高灰分麦糠水热预处理及其酶水解性能研究

以高灰分含量麦糠(WWS)为原料,考察了水热预处理,以及预水洗后水热预处理对麦糠化学组分及其酶水解性能的影响。研究结果表明:麦糠在固液比1∶10(g∶mL)和180℃条件下水热预处理40 min,预处理麦糠的酶水解性能和酶解可发酵糖生成量最高,葡聚糖和木聚糖酶水解得率分别为40.84%和39.67%,可发酵糖生成量为15.74 g(其中葡萄糖11.68 g、木糖4.06 g)。进一步对预处理麦糠酶水解过程中酶用量进行优化,发现在纤维素酶用量40 FPU/g(以葡聚糖质量计)、木聚糖酶用量140 U/g(以木聚糖质量计)和β-葡萄糖苷酶用量48 U/g(以葡聚糖质量计)条件下,预处理麦糠葡聚糖和木聚糖酶水解得率可达最优值,分别为48.98%和49.06%。麦糠吸附型灰分的酸缓冲作用是制约其水热预处理效果的关键因素,预水洗可有效降低麦糠的灰分,同时提高葡聚糖和木聚糖含量;麦糠经洗涤比500∶1(mL∶g)预水洗后进行水热预处理,预处理麦糠的葡聚糖和木聚糖酶解得率分别从未水洗时的48.98%和49.06%提高到65.59%和70.11%,此时酶水解液中葡萄糖和木糖质量浓度分别可达17.50和4.75 g/L。同时,麦糠预水洗可有效降低后续酶解过程的纤维素酶用量。     

造纸废弃物麦草废渣高温自水解预处理对酶水解性能的影响

对造纸废弃物麦草废渣进行高温自水解预处理,并对预处理后的麦草废渣进行组成分析和酶解,以纤维素和木聚糖的酶解得率为考核指标,研究了不同自水解预处理条件对麦草废渣酶解的影响。研究表明,预处理后麦草废渣的化学组成和物理结构均发生了改变,纤维素的含量增加,比表面积增大且促进了纤维素的酶解。酶解结果显示,温度对预处理麦草废渣的酶水解得率有着极其显著的影响。以200℃自水解预处理60 min的麦草废渣为酶水解底物(质量浓度50 g/L),添加纤维素酶35 FPIU/g(以纤维素计,下同)、β-葡萄糖苷酶25 IU/g、木聚糖酶120 U/g及2 g/L聚乙二醇(PEG6000),酶解体系50 m L,于50℃酶解36 h,其纤维素和木聚糖酶解得率分别达86.29%和74.03%,是麦草废渣经170℃自水解40 min后酶解得率的2.3倍和2.8倍。     

基于高底物浓度的纤维素酶三段水解桑木粉得率与形貌分析

为改善高底物浓度酶水解过程中产物抑制问题,采用三段酶水解方法,通过在水解过程中及时移除反应产物纤维二糖和葡萄糖,降低产物抑制作用,增加酶反应速率,从而提高酶水解得率、缩短酶反应时间。与原料和经NaOH预处理的桑木比较,NaOH-Fenton预处理后的桑木中木聚糖含量明显降低,纤维素含量相对增加,木质素含量变化较小。无论是一段水解还是三段水解,纤维素酶水解得率均随底物质量浓度的升高而下降。在0.30 g/m L(m/V)底物质量浓度下,当酶用量增加为40 U/g(以纤维素质量计)时,三段(10+10+10)h酶水解得率74.16%,比一段水解72 h得率45.61%增长了62.60%,并且水解时间缩短了42 h。该研究结果对提高纤维素酶水解得率、降低纤维资源制取燃料乙醇成本具有指导意义。     

