森林有害生物生态控制

从森林生物灾害与森林生态系统功能的关系、森林病虫害防治历史、社会对森林病虫害防治策略以及森林经营目标的需求出发,系统化森林有害生物控制策略———生态控制;定义森林有害生物生态控制;分析森林有害生物生态控制的特点、理论基础以及技术基石;认为自然控制论和自组织理论是森林有害生物生态控制的理论基础,森林有害生物生态控制的技术基石是森林生态系统管理;对森林有害生物生态控制遵循的原则进行讨论,包括生态系统原则、协调性原则、生态平衡原则、生态位原则、环境保护原则、协同进化原则、林副产品安全原则、生态系统稳定性原则、生态系统的高功能原则(生产力、经济效益、生态效益、社会效益)、森林生态系统生物灾害的可持续控制原则;对森林有害生物生态控制及其适用条件进行评价。森林有害生物生态控制与森林有害生物综合管理相比具有多项优点,是未来森林有害生物控制的主要方向,具有广阔的前景。     

竹林害虫综合防治中营林技术作用探讨

在竹林害虫综合防治中,营林措施有着重要的作用。研究结果表明,通过劈山、松土、垦复、施肥和清理病虫次竹等营林措施,使遭受目标害虫严重为害的残败竹林恢复长势,挽回损失;增强了竹林对害虫的忍受和自控能力;改善了竹林生态环境,破坏了害虫的越冬场所,压低了翌年虫口发生基数;清除了某些害虫的产卵场所和中间寄主,直接压低了虫口。     

以生态学原理创建国家森林城市 建设优美人居环境

阐述城市森林与城市林业的概念、城市与城市森林的范围、森林城市的涵义与创建森林城市的意义。文章的重点是以生态学原理创建森林城市,主要生态学原理是生物多样性导致生态系统稳定性原理、模拟天然林群落结构——系统性原理以及自然选择与生态适应原理,提出应用景观生态学原理使城市森林一体化,体现"岛屿生物地理学"理论,通过生态系统食物链的调节作用控制森林病虫害。       

城市森林生态特点及病虫害综合管理

通过环境对城市森林生态系统影响的分析,结合目前植物病虫害的发生、发展特点及管理中的问题,由生态系统内部入手,从可持续控制的角度,探讨城市森林病虫害综合管理措施。       

城市林木害虫的“精确防治”——以杨扇舟蛾为例

文章结合多年来在徐州地区病虫害防治试验研究实践,提出了"精确防治"技术方法。       

林业有害生物胁迫指标在森林健康评价中的特殊性及森林康复策略

从林业有害生物与森林、森林生态系统及森林灾害的关系出发,分析了林业有害生物胁迫指标在森林健康评价中的特殊性,指出林业有害生物是森林生态系统中各种不健康因素对系统影响的"放大器",是系统出现问题的"指示剂",并用该指标对森林健康状况进行了评价;对我国森林类型进行了分组,在此基础上提出了针对林业有害生物的森林康复策略。     

江西省林业有害生物灾害损失评估

根据江西省2005～2010年度主要林业有害生物发生面积、危害程度,按照相应的公式进行直接经济损失评估,按照倍数法进行生态价值损失评估。结果表明:近年来我省林业有害生物灾害造成的年均损失超过186 989.6万元,其中直接经济损失26 712.8万元,生态价值损失超过160 276.8万元。     

桉树害虫的生态控制

我国桉树主要用作纸浆材,随着桉树纯林面积的不断扩大,害虫种类与危害程度也呈上升趋势,为此必须以生态学原理和害虫生态控制理论来指导桉树害虫的控制.森林害虫生态控制的主要内涵是建立健康的生态系统,我们对桉树害虫的生态控制采取了选育抗虫树种、适地适树和科学施肥等措施,培育了健康的林分,已经成功地控制了某些害虫对桉树的危害,此举具有经济、社会和生态效益,可持续控制桉树害虫的危害,是今后的发展方向.桉树地下害虫是一类特殊的害虫群体,在造林初期的危害比较严重,此时应针对不同的害虫选用不同的化学药剂来控制其种群密度,施药时要考虑减轻化学药剂对生态环境的不利影响,应采用毒饵诱杀、根部施药等方式.     

