寡核苷酸管芯片技术检测和鉴别我国不同组植原体

[目的]不同组植原体检测和鉴别的特异性探针已有报道,为了筛选出适合于我国不同组植原体检测和鉴别的特异性探针,建立管芯片检测和鉴别植原体技术,并对我国发生的疑似植原体病害进行鉴别。[方法]通过PCR扩增结合管芯片杂交技术,对收集到的15种植原体侵染的植物样品及其健康对照进行检测和鉴别。[结果]建立了管芯片检测和鉴别植原体技术体系。15种病害样品中,13种获得显著的阳性杂交信号,并且所有的健康对照都呈现为阴性。13种植原体病害依16Sr DNA直接测序可分为16SrⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ、XIX四组植原体。在所有探针中,植原体的通用探针(Pp-502)可以检测到所有确定的植原体样品。16SrⅠ组特异性探针(PpⅠ-465)可以确定16SrⅠ组的泡桐丛枝、苦楝丛枝、桑树萎缩和莴苣黄化4种植原体样品。16Sr II组特异性探针(PpⅡ-629)仅可以确定16Sr II组的花生丛枝、甘薯丛枝和臭矢菜丛枝3种植原体样品。但16Sr V组的枣疯病、樱桃致死黄化和重阳木丛枝及16Sr XIX组的板栗黄化皱缩植原体与其他组专化性探针皆有明显的交叉杂交信号。相比于PCR扩增的凝胶电泳检测,管芯片检测的灵敏度提高了1 000倍。对疑似植原体病害的诊断结果显示河南濮阳的红花槐丛枝的病原应为16Sr V组植原体,福建福州的长春花黄化丛枝应为16SrⅠ组植原体;而北京戒台寺牡丹黄化皱叶和内蒙古包头柳树丛枝未出现任何植原体专化的杂交信号。[结论]管芯片杂交技术作为一种检测和鉴别植原体的方法,可应用于我国植原体病害调查和诊断,并为植原体的鉴别和分类提供可靠的依据。     

灰叶丛枝病病原的分子鉴定及系统发育分析

实验应用PCR扩增、iPhyClassifer分析、序列同源性及系统发育分析等方法对海南省灰叶丛枝病病害进行了分子检测及其病原的鉴定、系统进化研究.iPhyClassifer结果显示:灰叶丛枝病植原体为花生丛枝组(16SrⅡ组)16SrⅡ-A成员.序列同源性分析结果表明:灰叶丛枝病植原体与16SrⅡ、16SrⅡ-A成员...     

林木植原体病害传播及PCR检测研究进展

林木植原体病害危害日趋严重,对林业经济和生态造成了巨大损失,但国内林业工作者及相关研究者对其关注较少。为了对林木植原体病害致病机理的深入研究和其快速检测提供理论依据,在对相关文献研究进行总结分析的基础上,综述了主要林木植原体病害传播特性和PCR及高通量测序技术检测的研究进展,同时展望了林木植原体病害PCR检测的研究前景。     

四环素与阿维菌素复配防治柳树植原体病害初探

针对柳树枝条因原核生物植原体引起的畸形,丛枝、小叶等表现和枝条感病部位后期表现出增生及木质化现象。通过2年对该病害的特性和发生规律进行观测,开展了以四环素与阿维菌素复配法防治柳树植原体病害的试验研究。综合试验结果表明,采用树木输液法可有效的控制植原体对柳树的危害。     

核酸点印迹杂交法检测枣疯病植原体

该文详细介绍了应用核酸点印迹杂交法 (Dot- blot)检测枣疯病病原植原体(Phytoplasma)的操作步骤和检测结果 ,分析和讨论了检测结果和检测中可能出现的问题 ,认为此法是鉴定枣疯病病原植原体的准确、灵敏的方法 ,并对以后工作方向提出了建议     

猪屎豆丛枝病植原体的分子检测与鉴定

植原体(phytoplasma),原称类菌原体(MLO),在植物和昆虫中广泛分布,为无细胞壁原核微生物,尚不能在人工培养基上离体培养.迄今,世界各地已统计有1000多种植物自然感染植原体病害(Seemüller et al.,1998),我国也报道了100多种植物植原体病害(赖帆等,2008).     

