不同强度间伐对北京山区油松生长及其林下植物多样性的影响

2005年和2006年夏季,对北京密云水漳村和昌平小宫门低山阴坡厚土油松人工林林分的生长及其林下植物多样性变化情况进行抚育间伐后的调查研究.结果表明:间伐后第1、2年,油松林分平均胸径、树高、冠幅、单株材积和蓄积量显著高于对照,但各强度间伐林分之间生长差异不显著;而间伐后第6年,油松林的各项生长指标均表现为强度间伐＞中度间伐＞弱度间伐＞对照,且中度、强度间伐显著大于对照和弱度间伐,强度间伐后林分生长效果最好;林下植物种类、数量、多样性指数、均匀度指数和林下植物总生物量在间伐后第1、2年都随着间伐强度的增加而升高,间伐后第6年,不同强度间伐下油松林的植物种类、多样性指数、均匀度指数均比间伐后第1、2年有所降低,弱度、中度、强度间伐后的林下植物种类比对照分别增加了5、10和18种,多样性指数仍表现为强度间伐＞中度间伐＞弱度间伐＞对照;各强度间伐后林下植物的密度较间伐初期有所减少,植物盖度仍随间伐强度加大而增加,强度间伐后,可明显看出林下植物的结构层次;中度、强度间伐使林下需水性强的植物比例增加,促使油松人工林林下植物向中旱生、中生植物转变;随着间伐强度的增大,油松林林下植物总生物量也增加,且各强度间伐的林下植物总生物量表现为间伐后第6年＞第2年＞第1年;间伐后第6年,弱度、中度和强度间伐的林下植物总生物量与对照相比,分别增加了29.1%、45.2%和70.9%.间伐对油松林分的生长及其林下植物多样性的影响是显著的,对于北京低山阴坡厚土35～37年生密度为3 200～3 467株·hm-2的油松人工林而言,强度间伐最有利于林分的生长和林下植物多样性的提高,经营密度宜为1 240～1 500株·hm-2.     

华北落叶松人工林不同间伐水平下林下植物多样性研究——以山西关帝山龙兴林场为例

抚育间伐是森林经营的重要技术措施之一,是保持和提高森林生物多样性和森林可持续经营的重要途径。因此,通过间伐试验和定点观测阐明间伐对林下植物多样性的作用,不同间伐强度影响林下植物多样性的差异,不同间伐强度影响林下植物多样性的持续时间和动态变化,对揭示经营活动在森林生物多样性形成和维持机制中的作用,具有重要理论和实践意义。通过对关帝山林区龙兴林场华北落叶松人工林的不同强度间伐试验和6年定点观测,采用植物种类组成和物种多样性指数对比分析法、群落相似性Sorensen指数分析法,以揭示不同强度间伐对华北落叶松人工林林下植物种类组成、植物物种多样性的影响及其动态趋势,研究结果表明:间伐会显著增加华北落叶松人工林的林下灌木和草本植物种类,且间伐强度越大种类增加越多,间伐还能显著提高华北落叶松人工林的林下植物多样性,不仅间伐与未间伐之间有显著差异,不同间伐强度之间林下植物多样性指数的差别也很明显,而中度和强度间伐的效应更显著;在伐后6年内林下植物种数和多样性指数都在持续增加,伐后6年的效应仍然显著。间伐林分与对照林分相比,林下植物共有种和相似性系数显著降低,而且间伐强度差别越大,共有种和相似性系数越低。     

辽东地区红松人工林不同间伐强度下生物多样性研究

以辽东红松人工林为对象,研究了不同间伐强度下该林型的生物多样性。研究结果表明:间伐后,红松人工林内双子叶植物的种类都大于单子叶植物,红松人工林对照区中单子叶植物科的数量最小,其他3个区随间伐强度增大单子叶植物科的数量增多。红松人工林对照区的双子叶植物属数最小;弱度区、中度区、强度区三区随间伐强度增大,属数依次减小,但都高于对照区。蕨类植物在红松人工林内虽出现但数量很少。裸子植物在红松人工林内未出现。红松人工林的草本多样性以弱度区最高,弱度区与强度区相近。红松的灌木多样性差别不大。     