森林害虫治理进展

文章系统论述了国内外近年来在森林害虫监测和治理方面的研究进展。在害虫监测上介绍了种群动态模型研究和地理信息系统应用，在害虫治理上介绍了各种治理策略及在营林技术、林木抗虫性、生物和化学防治上的具体进展。     

沈阳城市森林植被特征与管护工程研究

城市森林建设是改善城市生态环境的重要途径,而城市森林的植被结构特征和管护工程的实施是保证城市森林生态系统健康和可持续发展的重要因素和保障措施。文章论述了沈阳城市森林的植被覆盖率、植物种类的生物多样性、树木胸径结构等沈阳城市森林植被结构特征,以及城市森林病虫害防治、城市森林水、肥管理和树木修剪等管护工程,为今后沈阳城市森林的健康管理提供了有益的参考。     

Ecological strategies of forest insects: the need for a community-level approach to reforestation

The traditional, single-species approach to forest pest management is considered in light of the range of ecological strategies respresented in forest arthropod communities. Insect population growth and impact depend on host variables subject to silvicultural manipulation, especially during early stages of forest development, but silvicultural practices often induce undesirable responses from non-target insect populations. A suggested approach to forest pest management involves consideration of arthropod community structure, life history traits, and interactions among arthropod and plant species in order to anticipate insect responses and refine silvicultural recommendations accordingly.     

Management Strategies and Research Orientations of Forest Diseases and Pests in China

Forest diseases and pests are perceived as a growing hazard to China economy. It is a common conclusion that the actualities of forest pests in china are no effective measures to the old important pests, some secondary pests are ascending to chief pests, increasing devastation from exotic pests, frequent ecological pest eruption induced by environmental detriment and host-leading diseases to threaten the "Western Development Project "in China, which is the most important economical strategy to China; that inducement of current forest pests results from ecological function loss and dangerous exoticpest intruding, On the basis of these cognitions, we suggest that strategies of management pests to natural forest would be stressed to maintain its innate capacities to adjust pests in virgin forest and resume such function in intermpted one, that to artificial forest would establish self-control in afforestated stands and develop resistant tree varieties and species, especially those in landscape trees. In re     

森林害虫治理对策

本文根据危害特性,将害虫分为间接性害虫和直接性害虫两类。简述了害虫综合治理、全部种群治理和大面积种群治理的不同观点。认为森林害虫治理系统须依据生态学原则,侧重预防策略,兼施防治策略。对间接性害虫宜用害虫综合治理,而对直接性害虫,可采取全部种群治理战略。     

Public attitudes about forest pest outbreaks and control: Case studies in two Canadian provinces

A public mail survey was sent to a sample of New Brunswick (NB) and Saskatchewan (SK) residents in 2007 to investigate their attitudes about controlling two very different forest pests: spruce budworm (SBW) (Choristoneura fumiferana) and forest tent caterpillar (FTC) (Malacosoma disstria). Participants were asked a series of questions related to their knowledge of these pests and their preferences over control options and program extents. SBW was the most widely known forest pest in NB, and FTC was most widely known in SK. Both groups largely supported (at over 80%) controlling future SBW and FTC outbreaks with biological control. They generally agreed that ecologically sensitive areas and wildlife habitat were the top priority that should be protected during the next outbreak of either pest. However, provincial differences in attitudes were found over the rank order of forest-type priorities that should be protected and the rank order of control options. Socio-demographic factors found to positively influence the preferred SBW and FTC control extent included those who had a high level of pest knowledge, those who had family members work in the forest industry, those who were residents in New Brunswick, those who were male, those who were aged 55 and over, those who had an education level beyond secondary school, and those who had household income of $50,000 or more. Results of this study can be used to assist policy makers and forest managers to arrive at publically acceptable pest control policies and make better informed decisions about future pest outbreaks.     

光肩星天牛的综合防治

光肩星天牛属于K对策昆虫,分布范围广,适生区域大,防治难,危害严重,常造成林木枯死或风折.根据其生活习性和生态特性,从营林措施、人工机械防治、生物防治、化学防治等角度,探讨了光肩星天牛的综合防治策略.     

