马尾松-细叶青冈混交林的生物量及其生产力结构

在25年生的马尾松林下套种1年生细叶青冈幼苗,经过16年的培育后形成了郁闭的针阔混交异龄林.采用分层平均标准木收获法对林分的生物量与生产力分配格局进行了研究,并以马尾松纯林作对照.结果表明:马尾松纯林及其混交林的林分总生物量分别为204.37 t·hm-2和245.94 t·hm-2;混交林中,由于马尾松处于主林层,其生物量占林分总生物量的81.80%;在林木总生物量组成中,干材生物量最大,在纯林中占总生物量的64.77%,在混交林中占60.17%,其它组分所占的比例依次为根(18.62%、16.95%)＞枝(8.99%、13.46%)＞皮(6.55%、6.37%)＞叶(1.07%、3.05%);生物量的空间结构在马尾松纯林和混交林之间存在明显差异,混交林中0～10 m高度的生物量分布比例为67.3%,明显大于马尾松纯林(53.7%);混交林中,叶片主要分布于2～11 m及17～22 m两个高度范围,而马尾松纯林则集中分布于15～23 m之间;混交林根系在土壤中呈哑铃型分布,表层土壤(0～20 cm)和深层土壤(＞60 cm)的生物量分别占根系总生物量的43.3%和28.2%;而在纯林中,根系生物量随土层深度的增加而增加,呈金字塔型分布;混交林林分的初级生产力为13.24 t·hm-2a-1,比纯林增加80.38%;混交林中林木各组分生产力大小为干>叶>枝>根>皮,纯林中表现为干>根>叶>枝>皮.     

沿海丘陵马尾松马占相思混交林生产力和改土效果研究

1990年在马尾松林采伐迹地上开展马尾松马占相思混交林 (1∶1和 1∶2 )和马尾松纯林对比试验 ,研究结果表明 :马尾松马占相思 1∶1和 1∶2混交林生长快于马尾松纯林 ,经方差分析 ,混交林与纯林之间马尾松树高、胸径、单株材积差异达显著水平。马尾松马占相思 1∶1混交林单位面积生物量高于 1∶2混交林 ,1∶2混交林生物量又高于马尾松纯林 ,林木各器官生物量大小顺序表现出干 >枝 >叶 >根 >根桩 ,而枝叶生物量总和大于主干生物量 ;马尾松马占相思混交林土壤容重低于马尾松纯林林地土壤 ,而持水量、孔隙度、通气度均高于纯林林地土壤 ;混交林林地土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均高于纯林土壤。     

桦树柠条混交林生长效应的试验

通过对桦树柠条混交林及桦树纯林、柠条纯林的林木生长量、林分生物量、根系分布规律等的调查研究，结果表明，混交林的桦树高生长量比纯林桦树提高47．6％～119．5％，胸径提高44．1％～143．1％；混交林的林木生长量及单株生物量均高于纯林；混交林中桦树根系分布比纯林均匀，使林木充分利用土壤养分、水分、空间，利于林木的生长。     

湘中丘陵区两类林分生产力与土壤肥力的比较研究

以湘中丘陵区石栎马尾松混交林和马尾松纯林为研究对象,对两类林分进行了生物量和封理化性质的测定分析,结果表明:混交林林分生物量远高于马尾松纯林,是纯林的2.99倍;混交林乔木层生物量也高于纯林;混交林林分平均净生产力高于纯林,是纯林的3.62倍;混交林和纯林的根系总质量分别占林分生物量的9.76%和11.08%.在各级根中,两类林分均以粗根所占比例最大,细根所占比例最小,根系质量均随深度的增加而递减;混交林枝叶比略小于纯林,而枝叶指数、冠根比及光合部分与非光合部分比值则相反;混交林土壤营养元素含量显著高于马尾松纯林,但混交林土壤容重比纯林低,总孔隙度与毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度比纯林林地高,本研究结果,为湘中丘陵区石栎马尾松混交林及马尾松纯林的培育提供了重要参考依据。     

