Carbon stocks of different land uses in the Kumrat valley,Hindu Kush Region of Pakistan

Changes in land use cover, particularly from forest to agriculture, is a major contributing factor in increasing carbon dioxide(CO2) level in the atmosphere.Using satellite images of 1999 and 2011, land use and land use changes in the Kumrat valley KPK, Pakistan, were determined: a net decrease of 11.56 and 7.46 % occurred in forest and rangeland, while 100 % increase occurred in agriculture land(AL). Biomass in different land uses,forest land(FL), AL, and range land(RL) was determined by field inventory. From the biomass data, the amount of carbon was calculated, considering 50 % of the biomass as carbon. Soil carbon was also determined to a depth of 0–15and 16–30 cm. The average carbon stocks(C stocks) in all land uses ranged from 28.62 ± 13.8 t ha-1in AL to486.6 ± 32.4 t ha-1in pure Cedrus deodara forest. The results of the study confirmed that forest soil and vegetation stored the maximum amount of carbon followed by RL. Conversion of FL and RL to AL not only leads to total loss of about 56 %(from FL conversion) and 37 %(RL conversion) of soil carbon in the last decades but also the loss of a valuable carbon sink. In order to meet the emissions reduction obligations of the Kyoto Protocol, Conservation of forest and RL in the mountainous regions of the Hindu Kush will help Pakistan to meet its emissions reduction goals under the Kyoto Protocol.     

State and Potential of Forest Carbon Market in China

China has been making efforts to improve climate changes which have drawn international attentions since China formally signed UN Climate Change Framework in 1992 and ratified Kyoto Protocol in August 2002. The area of China’s forest plantation ranks the first at present so global close attention is paid to forest carbon market in China. This article introduces that 5 110 million t of carbon dioxide equivalent have been sequestrated by China’s forest during 1980 to 2005, China will have 4.2 billion t of carbon dioxide emission reduction market potential and contribute more forest carbon credits to the international community.     

Study of Priority Area Selection and Evaluation for Afforestation and Reforestation Project under CDM in China

This paper gives an expatiation on significance and specific requirements of developing afforestation and reforestation project under CDM in Kyoto Protocol. According to the international rules and the current forestry development situation in China, the priority area for CDM afforestation and reforestation （CDM A/R） project is finally found after scientific selection and assessment on indicators, including the non-forestland area in 1990, growth rate of tree, afforestation cost, biodiversity and community development. The outcome from the study provides a solid basis for finding and implementing CDM A/R carbon sequestration projects in China. The study also puts forward suggestions on the strategy to develop and manage CDM A/R projects in China     

用绿色建筑振兴术材工业

美国：华盛顿州采用的各种绿色建筑标准，无论是LEED、Builtgreen、Earth Advantage、Evergreen、Communities还是Washington SustainableSchools Protocol，都要求使用本地生产和加工的材料，并且要使用经森林管理委员会（FSC）认证的木材产品。为了符合FSC标准，林业工作者必须要保证他们的生产活动达到以下要求：     

Research on Stress Wave Tomography of Spruce Logs with Artificial Defects under Different Number Sensors

In order to raise the precision of stress wave imaging technology(SWIT),under the conditions of different area and outline of simulated cavity defects in timber discs of spruce,different number of used sensors,the relationship between imaging graph defects and real defects is studied. The result shows:SWIT can display graph of defects,the precision of imaging graph relates to rate of real defect area and area of the tested wood cross section,the number of used sensors and outline shape of the defects.When the rate rises from 1.6% to 25.0%,the relative error of graph defect area and real defect area drops from 22.6%to 9.7%.When the number of used sensors is from 6 to 24,the graph of SWIT can show the existence of real defect. But the number of sensors used influences the precision of SWIT.Outline shape of defects has certain effect on detection of defects.Under the condition of the same defect area,the defects of long and narrow shape are easy to be shown by graph.The relation error of defect area of suborbicular shape is smaller than that of long and narrow shape.     

Study on Wood Drying Properties under Vacuum-floating Pressure

Using Masson pine as specimens, when drying mediums are overheated steam and hot-air respectively, preheating characteristics of wood under vacuum-floating pressure drying are discussed by measurement of internal temperature field and variation of moisture content during period of preheating. The relationship between drying medium conditions and drying rate of wood reveals that, firstly, compared with process of air-drying, time needed to be preheated under vacuum-floating decreased dramatically, meanwhile, the magnitude of condensation on the surface is relatively larger. Secondly, drying rate of wood under vacuum-floating pressure increases coupled with temperature of medium, reduction of absolute pressure, and raise of fluctuation rate of pressure. The sequence of factors contribution to drying rate is listed as following: temperature of medium (t) > fluctuation rate of pressure (f)> absolute pressure (p).     

