神农架华山松树干液流特征及其影响因素

以神农架华山松为研究对象,采用热扩散探针法对树干液流进行连续1 a的测定,结合同步观测的环境因子,分析华山松树干液流规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)华山松树干液流具有明显的昼夜与季节变化规律。全年夜间树干液流量占整日液流量的10.37%,树干液流速率在不同季节表现为夏季春季秋季冬季。(2)不同天气条件下树干液流速率表现为晴天阴天雨天,晴天和阴天树干液流速率日变化规律均为单峰曲线,而雨天树干液流日变化规律不明显。(3)空气相对湿度和蒸汽压亏缺为影响华山松树干液流月通量的主要因子。不同季节影响树干液流日通量的主要因子存在差异,春季主要影响因子是太阳总辐射和蒸汽压亏缺;夏季主要影响因子是风速、空气相对湿度和太阳总辐射;秋季主要影响因子是降水量、空气相对湿度、太阳总辐射和蒸汽压亏缺;冬季主要影响因子是空气温度、空气相对湿度和蒸汽压亏缺。     

Study on the Sap Flow Characters of Two Old Trees of Cryptomeria fortunei on Tiamnu Mountain

应用热扩散技术法,于2010年4-8月对浙江天目山自然保护区内的2株柳杉古树的树干液流进行连续观测,结合所测定的相关环境因子,分析了柳杉树干液流和耗水量的变化规律,以及液流与各环境因子的关系.结果表明:不同季节柳杉树干液流速率日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰波动曲线,但树干液流启动时间、达到峰值时间及迅速下降时间存在明显差异;树干液流密度与光合有效辐射、空气温度和水汽压差间存在极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度和CO2浓度呈极显著负相关;液流密度随树干直径的增加,无明显变化差异,但液流速率和日均耗水量均随树干直径的增加而增大;胸径75.6 cm柳杉和胸径62.8 cm柳杉的日均耗水量季节变化过程相同,但2者变化差异较大,6月份日均耗水量最低,分别为( 49.356±14.883) kg和(9.531±4.297)kg;4月份日均耗水量最高,分别为(110.022±21.890)kg和(49.352±2.629)kg.     

山西太岳山油松林木非生长季树干液流研究

2009年9月到2010年3月,在山西沁源县灵空山林场建设观测塔,用TDP探针对塔周围的不同胸径的ll棵油松林木在非生长季的树干液流速率及环境因子进行连续监测,研究油松林木树干液流变化规律。结果表明：非生长季的油松树干液流并没有停滞,正午的峰值逐渐消失,液流主要在夜间进行,最大值为16．11cm·h^-1,最小值为5．109×10^-5cm·h^-1,平均值为3．29cm·h^-1。在属于生长季末期的10月,不时有和生长季相同的单峰曲线出现,11月下旬后,白天和夜间的树干液流并无明显差异,趋于平稳。阴天则无峰或多峰。影响油松树干液流的环境因子主要有光合有效辐射、空气温度和相对湿度,三者都与液流速率既有显著正相关关系,又有显著负相关关系。土壤湿度与油松树干液流速率呈正相关关系。与太岳山生态站2005年所做的油松林木夏季的树干液流速率研究成果相结合,可以比较完整地反映油松林木树干液流速率全年的变化规律。     

天目山柳杉古树的液流特征研究

应用热扩散技术法,于2010年4—8月对浙江天目山自然保护区内的2株柳杉古树的树干液流进行连续观测,结合所测定的相关环境因子,分析了柳杉树干液流和耗水量的变化规律,以及液流与各环境因子的关系。结果表明:不同季节柳杉树干液流速率日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰波动曲线,但树干液流启动时间、达到峰值时间及迅速下降时间存在明显差异;树干液流密度与光合有效辐射、空气温度和水汽压差间存在极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度和CO₂浓度呈极显著负相关;液流密度随树干直径的增加,无明显变化差异,但液流速率和日均耗水量均随树干直径的增加而增大;胸径75.6 cm柳杉和胸径62.8 cm柳杉的日均耗水量季节变化过程相同,但2者变化差异较大,6月份日均耗水量最低,分别为(49.356±14.883) kg和(9.531±4.297)kg;4月份日均耗水量最高,分别为(110.022±21.890)kg和(49.352±2.629)kg。     