间伐对云杉人工中幼林生物多样性的影响研究

为研究不同间伐强度对云杉人工林林下植被生物多样性的影响,在川西亚高山的米亚罗林区以不同林龄(20 a、30 a、40 a)的云杉人工林为研究对象,对其进行不间伐(即对照)、弱度间伐和中度间伐3种处理,在间伐1 a后,分析林下灌草层的生物多样性指标,结果表明1)20 a生的云杉人工林林下植被的生物多样性受弱度间伐和中度间伐的影响不大;2)中度间伐会显著降低30 a生和40 a生云杉人工林林下草本层的Shannon-Weiner指数;3)弱度间伐会显著增加40a生的灌木层的Shannon-Weiner指数和Simpson指数。研究表明,在短期1 a内,间伐对30 a生和40 a生的云杉人工林的林下植被的生物多样性具有一定的影响。     

不同间伐强度对杨桦次生林林下植物多样性的影响

以杨桦次生林为研究对象,采用30-40%强度间伐和20%的中度间伐,以未间伐的林分为对照,研究比较了间伐后1年、2年和5年内的林下植物多样性的变化。结论如下:对于木本植物,间伐显著提高了林下木本植物的盖度(P0.05),其大小顺序为强度间伐中度间伐对照,在间伐后2年、5年差异均显著(P0.05)。对于林下草本植物,间伐显著提高了林下草本植物的种数,尤其在间伐后2年,中度间伐和强度间伐林下的木本植物种数、盖度、Simpson和Shannon多样性指数均显著高于对照(P0.05);但随着间伐时间的延续,中度间伐和强度间伐对草本植物的影响逐渐减弱,其中度间伐林下的植物种数、Simpson和Shannon多样性指数与对照之间未能发现显著差异(P0.05)。     

不同间伐强度对长白落叶松-红松林植物多样性和土壤特性的影响

为了提高长白落叶松-红松林的生产力和生物多样性,2005年秋对长白落叶松人工林进行疏伐,伐后林冠下栽植4年生红松。2012年秋又对上层长白落叶松进行生长伐,设计轻度、中度和强度3种间伐强度和1组未间伐林分(对照),分析5年后不同间伐强度对林下植物多样性和土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:①抚育间伐能提高林下植物多样性,林下灌木层植物丰富度随着间伐强度的增加而增加,轻度、中度和强度间伐差异显著(p<0.05)。林下灌木层植物多样性指数随着间伐强度的增加而增加,对照与中度间伐、强度间伐差异显著(p<0.05),但中度间伐和强度间伐差异不显著。林下草本层植物的丰富度和多样性指数随着间伐强度的增加而增加,各间伐强度均与对照差异显著(p<0.05),但轻度间伐和中度间伐差异不显著。②适度抚育间伐能改善土壤的理化性质,随着间伐强度的增加,土壤容重有所降低,土壤孔隙度和持水量有所提高;土壤pH值呈现先升高后略有降低的趋势,全K、速效K、全P、速效P、全N、速效N含量先升高后略有降低,其中中度间伐效果最好。综合考虑,对长白落叶松林分进行中度间伐较为适宜。     

印楝人工林对植物多样性的影响

以种植在元谋不同年龄的印楝林为研究对象,对林内的植物群落种类组成进行区系分析,结果表明群落内的植物种类以泛热带分布和全世界分布为主。用Gleason丰富度指数、Simpson和Shannon Weiner多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数对调查样地多样性进行分析,获得如下结果:(1)生物多样性指数随印楝林盖度的提高而逐渐下降,说明盖度是影响林下植物多样性的主要因子;(2)印楝林对林下植物多样性影响主要通过林荫,印楝盖度<40%时对林下植物多样性影响不明显,而当盖度>40%时,影响明显;(3)印楝林下植物生长好于对照,印楝枯枝落叶对林下植物生长没有抑制作用。     