几种纤维素酶制剂水解和吸附性能的研究

比较了商品纤维素酶和自产纤维素酶在蛋白组分及蛋白组分含量上存在的差异。商品纤维素酶水解稀酸预处理和蒸汽爆破预处理的玉米秸秆,其水解得率均低于自产纤维素酶。以蒸汽爆破的玉米秸秆为碳源制备纤维素酶,添加外源8 IU/g(以纤维素计)的β-葡萄糖苷酶,水解蒸汽爆破的玉米秸秆48 h,纤维素水解得率为90.08%;水解液中纤维二糖的质量浓度从17.06 g/L降低到1.12 g/L,相应葡萄糖质量浓度从21.09 g/L提高到44.01 g/L,可发酵性糖从55.28%提高到97.52%。微晶纤维素对商品酶和自产酶的吸附在30 m in达到平衡,且符合Langmu ir等温吸附方程;由Langmu ir常数分析得知两类酶均来自里氏木霉,且对微晶纤维素的亲和力相差不大。     

低聚木糖生产废渣纤维素酶诱导和水解特性的研究

研究了生产低聚木糖(XOS)所得的废渣对里氏木霉纤维素酶合成的诱导作用和纤维素酶水解特性.废渣对里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的诱导作用较差,而纤维素酶水解性能优异.里氏木霉以含纤维素15 g/L的废渣为碳源合成纤维素酶,滤纸酶活为0.48 FPIU/mL,酶产率为6.67 FPIU/(L·h),酶得率为每克纤维素32.00 FPIU,而在相同条件下以玉米芯为碳源时滤纸酶活为3.20 FPIU/mL、酶产率19.00 FPIU/(L·h)和酶得率每克纤维素213.33 FPIU.质量浓度为20 g/L的废渣在酶用量为每克纤维素10 FPIU条件下水解24 h,水解得率达92.8 %;底物废渣质量浓度为100 g/L时,48 h纤维素酶水解得率达到80.6 %.     

4种木质纤维素预处理方法的比较

采用4种方法对玉米秸秆预处理,研究了不同预处理方法对酶水解性能和可发酵性糖得率的影响,分析了预处理物料主要成分,预水解液中糖组成、碳水化合物降解产物及木质素降解产物含量.100 g玉米秸秆经稀酸、稀酸磨浆、中性蒸汽爆破和稀酸蒸汽爆破预处理、洗涤后,物料中纤维素由37.17g分别降为33.96、33.54、32.63和32.88 g,木聚糖由22.84 g分别降为2.77、2.47、3.56和2.05 g,木质素由18.76 g分别降为17.63、17.42、16.90和17.25 g.稀酸蒸汽爆破预处理物料在底物质量浓度100 g/L、纤维素酶用量20 FPIU/g(以纤维素计,下同)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量3 IU/g下酶水解48 h,纤维素水解得率为75.91％.玉米秸秆经稀酸蒸汽爆破预处理、纤维素酶水解后可发酵性糖得率为44.93％(以玉米秸秆为基准).     

亚硫酸盐蔗渣浆酶解工艺及外源物辅助作用的研究

以亚硫酸盐蔗渣浆为研究对象,研究了底物浓度、外源添加物种类和浓度对纤维素酶解工艺的影响以及PEG6000强化酶解效率的作用机理。研究结果表明,纤维素酶用量15 FPIU/g(以绝干纤维素计,下同)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量30 CBU/g,纤维素质量浓度80 g/L条件下水解48 h,葡萄糖质量浓度达72.51 g/L,葡萄糖得率、纤维素酶解得率和总糖得率达81.58%、86.79%和84.23%。PEG6000可有效强化酶解,添加量为2 g/L时,水解48 h葡萄糖质量浓度可升至78.54 g/L,葡萄糖得率、纤维素酶解得率和总糖得率达88.36%、95.02%和92.54%。添加2 g/L的PEG6000使纤维素酶Celluclast1.5 L滤纸酶活力提高到原酶活力的117.33%;同时50℃,pH值4.8,保温48 h,残余酶活力同比增加38.99%。     