以tuf基因为靶标的5种16SrⅠ组植原体环介导恒温扩增技术

【目的】建立一种能够特异性检测和鉴定16SrⅠ组植原体的环介导恒温扩增技术,实现16SrⅠ组植原体的快速检测。【方法】以植原体tuf基因作为靶标,通过序列比对,设计多组具有特异性的LAMP引物组,筛选出一套适用于16SrⅠ组植原体的特异性检测体系。以16SrⅡ组、16SrⅤ组、16SrⅩⅨ组植原体样品按照此检测体系进行反应,来验证其特异性;同时将稀释后的感病组织样品同步进行PCR和LAMP检测,以确定其检测灵敏度。对来自不同省市的6份田间样品以及9份组培样品进行检测,以验证其检测的稳定性。【结果】16SrⅠ-LAMP在恒温63℃条件下40 min内完成扩增,能检测5种分别引起泡桐丛枝、苦楝丛枝、桑树萎缩、莴苣黄化和长春花绿变病的16SrⅠ组植原体,不能检测其他组植原体包括16SrⅡ组的花生丛枝、甘薯丛枝、臭矢菜丛枝、16SrⅤ组的枣疯病、红花槐丛枝、樱桃致死黄化和16SrⅩⅨ组的板栗黄化皱缩植原体。通过在反应液中加入钙黄绿素肉眼判断绿色为阳性结果,褐色为阴性结果,与用荧光定量设备进行判读扩增曲线的结果一致。相比于PCR检测,16SrⅠ-LAMP检测的灵敏度提高了8倍;16SrⅠ-LAMP能够快速检测出来自不同区域的田间泡桐发病样品、感病泡桐组培苗和嫁接传病脱毒苗。【结论】以tuf基因作为靶标,建立能同时检测5种16SrⅠ组植原体的环介导恒温扩增技术,具有高效、特异、操作简便、检测时间短及成本较低等优点,适合于基层和现场检测。     

多位点序列分析揭示我国16SrI组植原体不同株系间遗传变异和系统发育关系（英文）

【目的】16SrI组植原体对我国作物和生态植物危害严重。目前植原体尚不能分离培养,对于我国植原体不同株系间遗传变异和种群结构尚不清晰,通过多位点序列分析(MLSA)揭示我国不同地区16SrI组不同植原体株系的遗传多样性及其地理分布特征,比较不同植原体株系间不同持家基因的变异程度,为我国不同植原体株系的检测、分类鉴定和系统发育研究提供一定的参考方法和依据。【方法】应用rp,tuf,secA,secY,ipt,dnaK,fusA,gyrB,pyrG和rpoB共10个持家基因序列,结合16S rDNA序列,以全基因序列已完成的洋葱黄化植原体(OY-M)、翠菊黄化丛枝植原体(AYWB)、澳大利亚葡萄黄化植原体(CPA)、草莓致死黄化植原体(SLY)和苹果簇生植原体(CPM)共5种植原体株系为参照,分析我国10个省(市)苦楝丛枝、莴苣黄化、桑萎缩、泡桐丛枝和长春花绿变植原体株系(共18株)的遗传变异规律和系统发育关系,通过多重序列比对分析不同基因片段的序列多态性和变异程度。【结果】我国18株苦楝丛枝、莴苣黄化、桑萎缩、泡桐丛枝和长春花绿变植原体株系的rp,tuf,secA,secY,ipt,dnaK,fusA,gyrB,pyrG和rpoB多位点序列共有15种序列类型,从而揭示16SrI组不同植原体株系间丰富的遗传多样性。基于rp等10个基因多位点序列分析可将16SrI-B、D亚组的不同植原体株系清晰地分开。10株苦楝丛枝植原体株系与2株桑萎缩植原体株系系统发育关系最近,多位点序列分析可将这2种基于16S rDNA序列难以区分的植原体株系清晰地区分。10株苦楝丛枝植原体株系分为4个进化枝,其多位点序列存在8种序列类型,这4个分枝与植原体株系的地理分布关系密切。与我国长春花绿变和泡桐丛枝植原体株系相比,福建三明2株莴苣黄化植原体株系与日本洋葱黄化植原体株系OY-M系统发育关系较近。在已检测分析的植原体不同基因序列片段中,dnaK基因序列片段的变异水平最高。【结论】多位点序列分析可做为一种对植原体鉴定、区分以及株系遗传多样性全面检测的有效、可靠方法。在以后的研究中该方法可广泛应用于深入探讨植原体不同组间或亚组间株系的遗传变异和系统发育关系。     