间伐强度对红松人工林下草本植物多样性及其组成的影响

通过测定和比较红松人工林下光照条件的差异,植被组成及多样性的变化,研究5种不同间伐强度对红松林群落组成的影响。结果表明:随间伐强度增大,林内散射光强度增大,单子叶植物科的数量增多,双子叶植物减少。间伐强度不同,红松林内草本建群种不同。间伐可改变群落的植物多样性、均匀度和丰富度,其中以弱度区最明显。运用关联度分析得出:不同间伐强度红松林下的无截取散射光量对植物多样性各指标影响的大小顺序为丰富度指数>均匀度指数>多样性指数>优势度指数。综合分析认为,合理间伐红松林,使其密度维持在1 000~1 600株.hm-2最有利于维护红松林的稳定。     

间伐对油松人工林林下植物多样性的影响

以承德市木兰围场油松人工林为研究对象,研究不同间伐强度油松人工林下植物的多样性。结果表明:中度间伐时其均匀度指数、Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高;间伐强度40%～50%、保留密度900～1 000株 hm~(-2)的油松人工林林下植物多样性最为丰富,有利于森林生态系统的维护和保持。     

间伐强度对柏木人工林生长及林下植物的影响

【目的】针对川中丘陵区普遍存在的柏木人工林密度过大、木材生产力低、林下灌草盖度低和天然更新不良等问题,开展生态疏伐试验,探讨间伐强度对林分生长和林下植物的影响,为开展柏木生态经济型防护林的营林活动提供参考。【方法】以25年生柏木人工林为研究对象,采用随机区组方法,设置4种间伐强度(20%～25%,15%～20%,10%～15%和对照)的处理,观察林分胸径、树高、蓄积量、生物多样性和天然更新幼苗数量,探讨间伐强度对其影响。【结果】不同强度间伐5年后林分平均胸径和胸径连年生长量在各处理之间均存在显著差异,胸径生长量随间伐强度加大而增加;平均树高以20%～25%间伐强度最大,达10.7 m,但20%～25%间伐强度与15%～20%间伐强度和10%～15%间伐强度之间无显著差异,而树高连年生长量在不同处理之间差异显著;20%～25%,15%～20%和10%～15%不同强度间伐5年后林分蓄积量分别为97.35,93.43和93.19 m3·hm －2,均比对照小,但蓄积连年生长量随间伐强度由高到低分别为6.11,4.58和3.66 m3·hm －2 a －1,均高于对照;20%～25%间伐强度林分的灌木和草本 Simpson 指数分别为0.7695和0.4446,Shannon-Wiener 指数分别为1.7025和0.7690,都比其他处理高;不同间伐强度天然更新幼苗株数仅在苗高5～30 cm 等级存在显著差异,30～50和50～150 cm 的幼苗在不同处理之间差异不明显;评价结果表明,综合得分以20%～25%间伐强度最大,且随间伐强度降低而减小。【结论】间伐后保留木的生长空间和营养空间得到有效改善,林分胸径和树高生长量随间伐强度增大而增加,但不同间伐强度蓄积量差异不显著;适度间伐可提高林下灌木和草本生物多样性指数;林分更新幼苗数量也随着间伐强度的增大而增加;就本研究的4种间伐强度而言,中龄阶段柏木人工林的适宜间伐强度为20%～25%。     

不同强度间伐对长白山天然林林下植物多样性的影响

对吉林森工集团松江河林业局辖区内的阔叶红松林、杂木林和杨桦林采取30%～40%（T1）、20%（T2）株数强度的均匀间伐处理,以不间伐处理为对照（CK）,对间伐2 a后林下植物木本、草本植物进行调查,采用Simpson、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行植物多样性分析,探讨不同强度间伐对3个林型林下植物多样性的影响。研究结果表明：T1间伐后3个林型的物种丰富度均有增加（杂木林木本植物例外）,T2间伐后杨桦林木本植物丰富度降低,草本植物丰富度增加。两种间伐处理均增加阔叶红松林木本植物多样性,T1处理尤为明显。T1处理增加杂木林和杨桦林木本植物多样性,而T2间伐处理有较弱的降低作用。两种间伐处理均降低阔叶红松林和杂木林草本植物多样性,与强度无明显关系。随着间伐强度的增加杨桦林草本植物多样性增大。在长白山天然林中,较大间伐强度T1（30%～40%）能够有效提高植物多样性。     