蒸汽爆破预处理对红柳木质组分及酶解性能的影响

以红柳为材料研究蒸汽爆破预处理强度系数lgR对木质组分和纤维素酶水解性能的影响。结果表明:蒸汽爆破处理对红柳中纤维素和木质素含量的影响并不显著,但是它可以有效破坏红柳的天然物理结构,并且导致大部分半纤维素(木聚糖)产生自水解反应生成单糖和低聚糖溶出,同时产生乙酸、甲酸和糠醛等小分子降解产物。基于纤维素回收率和纤维素酶水解得率分析,在蒸汽爆破强度系数达到4.239时(爆破温度210℃和保温时间10min)对红柳的预处理效果最佳,汽爆物料中纤维素的含量可达到52.4%,残余木聚糖含量仅为2.01%,并生成0.76%甲酸和3.17%乙酸。采用每克纤维素20.0FPIU的纤维素酶用量水解5%(w/w)该汽爆红柳物料48h,纤维素酶水解得率可达到86.6%(未处理的原料仅为15.5%)。这表明无化学品添加的蒸汽爆破是适于红柳糖化及生物炼制的一种有效的预处理方法。     

β-葡萄糖苷酶的制备及在纤维素辅助水解上的应用研究

研究了固体发酵法制备β-葡萄糖苷酶及其在纤维素水解上的应用.黑曲霉NL02以玉米芯和麸皮为碳源固体发酵制备β-葡萄糖苷酶,培养5d,酶活力达到225.43IU/g(以干曲计).粗β-葡萄糖苷酶酶液经硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析纯化,获得单一β-葡萄糖苷酶组分,酶活回收率和比活力分别为69.34%和133.88IU/mg.底物质量浓度为100g/L的稀硫酸预处理玉米秸秆,经酶用量为20FPIU/g(以纤维素计)的里氏木霉纤维素酶和4IU/g(以纤维素计)的β-葡萄糖苷酶水解48h,水解糖液中纤维二糖和葡萄糖质量浓度分别为1.12和42.68g/L,纤维素水解得率和可发酵性糖的比例分别为62.85%和97.44%.     

硫酸对过氧化氢-乙酸预处理巨龙竹酶解和发酵的影响

以巨龙竹(DS)为研究对象，对其进行过氧化氢-乙酸(PA)预处理，探讨预处理中硫酸添加量对竹材化学组成、酶解效率和乙醇产率的影响。研究结果表明：随着预处理过程中硫酸用量的增加，竹材中的木质素质量分数不断降低，而纤维素和半纤维素的质量分数有所增加。在预处理中，添加硫酸作为反应助剂，能够使酶解效率提升，当硫酸体积分数为0.5%时，72 h的葡萄糖和木糖得率分别为84.77%和85.05%,与未添加硫酸的过氧化氢-乙酸预处理的巨龙竹相比，分别增加了42.40%和33.72%;其水解液经酵母发酵后的乙醇质量浓度为13.52 g/L,比未添加硫酸的过氧化氢-乙酸预处理水解液增加了73.33%。在巨龙竹过氧化氢-乙酸预处理过程中以硫酸作为助剂，能够降低底物的疏水性和表面木质素覆盖率，增加结晶度和比表面积，添加0.5%硫酸，纤维素酶可及度从未添加硫酸时的282.15 mg/g增加到500.12 mg/g,进而增加了纤维素酶与纤维素之间的生产性吸附，因此使巨龙竹的酶解效率和发酵产率得到提升。     

Effect of increased harvests on saccharification ratio of waste mushroom medium from the cultivation of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes)

Waste mushroom medium (WM) was saccharized with cellulase to obtain glucose after shiitake fruiting bodies were harvested 3 and 5 times (WM-3 and WM-5, respectively). Glucose can be used as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol or other bioproducts. WM-3 and WM-5 were analyzed for the amounts of shiitake fruiting bodies harvested and chemical components. The fresh weight ratio of shiitake fruiting bodies from the 4th and 5th harvests relative to the total fresh weight of shiitake fruiting bodies until the 5th harvest was 4.1 %. The additional 2 harvests decreased WM dry weight to 78.0 % and slightly decreased acid-insoluble lignin and xylan contents from 11.9 and 12.0 % to 10.0 and 9.6 %, respectively. The additional 2 harvests did not decrease glucan content. WM-5 included 31.6 % of glucan relative to dry weight, and 54.5 % of the glucan was saccharized to glucose with Meicelase (5 FPU/g substrate) at 40 °C for 48 h without pretreatment. The saccharification ratio of WM-3 was 45.0 % under the same saccharification condition. The amounts of saccharized glucose in WM-3 and WM-5 were 155.1 ± 9.8 mg/g substrate and 191.3 ± 9.2 mg/g substrate, respectively.     

蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆酶水解速率下降的因素分析

为评价导致纤维素酶水解速率下降的因素,以底物质量浓度为50 g/L葡聚糖及酶用量为20 FPIU/g滤纸酶活和10 IU/g β-葡萄糖苷酶活的蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆酶水解为研究对象,探讨了影响酶水解速率的潜在因素,包括物料反应性能、纤维素酶非特异性吸附、酶失活及终产物抑制。结果表明：酶用量40 FPIU/g条件下酶水解6 h及12 h后,蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆的物料反应性能分别下降了16.0%及23.7%,然而,在酶用量为20 FPIU/g时,物料反应性能的下降对酶水解速率的影响极其有限;酶解木质素的添加使得1 h酶解上清液中酶蛋白浓度降低了20.8%,但初始酶水解速率并未显著降低,即木质素对纤维素酶的非特异性吸附对酶水解速率影响不大;两段酶水解中纤维素酶的更新使得7h酶水解速率由一段酶水解中的1.30 g/(L·h)提高至1.83 g/(L·h);两段酶水解中终产物的去除则使得7 h酶水解速率提高至4.76 g/(L·h),是一段酶水解中7 h酶水解速率的3.66倍。综合而言,酶失活及终产物抑制对酶水解速率影响较大,其中终产物抑制是导致蒸汽预处理玉米秸秆酶水解速率降低的关键因素。     

重组木聚糖酶生产低聚木糖的实验研究

研究了重组木聚糖酶C0602生产低聚木糖的制备工艺,考察了不同类型底物、底物浓度和酶用量对酶解效率和低聚木糖产率的影响.实验结果表明,低聚木糖生产原料以抽提木聚糖为宜.桦木木聚糖质量浓度30g/L,重组木聚糖酶用量20 IU/g条件下水解4 h,酶解率可达56.05%,低聚木糖产率(C2～C6)为29.76%,产品平均...     

Potential of different poplar clones for sugar production

In a poplar clonal plantation with different species and hybrids, established at 13,333 cuttings ha^?1, biomass production was assessed at the end of the first rotation (3 years) and the potential of the different clones for sugar production was evaluated. The highest biomass production was observed for clones ‘AF2’ and ‘Viriato’ (46.5 and 42 t dm ha^?1, respectively). After a mild acid pretreatment and an enzymatic saccharification, the highest sugar digestibility was found for ‘Viriato’ and ‘Unal’. A clear relation between sugar digestibility and xylan removal during pretreatment was observed, while no relation with lignin content was found. Taking into account the results, the highest production of sugars per hectare was estimated for the poplar clone ‘Viriato’, being 18–48% higher than that achieved with the other clones. Therefore, this clone is a promising candidate to be used as feedstock for sugar production in a forest biorefinery.     

木聚糖酶水解制取低聚木糖的研究

比较了木聚糖酶和纤维素酶水解木聚糖制备低聚木糖的效果，并在10L酶解罐中研究了搅拌速率和酶解时间等因素对木聚糖酶水解的影响。优化了酶解工艺条件，当木聚糖质量浓度为30g/L，木聚糖酶体积用量为1%，搅拌速率180r/min时，酶解2h低聚糖得率可达35.2%。总糖得率为41.9%。产品酶解液中25.9%固形物是聚合度2-5的低聚木糖。     

Changes of major chemical components in larch wood through combined treatment of drying and heat treatment using superheated steam