羽脉山黄麻丛枝植原体的分子鉴定及病害调查

【目的】了解羽脉山黄麻丛枝病在云南省玉溪市新平县的发生情况和危害程度,通过分子生物学方法确定病原物及其分类地位,为本地区植原体防控提供参考。【方法】利用普查法获得病害发病率,评估病害危害程度。利用植原体通用引物P1/P7及R16F2n/R16R2对感病植株总DNA进行巢式PCR扩增、克隆和测序,得到16S r DNA序列。再用植原体在线分类鉴定工具i PhyClassifier以及MegaX软件分别进行序列分析和构建基于16S r DNA序列的系统进化树,确定病害病原物及其分类地位,通过在线分析软件MUSCLE比较相关序列的同源性。【结果】根据调查发现羽脉山黄麻丛枝病发生于大约101°35'—101°53'E和23°56'—24°20'N之间,主要是在低海拔400～600 m温度相对较高的干热河谷地区,说明高温有利于植原体病害的发生。该处连续3年发生此病害,2018年7月调查得知其平均发病率为38.9%,属中度危害。PCR扩增获得约1 246 bp的羽脉山黄麻丛枝病植原体16S r DNA序列(株系:TLWBYN01,登录号:MN513329)。分析表明TLWBYN01与翠菊黄化植原体(Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris)的参考菌株(M30790)相似度为99.8%,因此该植原体为‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’相关菌株,属于16S r I组成员。TLWBYN01的F2nR2片段虚拟RFLP模型与16S r I-X亚组的参考模型番木瓜束顶植原体(登录号:JF781308)最为相似,相似系数为0.98,17种限制性内切酶的酶切图谱显示与16S r I-X参考株只有MseI不同,因此该植原体属于16S r I-X亚组的变种。比较得出TLWBYN01与16S r I-X亚组成员番木瓜束顶植原体(JF781308)和印度葫芦植原体(LT594117、LT594118)同源性分别为99.2%和99.6%。【结论】玉溪市新平县发现的羽脉山黄麻丛枝病属局部常发病害,中度危害,但一旦感染,就会严重影响植物生长。羽脉山黄麻丛枝植原体属16 Sr I组成员,也是报道较少的植原体16S r I-X亚组的一个变种,且羽脉山黄麻为新发现的植原体新寄主。     

越冬病枝水培与PCR结合检测枣疯病植原体的存活动态

以感染枣疯病的婆枣为材料进行了以下两方面的研究：其一,采集越冬期和越冬前后的枣疯病枝条并对越冬期枝条进行水培,通过萌芽的症状观察和PCR检测,发现病枝条韧皮部和萌芽内均可扩增出1.5 Kb的枣疯病植原体特异性条带,此结果表明,枣疯病植原体可以在-10℃左右的地区在枣树枝条内安全越冬;其二,利用PCR技术检测了冬季轻病树的病枝、根部、主干及树冠内未表现症状的枝条韧皮部,结果只在病枝内检测到植原体的存在,而在其它部位都未发现植原体.     

枣疯植原体的分布特点及周年消长规律

枣疯病是一种典型的致死性植原体病害,是枣树生产中发生最普遍、危害最严重的毁灭性传染病害,被视为枣树的癌症.     

桉树人工林“滞长症”植原体探讨

2005年以来,在广东、广西地区出现了大面积桉树商品人工林无性系生长停滞的现象,为了确定该病症是否由植原体侵染引起,用直接PCR和巢式PCR扩增植原体16SrDNA的方法对具有典型症状的样品进行了植原体检测,结果并没有检测到植原体的存在。     

Elm yellows: A phytoplasma disease of concern in forest and landscape ecosystems

Elm yellows (EY) is a lethal or decline phytoplasma disease that affects several Ulmus (elm) species and hybrids, which is widespread in North America and Europe. The symptoms vary among the elm species. In those native to North America, main symptoms include epinasty, chlorosis, premature casting of the leaves, yellow to brown discoloration of the phloem in the roots and stem and tree death that usually occurs within 1 or 2 years from the appearance of foliar symptoms. In contrast, affected trees of European and Asian species are primarily characterized by witches’ broom as a specific symptom, do not show phloem discoloration and are less prone to decline. The disease is caused by a relatively genetically homogeneous phytoplasma, the EY agent “Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi,” a member of the EY phytoplasma group or 16SrV group, subgroup 16SrV‐A. In nature, this pathogen exhibits a high plant host specificity. The elm leafhopper Scaphoideus luteolus is the only confirmed vector of EY phytoplasma in North America, whereas Macropsis mendax has been reported as a natural vector in Northern Italy. However, other insect vectors are likely to be involved in its natural spread. Phytoplasmas of other taxonomic groups or 16SrV subgroups, which are known to infect a wide range of plant hosts, have been identified in naturally infected elm trees. However, the pathological relevance of these “non‐elm” phytoplasmas needs to be confirmed in many cases. Their detection is mainly based on the highly sensitive nested PCR assays, while pathological data are lacking. This study summarizes, within the framework of a single comprehensive review, the current knowledge of EY. Gaps in knowledge of this disease and prospects for future research are also critically discussed.     

泡桐丛枝植原体抗原膜蛋白基因序列分析与蛋白结构预测

泡桐(Paulownia spp.)原产中国,栽培历史悠久.其自然分布或栽培区遍布全国23个省(市)、自治区,北起辽宁,南至广东、广西、云南南部,东起台湾及沿海诸省,西至甘肃.     