林业有害生物发生发展与气象条件关系研究进展

气候是林业生产重要的环境因子和自然资源, 它决定着森林生态的类型和物种分布, 林业有害生物是森林生态系统的一个组成部分, 所以气象因素也是影响林业有害生物的重要因子, 对其分布、发生及发展有着显著的影响。综述了近几十年来国内外关于林业有害生物发生发展与气象条件关系的研究进展情况, 并对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。     

杨十斑吉丁入侵新疆的风险分析

杨十斑吉丁是多种杨树、防护林和园林绿化等树种的重要害虫,研究杨十斑吉丁入侵新疆的风险分析,为新疆林业上的杨十斑吉丁危险性进一步研究提供重要参考和依据。通过定性因素和定量指标体系相结合的方法对杨十斑吉丁蔓延的风险进行评估。结果表明,杨十斑吉丁是新疆林业的重要有害生物,该虫的风险值为2.11,属于高度危险性林业有害生物,对新疆林业生态建设和林业生产发展都构成了很大的威胁。提出了降低杨十斑吉丁风险的管理措施,为控制该虫扩散蔓延,开展综合治理技术及系统控制提供了科学依据。     

浅议生物多样性与森林生态系统生产力的关系

生物多样性与生态系统生产力之间的关系是目前生态学界的热点问题。文中结合森林生态系统自身的特点, 针对生物多样性和森林生态系统生产力2个不同概念, 阐述了现有的生物多样性和生产力关系的若干观点, 分析了现有观点中的争议点, 并在前人实验研究的基础上, 提出了森林生态系统中其他因素对两者关系的影响。     

Managing forest complexity through application of disturbance–recovery knowledge in development of silvicultural systems and ecological rehabilitation in natural forest systems in Africa

How can we accommodate the diversity in tree species and sizes in mixed-species/size/age stands in the sustainable management of natural forests and woodlands in Africa for diverse timber and non-timber forest products and services, and during rehabilitation of degraded forests? The evergreen moist tropical to warm-temperate forests, from the equator to 34°S, generally function through relative shade tolerance. The tropical, strongly seasonal, drier deciduous woodlands generally function through adaptation to fire and/or grazing/browsing. Silvicultural systems, when implemented, are often not aligned with the ecological characteristics of the particular forest systems or the specific targeted species. This paper presents the concept of using the basic disturbance–recovery processes, with recovery development via stand development stages, as the basis for the development of silvicultural systems suitable for maintenance of forest complexity. Grain analysis and stem diameter distributions, analysed from resource inventories, are used to determine the specific shade- or fire-tolerance characteristics of key economical and ecological tree species. The gained knowledge of the ecosystem and species characteristics (including modes of regeneration, i.e. from seed or vegetative regrowth) and processes is used to simulate the ecological disturbance–recovery processes through the development of mixed silvicultural systems, such as a single-tree selection system, a group felling system and a coppice management system in the same forest. Very similar concepts are used to develop rehabilitation strategies to recover the processes towards regrowth stands of diverse species and structure: through stands of introduced plantations and invader tree species; and through early regrowth stages in deciduous woodlands and evergreen forests, after fire, slash-and-burn traditional agriculture, charcoal production or open-cast mining.     

关于发展人工林与建立人工林业问题探讨

全世界森林面积为 34 5 4× 1 0 8hm2 ,其中 3%是人工林。人工林是重要的森林生态系统 ,在木材生产、环境保护和景观建设中具有重要功能和作用。人工林在生产功能方面的补偿作用 ,使天然林可以更好地发挥生态环境价值、森林娱乐和生物多样性保护功能。人工林可持续经营的前提是遗传材料的正确选择与营林实践艺术的结合以及保证这种结合的林业政策。愈来愈多地使用外来树种营建人工林是全球趋势。人工林对于环境和生物多样性的影响 ,可以通过合理的规划和经营措施得到解决。林木育种与遗传改良和经营制度的技术创新是不断提高人工林生态系统生产力的动力。人工林的可持续经营是一个十分复杂的问题 ,中国人工林实现可持续经营面临技术和体制两方面的挑战 ,但是 ,根本出路在于林业经济体制的改革 ,象农业那样 ,在市场经济环境中实行人工林产业化经营 ,建立人工林业 (Forestplantationindustry)。