气候变化背景下松材线虫在中国分布的时空变化预测

【目的】松材线虫病严重破坏我国松林资源,经济损失巨大,松材线虫病的传播与蔓延气候变化密切相关。本研究借助气候模拟和地理信息系统,分析预测松材线虫在我国的适生范围,研究松材线虫不同地区流行灾变的可能性,准确评估松材线虫在中国的危害风险,为松材线虫病的检疫及防治决策的制定提供理论依据。【方法】采用全球气候模式 MIROC3.2_hiers 的初始场和侧边界值驱动区域气候模式 RegCM3(简称 MIROC_RegCM),模拟得到 SRES A1B情景下1971—2100年中国区域气候情景的130年逐年气象数据资料,部分验证和模拟了松材线虫分布的生态地理格局。依据制约松材线虫发生和扩散蔓延的6个关键气象及自然地理指标的适生阈值,应用模糊综合评判、地理信息系统和地统计学的理论与方法进行研究。【结果】随着气候变化,1971—2100年极适宜松材线虫的生活环境的分布面积逐渐扩大,原来不适于其分布的地区由于气候环境的变化而成为适宜分布地区,潜在极适宜分布面积由148.17万 km2增加到243.08万 km2,增加64%;潜在适宜分布面积由72.16万 km2增加到189.00万 km2,增加162%;而不适宜、极不适宜的分布面积显著减小,分别由165.14,498.89万 km2减少到110.13,287.33万 km2。【结论】从地理分布来看,适合松材线虫分布地区的变化趋势：松材线虫的潜在适生区主要集中在37°N以南地区,随着大尺度的气候的变化,松材线虫潜在适宜区呈现向北部、西部地区扩张的趋势;次适宜区延伸到43°N上下,如内蒙古中部、辽宁、河北等;边缘分布区延伸到46°N 上下,如新疆北部、内蒙古东北部、吉林南部;而吉林北部、黑龙江北部、西藏大部分地区等由于过于寒冷和干旱为松材线虫不适宜区。     

松材线虫病治理区病原数量的调查研究

对松材线虫病治理区室内、林内松褐天牛羽化期携带松材线虫以及诱木中松材线虫的情况进行调查，结果表明在室内、林内松褐天牛携带松材线虫的几率分别为25．5％、22．0％；松褐天牛成虫携带松材线虫量均以6月份最大，平均625条／头、478条／头；诱木中松褐天牛携带松材线虫数量与其寄生的枯死诱木含松材线虫数量呈正相关，5％水平上成极显著相关，相关系数为0．933。     

光皮树优良无性系光合生理特性对光强的响应

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统对光皮树优良无性系光合生理特性对光强的响应进行了研究。结果表明：①13个光皮树优良无性系具有较高的LCP（20．7～64．7μmol·m^-2·s^-1）、较低的LSP（349．7～563．9μmol·m^-2·s^-1）和较弱的最大光合作用能力，对弱光的利用能力较弱，对多种光照环境的适应性较差。光皮树优良无性系对弱光的利用能力大为G-13〉G-14〉G-3〉G-10〉G-2〉G-8〉G-15〉G-7〉G-9〉G-11〉G-6〉G-4〉G-5，对强光利用能力的大小为G-14〉G-6〉G-10〉G-9〉G-15〉G-4〉G-13〉G-2〉G-11〉G-7〉G-5〉G-8〉G-3：②13个光皮树优良元性系的表观量子效率在5月份的变化范围为0．0194～0．0317，比-般植物的小（0．03～0．05）；③影响光皮树不同无性系净光合速率的主要生理生态因子为胞间C02浓度（Ci）、光照强度（PaR）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（白）等。Ci为光皮树无性系净光合速率的第-影响因子，PAR、Tr、Gs的影响在其次，PAR对Pn起主要调节作用。     

8种化学药剂单独及两两联合染毒对松材线虫杀灭作用试验

8种药剂单个药剂的染毒结果表明，阿维菌材线虫即有较强的杀灭活性，其半数致死浓度（LC50）分别为0．0601mp／L和8.35mg／L，其LC50的95％可信区间（95％CI）分别为0．0416～0．0868mg／L和6．16～11．34mg／L。甲胺磷对松材线虫的毒性次之，其IC50为3282．46mg／L（95％CI为2779．71～3872．58mg／L），其它几种测试药剂（三邻甲苯基磷酸酯、甲醚菊酯、溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉）的杀线活性很弱。联合染毒测定的结果表明，阿维菌素与硫酸铜、溴氰菊酯与硫酸铜以及溴氰菊酯与涕灭威分别联合使用对松材线虫表现出毒性增强作用（P〈0．01），蜕明这几荆坝临嬉秭职抖燃虫的毒杀作用具有协同效应。     