混交条件下水曲柳落叶松根系的生长与分布

用土钻法调查了水曲柳、落叶松纯林及其混交林的根系分布 ,并在温室内用盆栽和床栽方法测定了混栽及纯栽水曲柳、落叶松的根系生长。野外调查结果表明 :在混交林中 ,水曲柳、落叶松根系的水平分布不同 ,在水曲柳、落叶松相邻行间和水曲柳带内 1、2行间 ,水曲柳根密度分别为 32 37 2g·m- 3 和 3130 2g·m- 3 ,无明显差异。而在水曲柳落叶松相邻行间和落叶松带内 1、2行间 ,落叶松的根密度分别为 939 4g·m- 3 和2 745 3g·m- 3 ,差异明显。水曲柳根系有向落叶松带伸展的趋势 ,而落叶松根系的分布则受到水曲柳的抑制。混交林中根系的垂直分布更加均匀 ,在水曲柳落叶松相邻行间 ,0～ 10cm、10～ 2 0cm和 2 0～ 30cm土层内根量分别占总根量的 41 9%、2 8 7%和 2 9 4%。而水曲柳纯林中分别为 6 1 0 %、31 6 %和 7 4% ;落叶松纯林中分别为 5 5 6 %、2 7 9%和 16 5 %。温室栽培实验表明 :无论盆栽和床栽 ,混栽水曲柳的根生物量和地上生物量均高于纯栽 ,尤其是≤ 2mm细根生物量增加明显 ,盆栽时增加 2 8 8% ,床栽时增加 36 5 %。而混栽时落叶松的根生物量和地上生物量均低于纯栽。水曲柳的地下 地上比较高 ,约是落叶松的 2倍。水曲柳的根生物量约是落叶松的 4～ 6倍。上述结果说明 ,水曲柳的地下竞争能力     

沙棘与杨树混交的优点

沙棘属于胡颓子科沙棘属植物,具有生长快,根系发达,根蘖性强,有根瘤且具有固氮作用。沙棘作为杨树混交林中的伴生树种,具有以下优点:1　能明显地促进杨树的生长沙棘具有固氮作用,3a生的沙棘667m2根瘤量可达19kg,5a生增至24kg,据推测,667m25a生沙棘可固氮12kg,相当于25kg尿素的含氮量。所以能促进杨树的生长。通过对1979年在立地条件相同情况下的杨沙混交林与杨树纯林的对比试验中得出:杨沙混交林中杨树的高生长是杨树纯林中杨树高生长的1.1倍,杨沙混交林中杨树的胸径是杨树纯林中杨树胸径的1.3倍(以上数字是按随机抽样的方法得出的)。2　能…     

退化红壤重建森林生态系统初期细根生物量及其动态变化研究

以江西泰和严重退化红壤地区重建的4种不同类型森林为对象,初步研究了细根生物量、分布特征、季节变化动态及其与土壤水分、温度的关系,结果表明:1)各重建模式的土壤细根现存生物量顺序为:针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林;2)细根垂直分布呈明显的层次性,主要分布在0～20cm土层内,占0～40cm土层内细根量的66.76%～80.64%;3)不同重建模式细根年生长动态呈单峰型,且季节变化较明显,在整个生长过程,针阔混交林的细根量大于阔叶纯林,针叶纯林细根量最少;4)土壤水分对细根生长变化的影响无明显规律;当土壤温度较低时,在0～20cm土层内随温度的升高而细根呈增加的趋势,20～40cm土层温度影响规律不明显。     

不同类型樟子松人工固沙林土壤质量的研究

从土壤微生物 ,土壤持水性、土壤物理、化学性质方面探讨不同类型樟子松人工固沙林土壤质量状况 ,得出针阔混交林比针叶纯林土壤质量高。松杨混交林、松枫混交林下微生物细菌、真菌数量分别比樟子松纯林高 1～ 3倍 ,表层枯枝落叶量比纯林高 8.5 4%～ 10 .0 2 % ,0～ 2 0cm最大持水量提高了 4～ 5个百分点。不同林分类型间土壤容重差异不大 ,混交林有降低趋势 ;养分状况表层有较明显差异 ,但深层土壤中除速效N之外 ,其它各项养分含量差异不明显 ,表明林木对土壤的改良作用是一个长期的持续过程     

