中北段东坡旱冬瓜林与季风常绿阔叶林蚂蚁群落相似性系数达到0．25－0．50范围，即中等不相似水平。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.