间伐对生态公益林的影响研究进展

对生态公益林林下植物的影响进行了综述,包括间伐强度及间伐对林下植物种类、多样性和植被生物量的影响.表述结果为:间伐后林下耐荫植物衰退,喜光植物增多；中强度间伐的林下植被生长最好,多样性指数最高；间伐一般能增加林下植被生物量.今后需要研究间伐对林下植被的生物多样性的长期影响.     

Commercial thinning that maintained species diversity of a mixed black spruce–jack pine stand enhanced productivity

Commercial thinning enables forest managers to meet timber production objectives. Thinning reduces tree density to alleviate competition for resources and favour growth of selected tree species. However, in doing so, thinning can homogenize the composition of mixed-species forests and raise biodiversity issues. There is increasing evidence that species richness can lead to higher productivity through a complementarity effect. Hence, thinning that would maintain species diversity of mixed-species forests could enhance stand productivity and help forest managers to reconcile timber production objectives and biodiversity issues. The objective of this study was to compare post-thinning stand production, experimentally over 10 years, in mixed and monospecific stands of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). The post-thinning stand production curve of the mixed stand converged toward that of the unthinned mixed stand while the production curves of the thinned and unthinned monospecific stands remained parallel. The convergent productivity of the mixed stand could be explained by a positive interaction between effects of thinning and niche complementarity. We propose that thinning that maintains species diversity of mixed stands could help forest managers who are implementing ecosystem management to reconcile timber production objectives with biodiversity issues.     

Influence of conventional and chemical thinning on stand structure and diversity of plant and mammal communities in young lodgepole pine forest

Silvicultural practices that provide a wide variety of vegetative composition and structure (habitats) in young stands should help manage for biological diversity across forested landscapes. This study was designed to test the hypotheses that: (i) abundance and diversity of stand structure attributes (species diversity and structural diversity of herb, shrub and tree layers) and forest floor small mammal communities, and (ii) relative habitat use by large herbivores, will increase from unthinned to conventionally thinned to chemically thinned stands of young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forest. Replicate study areas were located near Summerland, Kelowna and Williams Lake in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Each study area had three treatments: a conventionally thinned, a chemically thinned and an unthinned stand. Pre-commercial thinning was conducted in 1993. Coniferous stand structure and understory vegetation were measured prior to thinning in 1993 and 5 years later in 1998. Small mammal populations were sampled intensively from 1993 to 1998. Relative habitat use by large herbivores was sampled in 1998.

Our results indicate that chemical thinning of young lodgepole pine stands produced an aggregated pattern of crop trees compared with stands subjected to conventional thinning. Diameter growth of crop trees in the chemically thinned stands was similar to that in the conventionally thinned, but also to that in unthinned stands. Although horizontal stratification (aggregates of trees) was enhanced, vertical stratification (structural diversity of vegetation) was less in the chemically than conventionally thinned stands. Abundance and diversity of understory vegetation and small mammal communities were generally unaffected by stand thinning in these particular installations. Relative habitat use by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) occurred in a gradient from highest in the conventionally thinned stand to lowest in the unthinned stand. Habitat use by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) tended to have the opposite trend. Moose (Alces alces) exhibited no difference in habitat use among stands. Thus, although there were few differences among treatment stands, chemical thinning could be used to develop an aggregated pattern of crop trees in pre-commercially thinned stands to maintain habitat for herbivores such as snowshoe hares and mule deer. Understory plant and forest floor small mammal communities would be maintained in these stands as well.     