侧柏树干边材液流的空间变化规律及其相关因子

利用树干边材液流探针(TDP)和微型自动气象站对北京西山地区侧柏人工林树干秋季不同高度、不同方位、不同径阶边材液流及相关环境因子日周期变化动态进行连续观测,对环境因子与边材液流速率的相关性进行分析.结果表明:同一立木,树干上位边材液流启动早,上升快,到达峰值后随即急剧下降;树干下位边材液流启动时间明显推迟,且上升和下降缓慢;二者之间最大液流速率相差2倍以上.树干不同方位边材液流速率日变化进程有差异,其中南侧树干边材液流速率很低,北侧、西侧和东侧3个方位液流速率较高,边材液流速率与测定部位的边材宽度和冠幅关系不明确.单株树干边材液流速率与树干冠幅、树干直径和边材面积相关不显著,但液流通量随直径的增大而增大,不同径阶单木液流通量波动规律不尽相同.侧柏林分内部环境因子日周期变化规律明显,边材液流速率与主要环境因子相关显著,其中边材液流速率与空气湿度呈负相关,各径阶表现出相同的趋势;边材液流速率与太阳辐射强度和空气温度之间存在极显著的相关性,胸径大的立木呈正相关,胸径小的单株呈负相关;风速对边材液流速率有较大影响;20～40cm土壤层温度对树木耗水有显著的影响,大径阶立木表现为负相关,小径阶立木表现为正相关.以太阳辐射强度、气温、空气湿度、风速、不同层次土温等环境因子作自变量,以边材液流速率作因变量,经过逐步回归,建立侧柏边材液流速率与环境因子的多元线性模型,回归方程极显著.     

树干液流与树干呼吸关系

系统地阐述了树干液流和树干呼吸的研究现状,探讨了树干液流和树干呼吸的动态变化及其与环境因子间的关系,以及树干呼吸与树干液流间关系的研究现状。     

树干液流与树干呼吸关系

系统地阐述了树干液流和树干呼吸的研究现状，探讨了树干液流和树干呼吸的动态变化及其与环境因子间的关系，以及树干呼吸与树干液流间关系的研究现状。     

干热河谷大叶相思树干液流季节动态及其与气象因子的关系

应用热扩散式探针法(TDP)对干热河谷主要造林树种大叶相思的树干液流进行了湿季(7-8月)和干季(1-3月)典型月连续监测,并结合自动气象站对周围气象要素进行同步测定,据此分析液流速率的昼夜、季节变化规律及其与气象因子的关系.结果显示:(1)无论是干季还是湿季,大叶相思树干液流均表现出明显的昼夜变化规律,即呈现“昼高夜低”典型的液流单峰曲线;(2)树干南面液流速率均高于北面,干季南、北方位液流速率最大相差0.0037 cm· s-1,湿季最大相差0.0014cm·s-1;(3)干、湿季液流平均值和最大值具显著差异,湿季树干液流速率平均值和峰值约为干季的2.8倍和2.5倍;(4)大叶相思树干液流速率与光合辐射强度、水汽压亏缺、大气温度、风速呈极显著的正相关关系,而与相对湿度呈极显著负相关关系,按相关程度排序为光合辐射强度＞大气温度＞水汽压亏缺＞相对湿度＞风速,其中,光合有效辐射、相对湿度、水汽压亏缺是影响液流速率的主导因子.     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区不同立地条件下旱柳树干液流差异

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟小流域内分布在坡地与坝地的旱柳树干液流进行连续监测,探讨2种立地条件下旱柳树干液流量与环境因子关系的差异.结果表明:2种条件下的旱柳树干液流速率变化趋势基本相同,但坝地旱柳的液流速率和树干液流量均显著高于坡地旱柳,坝地旱柳平均液流速率和树干液流量分别是坡地的1.4和3倍.2样地旱柳树干液流量的变化规律与气象因子基本一致,气象因子对旱柳树干液流量影响显著,旱柳树干液流量由气象因子与0 ～ 50 cm土壤含水量综合作用决定,并且在气象因子增加到某一程度时旱柳树干液流量主要受到土壤含水量的影响.2样地土壤质地不同,土壤蒸发和渗漏强度存在较大差异,坡地沙土持水能力差,降雨后水分易发生渗漏,根区土壤有效含水量低,旱柳经常受到干旱胁追,以致生长不良形成“小老树”;而坝地无渗漏现象发生,供植物吸收的有效水分多,旱柳生长良好.     