Wood Microstructure Effects on Chinese White Poplar Dyeing

In order to study the influence of wood microstructure on wood dyeing, eleven parameters of wood microstructure and 5 parameters of wood dyeing effects for 34 pieces of wood boards from 5 trees of Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa) were determined and the multiple regression analysis between the factors of wood microstructures and the parameters of wood dyeing effects were made. The regression results show that each variable of wood dyeing effects has higher relationship with wood microstructures, and multiple correlation coefficients between each variable of wood dyeing effects and wood microstructures are 0.483 6~0.799 8. The main factors of wood microstructures influencing wood dyeing of Chinese white poplar are proportion of wood ray, proportion of vessel and proportion of wood fiber according to comparing the standardized regression coefficients of multiple regression equation.     

Effect of the amount of lignin on tensile properties of single wood fibers

Chemical components are the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of wood fibers. Lignin is one of the main components of wood cell walls and has a critical effect on the mechanical properties of paper pulp and wood fiber based composites. In this study, we carried out tensile tests on single mature latewood tracheids of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanciolata (Lamb.) Hook.), using three different delignified treatment methods to obtain different amounts of lignin. We applied single fiber tests to study the effect of the amount of lignin on mechanical tensile properties of single wood fibers at the cellular level. The results show that in their dry state, the modulus of elasticity of single fibers decreased with the reduction in the amount of lignin; even their absolute values were not high. The amount of lignin affects the tensile strength and elongation of single fibers considerably. Tensile strength and elongation of single fibers increase with a reduction in the amount of lignin.     

Allelopathic potential of Rhus chinensis on seedling growth of radish,semen cassiae and black soyabean

The allelopathic potential of Rhus chinensis Mill on seedling growth of radish(Raphanus sativus L.),semen cassiae(seed of Cassia obtusifolia L.) and black soyabean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] was investigated under laboratory conditions.The water extracts of seed,leaf and bark of R.chinensis inhibited the germination and the growth of roots and shoots of radish,semen cassiae,and black soyabean.Significant increasing reductions in the germination and growth of roots and shoots were observed as the concentration of water extract increased in all bioassays.The order of allelopathic potentials of the three parts from R.chinensis plant on seed germination of these receptors was leaf [ seed [ bark.However,the inhibition of water extracts from R.chinensis seed on root activity of semen cassiae was more severe than from the other two parts.The allelopathic potential on the germination of radish was higher than that of black soyabean and semen cassiae.The integrated effect index for allelopathic potential of water extracts of leaf of R.chinensis on radish,semen cassiae and black soyabean seedling growth were-0.88,-0.93 and-0.98 respectively.The results suggested that it is important to minimize the negative allelopathic potential of R.chinensis in agroforestry systems,and to exploit this traditional Chinese medicinal tree for the production of natural bio-pesticides.     

Characterising Gluing Properties of Lodgepole Pine Containing Beetle-Transmitted Bluestain

In the article, with the instruments of the Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, the experiment method of Forintek Canada Corp. was used to test the laminating of lodgepole pine containing beetle-transmitted bluestain; finally the result was compared with Canada report. The results show that the presence of glue joints of bluestained wood made with either PVA or PRF adhesive makes no difference to the shear strength of the joints, and no difference to durability of the joints using PRF. Also the presence of beetle-transmitted bluestain in wood does not affect the adherence of the interior finishes tested.     

嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区3种不同植被类型氮循环研究

本文通过对嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区不同植被类型的初步研究。不同植被类型的氮库总储量分别为：6 787.27 kg.hm-2、7 115.39 kg.hm-2、6 951.06 kg.hm-2。其中不同植被类型中活体生物量分别为：136.43 kg.hm-2、210.40 kg.hm-2、169.66 kg.hm-2,凋落物层分别为：31.06 kg.hm-2、38.96 kg.hm-2、40.05 kg.hm-2,土壤（0-40cm）中分别为：6 619.73 kg.hm-2、6 866.03 kg.hm-2、6 741.35 kg.hm-2。不同植被类型土壤中的氮分别占总储量的97.53%、96.50%、96.98%,活体生物量分别占2.01%、2.96%、2.44%,而凋落物层分别仅占0.46%、0.55%、0.58%。结果表明,低山暴雨区3种不同植被类型的N主要分布在土壤中,而在活体生物量和凋落物层中只占很少的一部分。3种不同植被类型树干径流的氮含量分别为：0.44 kg.hm-2、0.553 kg.hm-2、0.851kg.hm-2,林分穿透雨氮含量分别为：12.649 kg.hm-2、12.551 kg.hm-2、13.291 kg.hm-2,地表径流氮的输出量分别为：0.55 kg.hm-2、0.55 kg.hm-2、1.27 kg.hm-2。不同植被类型氮的生物循环：湿地松林吸收量、存留量、归还量、循环系数分别为：37.561 kg.hm-2.a-1、6.497 kg.hm-2.a-1、31.064 kg.hm-2.a-1、82.703%,刺槐林吸收量、存留量、归还量、循环系数分别为：48.976 kg.hm-2.a-1、10.019 kg.hm-2.a-1、38.957 kg.hm-2.a-1、79.543%,混交林吸收量、存留量、归还量、循环系数分别为48.127 kg.hm-2.a-1、8.079 kg.hm-2.a-1、40.048kg.hm-2.a-1、83.213%。吸收量、存留量均是刺槐林〉混交林〉湿地松林,归还量是混交林〉刺槐林〉湿地松林。结果表明,3种植被类型处于良好的养分积累状态,有利于系统的稳定持续发展。     