Relative importance of thinned and clear-cut stands for bryophyte diversity on stumps

The interest in harvesting logging residues in the form of stumps has recently increased markedly in the Nordic countries of Europe due to the steadily growing market for bio-fuel from forestry. Yet, stumps are currently harvested without a solid knowledge of their importance for forest organisms. To assess the relative importance of thinned, clear-cut, and burned clear-cut stands for the diversity of bryophytes on stumps we investigated bryophyte species composition and richness on 755 spruce stumps in 27 forest stands in southern-boreal Finland. Stumps were sampled within both wet and dry sites. For comparison we also surveyed bryophytes on 669 ground plots in the same stands to assess if patterns were consistent regardless of substrate type.Stand type (i.e. thinned, clear-cut, or burned clear-cut) was the main predictor of both species richness and composition on stumps. Stumps in thinned stands were more species rich than in clear-cuts, and the lowest richness was found on stumps in burned clear-cuts. Differences in species composition were explained by higher frequency of occurrence of species in thinned than in clear-cut stands. Thus, stumps in clear-cut stands tended to host a subset of species from the thinned stands, but there was also a pattern of turnover where different species were present in thinned and clear-cut stands, respectively. The results were similar for bryophytes on ground indicating that canopy cover strongly affected the diversity of bryophytes regardless of substrate.We conclude that stump harvest in open, clear-cut stands will probably have minor effects on bryophyte diversity on dead wood in the managed forest landscape. Conservation efforts in thinned stands (e.g. retention and creation of dead wood) may be important for promoting the diversity of bryophytes in managed forests.     

A preliminary study on the effects of line and selective thinning on bird communities in Hokkaido, northern Japan

In Japan, selective thinning is a common thinning method, though line thinning receives much attention because of its economic merits. In this study, we examined effects of the two thinning methods on bird communities in Todo fir (Abies sachalinensis) plantations in Hokkaido, Japan. We surveyed bird species in forests under four different management types — unthinned, selectively thinned, line-thinned plantation, and naturally regenerated forest (here after referred to as natural forest) stands — using a line-transect method. We also investigated vegetation structure (canopy tree and understory) of these stands. Bird species richness did not differ between natural forests and plantations, while bird total abundance was greater in plantations than in natural forests. Bird species richness and total abundance were comparable among the three management types for plantations. Abundances of 10 bird species were different among the four management types, and five species were more abundant in line-thinned plantations. However, two species were more abundant in selectively thinned stands than in line-thinned stands, and they frequently appeared in natural forests. There were no distinct differences in vegetation structure among the management types for plantations. Our results suggest that line thinning could be beneficial for some bird species in plantations.     

黄土梁大熊猫走廊带典型群落恢复初期植物多样性研究

为了探究黄土梁典型植被(康定柳灌丛、紫果云杉人工林)改造1年后植物多样性恢复的初期规律,采用样方法对改造前后的柳灌丛、云杉林进行了群落学调查,对比分析了二者的物种组成与多样性的差异。有以下结果:(1)康定柳灌丛、云杉人工林改造1年后,主要增加了速生、喜阳的草本物种,栽植的乔木幼苗和大熊猫主食竹生长缓慢,二者盖度、多度较低;(2)与改造前相比较,灌丛皆伐带、疏伐云杉林、云杉林窗样地的灌草总丰富度分别提升77.27%、13.89%、22.23%;(3)柳灌丛、云杉人工林灌木和草本的ShannonWiner指数、Simpson指数均呈上升的趋势。黄土梁大熊猫走廊带的两种典型植被(康定柳灌丛、紫果云杉人工林)改造后还需要更长时间的恢复,以充分提升物种多样性,恢复大熊猫主食竹和栖息地生态功能。     