幼龄枣树树干液流规律

采用热平衡液流测定技术,系统地研究了2年生枣树树干液流的变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:枣树树干液流速率日变化是单峰曲线,峰值出现在13:00~14:00,不同季节的峰值差异较大;日累计液流量呈现"s"型曲线;春季液流日累计量达到了573.6 g,秋季日累计量为197.0 g;不同生长阶段的日均液流速率亦不同,生长初期(4~5月)液流速率较小,日平均为4.6 g.-h 1;生长旺盛期(6~9月)的平均液流速率相对较大,平均为21 g.h-1;生态因子共同影响幼龄枣树的液流速率,其中太阳辐射强度、气温和土壤含水量的影响最为重要;得出了枣树液流速率与环境因子的线性回归模型,该模型可用来预测枣树潜在液流速率。     

干旱区杏李树干液流时滞特征研究

为探讨树干液流速率与气象因子之间的时滞特性,采取PS-TDP8型热耗散式树干液流测定系统持续监测,以掌握树体蒸腾耗水规律,从而为杏李科学灌溉提供理论依据。研究结果表明:杏李生长季液流速率日均最大值在6月18日;决定其第1主成分大小的是温度及水气压亏缺,决定第2主成分大小的是光照强度及空气相对湿度。4—8月液流速率均与1 h前第1、2主成分相关性最大;杏李生长季液流与1 h前光照强度相关性最大,相关系数为0.810,与1 h后的气温、空气相对湿度、水汽压亏缺相关性最大,系数分别为0.757,-0.572,0.736;回归方程中液流与实时气象因子拟合决定系数最大,为0.751。杏李生长季液流速率与实时气象因子回归拟合模型效果最好,体现了杏李在长期树干液流数据模拟中,可以不用考虑液流速率与气象因子的时滞效应。     

幼龄枣树树干液流的动态研究

利用FLGS-TDP插针式植物茎流计,研究了阿克苏市红旗坡农场棉花试验基地中幼龄枣树树干液流的特点及其与环境因子的关系,结果表明:(1)在整个生长季的晴天,枣树树干液流的日变化呈现明显的单峰曲线;液流在10:00迅速上升,在14:00左右达到高峰,17:30又迅速下降;日累计液流为1.43 L/d,白天液流量占全天的91.19%～98.07%,晚上占1.93%～8.81%;由于夜间空气温度的缓慢上升,枣树在夜间有微弱上升液流。(2)4月份液流量最小为7.18 L,7月份最大为29.85 L,4月的累计流量仅为7月的23.96%。(3)生长季液流速率与环境因子逐步回归分析表明,树干液流受环境因子的综合影响,在日变化中大小依次是净辐射、总辐射、空气温度、风速和相对湿度,相关系数为0.68,决定系数为0.48;在季变化中影响大小依次为空气温度、总辐射、净辐射、相对湿度和风速,相关系数和决定系数都是0.89。     

不同时间尺度下兴安落叶松树干液流密度与环境因子的关系

基于连续1年的兴安落叶松树干液流密度和环境因子(光照、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤温度和土壤湿度)的测定结果,探讨不同时间尺度下树干液流密度与环境因子的关系差异.在月时间尺度上,土壤温度和土壤湿度显著影响树干液流密度变化,土壤温度单位增加引起树干液流上升0.084～0.123 L·cm-2 month-1;在天时间尺度上,显著影响因子有土壤温度、光照和空气温度,其中土壤温度为最主要的影响因子,单位增加会导致树干液流上升1.9 ～2.7 mL·cm-2 d-1;在小时时间尺度上,主要影响因子在不同季节不同,但最主要因子多是直接影响地上叶片生理指标如光照和空气湿度,二者单位上升平均分别引起树干液流上升1.239 mL·cm-2 min-1和下降0.0566 mL·cm-2 min-1.随尺度由大到小,对树干液流影响最大的因子有从地下直接与根系水分吸收相关的土壤环境因子向地上直接影响叶片蒸腾的环境因子(光照和空气湿度)转变的趋势.同时,随着尺度增大,与树干液流显著相关的环境因子数明显下降,且相关系数R2显著提高,长期监测树木耗水可以采用监测环境因子反推的方法,而在小尺度上相同方法可能导致很大误差,最好采用直接测定法.     