The effects of the combined treatment of drying and heat treatment using superheated steam (SHS) were studied relative to the changes of the major chemical components in larch wood. The green lumber was dried and heat-treated in SHS conditions of 250 °C and 0.5 MPa for 18 h, and the relative percentage contents of sugars, lignin, and extractives were investigated and compared with the relative percentage contents in the lumber heat-treated in hot air conditions of 250 °C and atmospheric pressure for 18 h. After both heat treatment methods, the relative percentage contents of xylan, mannan, galactan, and arabinan were greatly decreased, whereas that of the Klason lignin was increased, additionally that of glucan and extractives remained almost unchanged. Lignin may bind with furan compounds decomposed from hemicellulose following heat treatment, thus contributing to the increase in the apparent relative percentage contents of the Klason lignin. In addition, the condensate collected in the condenser after combined drying and heat treatment using SHS was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A large amount of furfural and acetic acid decomposed from hemicellulose was detected and some sugar components composed of cellulose and hemicellulose were detected in the liquid condensate.     

酸催化的蒸汽爆破预处理强度对麦草酶水解影响的研究

以蒸汽爆破法对0.5 %的稀硫酸浸渍的麦草进行预处理,研究了不同处理强度对麦草浆得率、半纤维素回收率、纤维素回收率、纤维素酶水解得率产生的影响.实验结果表明,在蒸汽爆破预处理过程中,麦草纤维组分发生分离.随着处理强度的提高,粗浆得率降低,细浆得率上升,纤维素的降解程度和半纤维素的去除程度提高,酶水解得率相应提高.在处理强度为4.14的预处理条件下,半纤维素的水解程度最大,而细浆得率和纤维素的酶解得率最高,分别为62.0 %和73.4 %;最佳的处理强度为3.55,此条件下,汽爆麦草原料细浆中的葡萄糖得率和滤出液中总糖的得率最高,分别为20.0 %和13.0%.     

Characterizations of poplar catkin fibers and their potential for enzymatic hydrolysis

This study focused on poplar (Populus tomentosa) catkin fiber as a new resource for bioethanol production via enzymatic hydrolysis. The poplar catkin fiber was found to have advantages of relatively high α-cellulose content (44.5%), and low lignin content (2.9%), which indicated the potential for facile enzymatic hydrolysis. The results indicated that the pretreatment improved the cellulose-to-glucose conversion yield (CGCY), the high concentration alkaline pretreatment resulted in highest CGCY (83.3%), followed by dewaxing (31.5%), dilute alkaline (29.8%), and dilute acid pretreatment (24.4%) after enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase of 15 filter paper units per gram glucan, while the poplar catkin fiber only achieved 18.7% of CGCY by enzymatic hydrolysis after 48 h at 50 °C without any pretreatment.     

Nondestructive estimation of wood chemical composition of sections of radial wood strips by diffuse reflectance near infrared spectroscopy

The use of calibrated near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for predicting the chemical composition of Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) wood samples is investigated. Seventeen P. taeda radial strips, representing seven different sites were selected and NIR spectra were obtained from the radial longitudinal face of each strip. The spectra were obtained in 12.5 mm sections from pre-determined positions that represented juvenile wood (close to pith), transition wood (zone between juvenile and mature wood), and mature wood (close to bark). For these sections, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin (acid soluble and insoluble), arabinan, galactan, glucan, mannan, and xylan contents were determined by standard analytical chemistry methods. Calibrations were developed for each chemical constituent using the NIR spectra, wood chemistry data and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Relationships were variable with the best results being obtained for cellulose, glucan, xylan, mannan, and lignin. Prediction errors were high and may be a consequence of the diverse origins of the samples in the test set. Further research with a larger number of samples is required to determine if prediction errors can be reduced.     

蒸汽爆破法预处理木质纤维原料的研究

木质生物资源可以用来生产乙醇，但其结构与化学成分阻碍了纤维素对酶的可及性，因此必须对原料进行预处理，从而有效地酶解纤维素。蒸汽爆破法预处理木质生物资源。可有效去除半纤维素。分离出活性纤维。并且成本低，不用或少用化学药品。对环境无污染。