松细枝+培养皿法分离镜检松材线虫试验

将松树上的1，2，3龄枯枝或萎枝条切成薄片，置培养皿分离线虫，镜检表明，枯萎松枝条上松材线虫检出率为52．4％，其中马尾松枝条检出率为75.0％，黑松枝条检出率为30．8％；1年生枝条检出率为37．5％，2年生枝条检出率为45．0％；针叶灰色样本检出率为33．3％，针叶枯黄样本检出率为57．1％。检出含有松材线虫的样本共重30．98g，共检出松材线虫39条，平均1．259条／g，其中马尾松样本平均1．093条／g，黑松样本平均1．508条／g。该法可用于松材线虫病的早期诊断和防治。     

四种桂花茎尖培养试验初报

以金桂、银桂、丹桂、四季桂四种桂花的茎尖为试验材料，采用均匀设计U6（6^3）方案，分析了基本培养基（B5、LMC）附加不同浓度的6-BA及M～A对四种桂花的茎尖丛生芽诱导的影响，研究结果表明：①适合这八．种桂桂为：B5＋6-BA2．0＋NAA0．12，银桂为：B5＋岳BA7．0＋NAA0．12，丹桂为：B5＋6-BA7．0，四季桂仅分化出少量的丛生芽；②品种之间的增殖率差异表现为：金桂〉银桂〉丹桂〉四季桂。     

贵州苏铁自然保护区森林群落稳定性研究

以贵州苏铁自然保护区主要森林群落类型为例,选择木荷群落、任豆群落、白栎群落和化香群落为研究对象,基于模糊综合评判理论,选取物种多样性、M．Godron稳定性值、演替现状、干扰强度和优势种年龄结构5项指标作为构建评判模型的参数,通过计算函数隶属值来评判森林群落稳定性。结果表明：4种典型森林群落稳定性表现为木荷林〉任豆林〉白栎林〉化香林,评判结果符合当地森林群落发育状况。对森林群落稳定性评判旨在为该地区森林培育和经营提供理论支撑。     

接种用松材线虫分离种群的筛选

自2001年10月以来开展了“马尾松松材线虫抗性育种技术的开发”的项目工作，为选拔马尾松松材线虫抗性候补树，确保接种用的松材线虫虫源，对松材线虫分离种群的繁殖、致病力和增殖能力作了研究。对不同地区采取由松材线虫致死的19棵当年枯死木样品，用贝曼漏斗法从中分离出19个松材线虫分离种群，在25℃条件下，成功培养16个分离种群。在2a生黑松苗上进行接种，测定松材线虫的致病力。55d后在野外试验区的感病率为26．1％～97．6％，大棚试验区的感病率为84．4％～100％，野外与大棚内的加权平均感病率差20％以上，显示出松材线虫致病力由气温增高和土壤干燥而增强。分别对16个分离种群以相同的接种头数在PDA培养，其繁殖面积的快慢不同；以大量繁殖为目的，在同量的小麦培养基中以相同的接种量，各自的繁殖量也不同，每培养皿的繁殖量为98万～176万头。根据试验结果，选用致病力最强、繁殖力较强的广朱3B松材线虫分离种群作为接种用松材线虫的接种虫源。     

模糊数学理论及其在大气环境测评中的应用

模糊数学用隶属函数来刻画元素对集合属于程度的连续过渡性，将经典集合的二值逻辑{0，1}扩展为[0，1]区间内的连续值逻辑．利用综合评价方法，选用SO2、NO2、PM10作为评价因子，参照大气环境质量标准，通过分析各个污染因素的权重及属于某个级别的隶属度，对昆明市区大气环境质量进行了评价．综合评判结果表明，五华区、盘龙区、西山区、官渡区的大气质量达到Ⅱ级水平，东川区则根据置信度的差异，介于Ⅲ和Ⅱ级之间．最后，简要讨论了模糊数学的发展及研究方向。     

克线磷防治松材线虫病的研究

为防治松材线虫病，１９８８－１９９２年间，使用３种药剂对松材线虫（Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ）进行室内毒性测定，并选用５％克线磷颗粒剂在林间、盆栽树苗上作防治试验．巴丹在１００×１０－６时，线虫仍可存活、繁殖；Ｆ—００１药剂在５０×１０－６以上时，灭虫率均可达９０％以上，克线磷浓度在６０×１０－６以上时，则可完全抑制线虫的生长繁殖．在林间，以克线磷处理的黑松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｔｈｕｎｂｅｒｇｉｉ）植株，均比对照株死亡率低．盆栽苗上的施药、接种试验，更进一步证实了该药剂的防病效果．     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.