内蒙古大青山天然白桦林生物量、生产力及固碳释氧价值研究

白桦林是大青山的主要天然乔木林,在大青山的生态环境中占有重要的地位。通过对天然白桦林生物量及净生产力的研究,计算出了不同龄组天然白桦林的年平均固碳释氧总价值,结果为:幼龄林(7 222.99元·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))·中龄林(6 750.50元·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))·近熟林(5 838.27元·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))。     

湖南省阔叶林生态系统碳储量及其分布

根据2017年湖南省森林资源清查资料和野外实地调查实测数据,对湖南省阔叶林生态系统碳储量、碳密度的动态特征进行了研究。结果表明:湖南省阔叶林森林生态系统总碳贮量为505.17 TgC,其中乔木层、灌草层、枯落物和土壤层层分别为113.75 TgC、9.92 TgC、9.64 TgC和377.86 TgC,分别占阔叶林生态系统碳贮量的22.52%、1.96%、1.91%和73.61%;湖南省阔叶林森林生态系统碳密度为154.51 t·hm^2,各层碳密度的大小顺序为土壤层(113.74 t·hm^-2)>乔木层(34.79 t·hm^-2)>灌草层(3.03 t·hm^-2)>枯落物层(2.95 t·hm^-2)。在3种类型阔叶林中,乡土阔叶林生态系统碳贮量为485.56 TgC,所占全省阔叶林生态系统碳贮量的96.12%;乡土阔叶林生态系统碳密度最大,为154.72 t·hm^-2,杨树林生态系统碳密度最小,为149.59 t·hm^-2。在阔叶林各龄组中,中、幼龄林约占湖南省阔叶林生态系统碳贮量的67.13%,是阔叶林的主要碳库且固碳潜力巨大;湖南省阔叶林碳密度幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成过熟林的碳密度分别介于24.60～55.51 t·hm^-2之间,具体表现为成过熟林(55.51 t·hm^-2)>近熟林(47.51 t·hm^-2)>中龄林(44.68 t·hm^-2)>幼龄林(24.60 t·hm^-2)。全省阔叶林生态系统空间分布表现为碳贮量呈现明显的湘西、湘南,湘中较低特征,而碳密度整体表现出洞庭湖流域地区大于其他地区的趋势。     

人工诱导的杉木苦竹混交林林分生产力研究

对福建省沙县官庄国有林场10年生杉木纯林,通过间伐人工诱导营建杉木苦竹混交林的林分生产力进行研究。结果表明:杉木苦竹混交林林分结构合理,层次明显,呈复层林分。混交林中杉木平均木树干生物量分别是高密度杉木纯林(2500株.hm-2)、低密度杉木纯林(1125株.hm-2)的122.7%、107.9%,净生产量分别是高密度杉木纯林、低密度杉木纯林的122.6%、104.0%;叶对树干的净同化率为5.75 kg.kg-1.a-1,比低密度杉木纯林提高5.7%。混交林中苦竹立竹数6000株.hm-2,现存生物量9.43 t.hm-2,年平均净生产量为1.2 t.hm-2.a-1;8 a间伐竹材和竹笋年平均产量分别达到9.608 t.hm-2和7.587 t.hm-2,取得了一定收益,达到了长短结合,以短养长的目的,是较好的经营模式。人工诱导构建杉木苦竹混交林具有较高生产力。     