Genetic variability of Alder yellows phytoplasma in Alnus glutinosa in its natural Spreewald habitat

The genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ comprises wall‐less bacteria colonizing the phloem of plants and insect tissues. Phytoplasmas are associated with diseases in over 1000 plant species worldwide, including many important crops as well as forest trees. Alder yellows (AldY) phytoplasma, which frequently infects Alnus spp., is closely related to the economically important phytoplasma causing Flavescence dorée (FD) in grapevines. In a natural habitat (Spreewald, Brandenburg, Germany), 57 Alnus glutinosa (black alder) trees were examined for phytoplasma infection in summer 2013. No phytoplasma typical infection‐associated symptoms such as yellowing and decline were observable in this natural swamp‐alder area. Amplification followed by a restriction fragment length polymorphism, and a sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA, allowed for the detection of AldY phytoplasmas in all examined trees and their assignment to the taxonomic group 16SrV‐C. Additional analyses of the non‐ribosomal marker gene methionine aminopeptidase (map) revealed diverse strains as well as mixed infections with closely related AldY strains, and the strains were assigned to phylogenetic clusters closely related to German Palatinate grapevine yellows, AldY or FD strains. The results confirmed that AldY phytoplasmas infection in A. glutinosa is prevalent. The results also indicate a presence of an established phytoplasma population in chronically infected black alder.     

枣疯病的综合治理措施

枣疯病是由植原体引起的枣树生产中发生最普遍、危害最严重的传染性检疫病害。主要从科学建园、病树治疗与康复及其他技术措施等方面对枣疯病的综合防治措施进行了概述。     

Impact of phytoplasma infection of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) depends on strain virulence

In nature, only a minority of alder trees infected by the alder yellows phytoplasma develop symptoms. To elucidate the reason for this phenomenon, healthy alder seedlings were inoculated with scion wood from five infected but differently affected trees. The symptoms developed by the inoculated plants largely corresponded to disease severity of the inoculum sources. Inoculation with tissue from three of four severely affected trees resulted in severe disease of the recipient trees as expressed by reduced vigour, sparse foliage and little leaves. Inoculum from one of the severe sources caused milder symptoms. No symptoms were developed when the inoculum was collected from a vigorous, non-symptomatic tree. From these results it can be concluded that the alder yellows phytoplasma is pathogenic to alder but that avirulent and low virulent strains do occur.     

Molecular characterization of a phytoplasma from the aster yellows (16SrI) group naturally infecting Populus nigra L. ‘Italica’ trees in Croatia

Leaf and branch samples were collected from 10 Populus nigra L. ‘Italica’ trees found in the Zagreb urban area. One of the P. nigra L. ‘Italica’ trees exhibited leaf yellowing, overall sparse foliage, stunting and decline. Two methods for the nucleic acid extraction in the phytoplasma detection from P. nigra were compared. A phytoplasma from the aster yellows group (16SrI) was detected by PCR in the symptomatic as well as in four apparently asymptomatic plants. The pathogens are classified, by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the 16S rRNA gene plus the spacer region, as members of a newly described subgroup 16SrI‐P. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal and spacer region sequence confirmed their close relationship with the other members of the aster yellows group. However, RFLP analyses of other conserved genes such as tuf, BB88 and ribosomal protein rpL22 gene, clearly confirmed that this is a molecularly distinguishable phytoplasma belonging to a new ribosomal protein subgroup designated rp‐O.     

Molecular identification of a phytoplasma associated with Sophora Root yellows

A phytoplasma infecting Sophora Root (Sophora alopecuroides) was detected and identified in Alar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Typical phytoplasma bodies were observed in sieve tubes of the diseased plants by transmission electron microscopy. A partial 16S rRNA gene and ribosomal protein (rp) genes containing rpl22 (rplV) and rps3 (rpsC) were amplified by direct and nested PCR. Based on the sequence similarity of the 16S rRNA and rp genes with accompanying phylogenetic analyses, the phytoplasma associated with Sophora Root yellows belongs to the 16SrI group (aster yellows group). Virtual RFLP analysis of these 16S rRNA and rp gene sequences showed distinct differences from those of reference phytoplasma strains representing previously described subgroups of the 16SrI group. Moreover, the similarity coefficient (0.92) of the RFLP profile of this phytoplasma was less than the threshold similarity coefficient (0.97) required for subgroup classification. Thus, the phytoplasma isolate of Sophora Root plants, designated as ‘SoRY’, represents a new subgroup. Furthermore, this is the first report of phytoplasma disease associated with Sophora Root plants.