间伐强度对杉木人工林林下植被和土壤性质的影响

【目的】从发展林下植被、改善群落结构的角度,探讨适合杉木人工林的间伐强度,为提高人工林的稳定性和维护地力、维持人工林的可持续经营提供依据。【方法】2013年对福建省将乐国有林场的杉木人工林采取3种强度间伐:弱度间伐(LT,10%～25%)、中度间伐(MT,25%～35%)和强度间伐(HT,40%～50%),并设置对照样地(CK,未间伐)。于2016年对样地内林木进行每木检尺,调查林下植被物种多样性、盖度、生物量和土壤理化性质。对测定数据进行单因素方差分析,用Tukey法多重比较进行两两差异显著性检验,并对林下植被与土壤理化性质进行Pearson相关分析。【结果】间伐3年后,未间伐、弱度和中度间伐的盖度分别为25.52%、52.81%和58.98%,林下植被均未能形成群落,强度间伐的盖度为100%,林下形成灌木蕨类群落;灌木层物种丰富度、多样性指数、盖度和生物量均随间伐强度增加而增加,均匀度指数随间伐强度的增加而降低;草本层物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数、盖度和生物量均随间伐强度增加而增加;间伐3年后,弱度、中度、强度间伐林比未间伐林的表层土(0～10 cm)有机质含量分别增加71.41%、39.31%和98.10%,全氮含量分别增加82.76%、51.27%和115.87%,碱解氮含量分别增加49.47%、25.59%和42.22%,有效磷含量分别增加138.29%、112.23%和174.29%,速效钾含量分别增加-16.25%、-24.25%和16.27%,对表层土pH值、全磷含量和土壤物理性质的影响均不显著;灌木的盖度和生物量与土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量均显著(P<0.05)正相关,此外灌木的盖度还与速效钾含量显著(P<0.05)正相关,草本盖度与土壤理化性质相关性不强,草本生物量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮以及有效磷含量显著(P<0.05)正相关,林下植被的盖度和生物量均与土壤pH值和物理性质没有显著相关性。【结论】未间伐的杉木人工林林下植被的物种多样性、盖度和生物量均低,林下植被未能形成群落,缺乏稳定性;间伐能够促进林下植被的发育,增加林下植被生物多样性、盖度和生物量,林下植被能形成群落,可提高维护地力的能力,尤其是强度间伐;建议杉木人工幼龄林进行40%～50%强度的抚育间伐,将郁闭度调整到0.6～0.7较为合理。     

Responses of community structure,diversity, and abundance of understory plants and insect assemblages to thinning in plantations

Identifying effective management operations for plantations is important for conservation of biodiversity in a plantation-dominated landscape. We tested whether pre-commercial thinning influenced community structures and could be an effective strategy for increasing diversity and abundance of plants and animals in plantations. We designated thinned and unthinned study stands in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantations and compared the communities of understory vegetation, bees, butterflies, hoverflies, and longhorn beetles 1 and 3 years after thinning. The analyses of vegetation showed that pre-commercial thinning affected community structure, but species richness and vegetation abundance were not significantly affected. Thinning affected insect community structure, and both species richness and abundance of all insect groups increased 1 year after thinning. However, 3 years after thinning, significant differences only remained in the species richness of bees and the abundance of bees, butterflies, and hoverflies. These results suggest that pre-commercial thinning in plantation stands influences the community structure of understory vegetation and can be an effective way to increase the diversity and abundance of some insect groups in the short term. However, the results also suggest that the duration of the operational effects of pre-commercial thinning varies among insect groups; thus, the variable effects of pre-commercial thinning should be carefully considered in the conservation-based management of plantation stands.     

雷州半岛桉树人工林林下植物多样性研究

对雷州半岛桉树人工林林下植物多样性及生物量进行了调查与研究，结果表明：桉树人工林林下植物多样性及生物量主要与林地土壤类型、林分郁闭度有关；林下植物的生长发育随林龄对林分郁闭度的改变而改变：不同桉树种类之间及桉树与相思类树种之间林下植物的物种丰富度、多样性和生物量均差异不显著。这说明。桉树人工林林下植物多样性低并不是桉树树种本身造成的。