灌木状白蜡--农作物间作系统的生物量及养分分配的初步研究

灌木状白蜡 (Ｆｒａｘｉｎｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ,又称白蜡条 )—农作物间作系统是豫东沙区重要的农林复合经营形式 ,有数百年的经营历史 ,仅宁陵县就有 1 50 0ｈｍ2 。它把多年生的灌木状白蜡和 1年生的作物结合起来 ,不但可以充分利用自然资源 ,生产大量的条子、白蜡杆等小型用材 ,而且还可以改善农田生态系统的结构 ,提高其多样性与稳定性 (王广钦等 ,1 987ａ;1 987ｂ ;1 990 ;ＷａｎｇＧｕａｎｇｑｉｎｅｔａｌ.,1 991 )。因此 ,把条农间作当作一个完整的人工生态系统 ,研究其物质的固定、消耗、分配、循环规律 ,对于进一步研究条农复…     

沐川天然林与人工水杉林保水功能比较

通过对四川沐川县天然林、人工林（水杉林）枯落物蓄积量调查分析和持水特性的研究结果表明：枯落物蓄积量为天然林＞人工林（25.7 t·hm-2＞ 18.1 t·hm-2）,最大持水量为天然林＞人工林（75.0 t·hm-2 ＞47.0 t·hm-2）,最大持水率为天然林＞人工林,各时段吸水量、吸水速率表现为天然林＞人工林,有效拦蓄量表现为天然林＞人工林（28.6 t·hm-2＞ 17.0 t·hm-2）.总体分析可以看出,天然林落物层保水功能相对要比人工林好.     

连香树人工幼林群落营养元素含量、积累分配和循环

研究了 1 0年生连香树人工群落 8种营养元素的含量、积累分配和循环。主要结论是 :( 1 )连香树营养器官中各种元素的平均含量顺序为Ca>N >Al>K >Mg>P >Fe >Mn。 ( 2 )元素量在各营养器官的分配顺序为根 >叶 >去皮干 >皮 >枝 ,各元素含量顺序为Ca>N >K >Al>Mg>P >Fe >Mn。 ( 3)连香树群落 8种元素的吸收量、存留量和归还量分别是 72 9 82kg·hm- 2 a- 1 、2 0 6 72kg·hm- 2 a- 1 和 52 3 1 0kg·hm- 2 a- 1 。 ( 4) 51 2 %的归还总K量靠降水淋溶归还 ,其余元素总归还量的 55 7%～ 96 5%靠凋落物归还。Fe、Al归还量的 4 1 3%和 4 4 3%通过死根归还。 ( 5) 8种元素的利用系数、归还比和周转期分别为 0 2 3～ 0 54、0 57～ 0 82和 2 2 6～7 63。文中改进了降水淋溶归还的算法 ,提出了群落归还系数、积累系数和吸收系数 ,讨论了落叶树种元素生物循环的算法     

广东省森林生态效益价值评估

文章对广东省森林的生态效益进行了货币计量化评估。结果表明：至2004年末全省森林的生态效益价值为涵养水源效益1636．80亿元、保持水土效益4．04亿元、净化环境效益9．21亿元、固碳放氧效益3690.33亿元、转化太阳能效益683，55亿元、森林游憩效益23．00亿元、保护生物多样性效益99．04亿元，减轻水灾旱灾效益59．42亿元。统计广东省森林的生态效益价值总值为6205．38亿元。     

马尾松林改造成香樟林过程中生态系统服务功能评估

选取马尾松天然次生林和改造过程中不同阶段的香樟林为研究对象,依据《森林生态服务功能评估规范》(LY/T 1721-2008)的指标体系和计算方法,开展了观音峡林场马尾松林和不同林龄香樟林生态系统服务功能价值评估。结果表明:(1)观音峡林场马尾松林、香樟幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林2017年单位面积生态服务功能价值分别为7.65万元·hm^-2·a^-1、7.51万元·hm^-2·a^-1、8.40万元·hm^-2·a^-1和10.47万元·hm^-2·a^-1。(2)马尾松林改造为马尾松和香樟混交林过程中,改造初期由于香樟在灌木层中,乔木层密度小于马尾松纯林,因此服务功能略低于马尾松林。随着改造时间的增加,生态系统服务功能价值显著提高。(3)在马尾松林经营过程中,应营建混交林,同时增加幼龄林和中龄林的经营年限以提高森林生态系统服务功能。     

秭归县退耕还林固碳释氧效益分析

本文对秭归县退耕还林工程主要造林树种及其造林面积进行了统计分析,并对全县退耕还林工程固碳释氧效益进行了测算,结果表明：秭归县退耕还林中经济林面积最大,其次是阔叶林,针叶林面积最小。工程造林面积超过1 000hm2的树种是依次是核桃、刺槐、柑桔、板栗、紫穗槐和茶叶。秭归县退耕还林工程年固碳量为64 780.7 t,年释氧量为110 468.7 t,为全县生态环境和固碳减排发挥了巨大作用。