胡杨蒸腾耗水的单木测定与林分转换研究

利用热脉冲技术,在黑河下游额济纳天然绿洲内测定胡杨单木边材液流在不同位点、方位的变化,结果表明:液流速率随深度的增加而增大,在15 mm处达到最大值,随后随深度增加而减小,越靠近形成层,液流启动越早,减小滞后;在4个方位上,南、西面液流速率远远高于北、东面;南面比西面液流启动较早,下降较快;西面液流速率下降滞后于南面;在北与东面,2个方位液流速率变化不大.在此基础上,采用边材面积作为纯量,对胡杨近熟林耗水量进行了推算.胡杨林边材面积与胸径之间存在较高的相关性,两者之间的关系可以用幂模型很好地拟合.通过实测标准地的胸径分布,推算出林地边材面积的分布,利用热脉冲测定单木液流通量,推算出黑河下游胡杨近熟林年生长期(4-10月)耗水量为3 172 m3·hm-2.     

刺槐春夏季树干液流变化规律

用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于4-8月对刺槐树干液流进行连续观测,结果表明:刺槐边材液流速率日变化呈宽峰曲线,每日6:50左右启动,13:00左右达到峰值,19:30左右开始迅速下降,没有明显的液流停止界限,夜间有较高的液流存在;夏季液流每天启动的时间早于春季10min左右,达到峰值的时间早于春季1h左右,迅速下降的时间晚于春季1h左右,即夏季液流高峰维持的时间长于春季,但是夏季的峰值、日平均液流速率和液流通量小于春季;树干液流速率与直径关系不大,但日周期单木耗水量随树干直径的增大而增加,与树干直径和边材面积相关显著,相关系数分别为0.983和0.999.     

Estimating stand water use of large mountain ash trees and validation of the sap flow measurement technique

Mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F.J. Muell.) forest catchments exhibit a strong relationship between stand age and runoff, attributed inter alia to differences in tree water use. However, the tree water use component of the mountain ash forest water balance is poorly quantified. We have used the sap flow technique to obtain estimates of daily water use in large mountain ash trees. First, the sap flow technique was validated by means of an in situ cut tree experiment. Close agreement was obtained between the sap flow estimate of water use and the actual uptake of water by the tree from a reservoir. Second, we compared the variability in sap velocity between a symmetric and an asymmetric tree by using multiple sap flow loggers. In the symmetric tree, velocity was fairly uniform throughout the xylem during the day, indicating that accurate sap flow estimates can be obtained with a minimal number of sampling points. However, large variations in sap velocity were observed in the asymmetric tree, indicating that much larger sampling sizes are required in asymmetric stems for an accurate determination of mean sap velocity. Finally, we compared two procedures for scaling individual tree sap flow estimates to the stand level based on stem diameter and leaf area index measurements. The first procedure was based on a regression between stem diameter and tree water use, developed on a small sample of trees and applied to a stand-level census of stem diameter values. Inputs to the second procedure were tree water use and leaf area of a single tree and the leaf area index of the stand. The two procedures yielded similar results; however, the first procedure was more robust but it required more sampling effort than the second procedure.     

Tree water storage and its diurnal dynamics related to sap flow and changes in stem volume in old-growth Douglas-fir trees

Diurnal and seasonal tree water storage was studied in three large Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) trees at the Wind River Canopy Crane Research site. Changes in water storage were based on measurements of sap flow and changes in stem volume and tissue water content at different heights in the stem and branches. We measured sap flow by two variants of the heat balance method (with internal heating in stems and external heating in branches), stem volume with electronic dendrometers, and tissue water content gravimetrically. Water storage was calculated from the differences in diurnal courses of sap flow at different heights and their integration. Old-growth Douglas-fir trees contained large amounts of free water: stem sapwood was the most important storage site, followed by stem phloem, branch sapwood, branch phloem and needles. There were significant time shifts (minutes to hours) between sap flow measured at different positions within the transport system (i.e., stem base to shoot tip), suggesting a highly elastic transport system. On selected fine days between late July and early October, when daily transpiration ranged from 150 to 300 liters, the quantity of stored water used daily ranged from 25 to 55 liters, i.e., about 20% of daily total sap flow. The greatest amount of this stored water came from the lower stem; however, proportionally more water was removed from the upper parts of the tree relative to their water storage capacity. In addition to lags in sap flow from one point in the hydrolic pathway to another, the withdrawal and replacement of stored water was reflected in changes in stem volume. When point-to-point lags in sap flow (minutes to hours near the top and stem base, respectively) were considered, there was a strong linear relationship between stem volume changes and transpiration. Volume changes of the whole tree were small (equivalent to 14% of the total daily use of stored water) indicating that most stored water came from the stem and from its inelastic (sapwood) tissues. Whole tree transpiration can be maintained with stored water for about a week, but it can be maintained with stored water from the upper crown alone for no more than a few hours.     

Processes preventing nocturnal equilibration between leaf and soil water potential in tropical savanna woody species

The impact of nocturnal water loss and recharge of stem water storage on predawn disequilibrium between leaf (psiL) and soil (psiS) water potentials was studied in three dominant tropical savanna woody species in central Brazil (Cerrado). Sap flow continued throughout the night during the dry season and contributed from 13 to 28% of total daily transpiration. During the dry season, psiL was substantially less negative in covered transpiring leaves, throughout the day and night, than in exposed leaves. Before dawn, differences in psiL between covered and exposed leaves were about 0.4 MPa. When relationships between sap flow and psiL of exposed leaves were extrapolated to zero flow, the resulting values of psiL (a proxy of weighted mean soil water potential) in two of the species were similar to predawn values of covered leaves. Consistent with substantial nocturnal sap flow, stomatal conductance (gs) never dropped below 40 mmol m(-2) s(-1) at night, and in some cases, rose to as much as 100 mmol m(-2) s(-1) before the end of the dark period. Nocturnal gs decreased linearly with increasing air saturation deficit (D), but there were species-specific differences in the slopes of the relationships between nocturnal gs and D. Withdrawal and recharge of water from stem storage compartments were assessed by monitoring diel fluctuations of stem diameter with electronic dendrometers. Stem water storage compartments tended to recharge faster when nocturnal transpiration was reduced by covering the entire plant. Water potential of covered leaves did not stabilize in any of the plants before the end of the dark period, suggesting that, even in covered plants, water storage tissues were not fully rehydrated by dawn. Patterns of sap flow and expansion and contraction of stems reflected the dynamics of water movement during utilization and recharge of stem water storage tissues. This study showed that nighttime transpiration and recharge of internal water storage contribute to predawn disequilibrium in water potential between leaves and soil in neotropical savanna woody plants.     

Xylem sap flow and drought stress of Fraxinus excelsior saplings

We report on diurnal and seasonal variations in sap flow rate and stem water potential of Fraxinus excelsior L. saplings growing at the edge of a Fraxino-Aceretum forest in western Germany. Because of shallow soil, the trees were subjected to drought in summer. When soil water availability was not limiting, sap flow rate was related to changes in solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit. Maximum transpiration rates per leaf area were 3.5-7.4 mmol m-2 s-1, and maximum daily totals were 1.7-3.3 kg m-2 day-1. Under drought conditions, stem water potential dropped to midday minima of -2.6 to -3.5 MPa and sap flow rate was strongly related to this parameter. After the drought period, reduced apparent (whole-plant) hydraulic conductance was observed, which was attributed to a continued reduction in stomatal conductance after the drought stress had ceased. A model was developed that linked sap flow rate directly to climatic variables and stem water potential. Good correlation between measured and simulated sap flow rates allowed the model to be used for data interpretation.