油松蒙古栎混交林细根生物量及养分现存量研究

应用固定样地调查生物量的方法,在辽宁省建平县干旱所南大山试验区进行了油松蒙古栎混交林细根生物量和养分现存量的研究。结果表明,混交林的细根生物量大于油松纯林,两树种混栽后蒙古栎能促进油松的细根生长,提高油松细根生物量在混交林中的比例;混交林细根在各土层中分布得比纯林更均匀、更合理,两树种根系生长协调;混交林细根N、P养分现存量分别是纯林的1.1倍和1.2倍,可见混交林细根具有比纯林更高的养分积累和周转能力;纯林和混交林人工林的各径级活细根和死细根养分现存量都随细根径级的增加而减少,说明≤2 mm径级的细根在细根的养分循环中起主导作用。     

蓝莓根系分布特性研究

通过对4个蓝莓品种根系分布特性的研究,结果表明：根径≤1mm的根系数量最多,〉5mm的根系最少。根系在0—30cm的土层中分布最为集中,在30～60cm的土层中迅速减少。在浅土层内分布根系的长度大,随着土层深度增加,细根长度迅速减小,只有夏普蓝在50—60cm土层内仍有细根分布,表明其抗旱性能高于其他品种。不同蓝莓品种的细根（根径〈3mm）生物量由大到小依次为夏普蓝、蓝雨、奥尼尔、海岸,分别占各自根系总生物量的89．6％、92．0％、88．8％、92．2％。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Tree planting for dryland salinity control in Australia

Dryland salinity is emerging as a major form of land and water degradation in southern Australia, particularly in Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria, and to a lesser extent in New South Wales, Tasmania and Queensland.Tree planting, in combination with other vegetation treatments, is regarded as a leading solution to dryland salinity. Research has now shown that planting trees can significantly lower groundwater tables, and thereby reverse the causal process of salinisation. Substantial progress has been made towards answering the basic questions of which species to grow, how to plant, where to plant, at what density and configuration to plant, and how much area to plant. The economic potential for commercial tree planting has given impetus to partial reforestation in higher rainfall (> 600 mm yr^–1) areas. Even so, serious constraints are apparent, relating primarily to cost, uncertainty and attitude. The future should bring increasing community input and control, technical refinement and gradual adoption, provided all aspects of the issue are well researched, relevant information is well communicated and programmes are well administered. Some specific requirements for future research are identified in this review.     

Effect of Cuttings on the Scenic Beauty of a Tree Stand

The opinions of 207 respondents on the visual effects of seven different cutting types were asked using a nine-point verbal scale ranging from ''worsens very much'' to ''improves very much''. Other estimates were obtained by letting the same respondents evaluate photographs of stands which had been treated with different cuttings. The direct questions gave results quite similar to the evaluations of photographs for all but young respondents, indicating that most respondents were able to imagine the effect of the treatment correctly. The results based on the evaluation of photographs indicated that the effect of regenerative cuttings is negative while the impact of thinnings is positive. After a few years of cutting the stand is already regarded as clearly more pleasant than immediately after the cutting. Natural regeneration with seed trees seems to be a way to avoid the very negative immediate impact of clear-felling, especially in the case of Scots pine. Women, young, urban people and those who do not own forest or have work related to forests tended to experience thinnings less positively and saw regenerative cuttings as more harmful than the other test groups did.     

Pinus contorta growth in northern Sweden as affected by soil scarification

The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of different soil scarification methods on tree growth. Soil scarification influenced stem volume and stem biomass yield of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in a 17-year-old field trial in boreal Sweden. Soil scarification (disc trenching, mounding and ploughing) resulted in an average stem volume yield of 3.1 and 34.2 m³ ha^–1 on the poor and intermediate sites, respectively, while corresponding values for no soil scarification were 0.9 and 16.7 m³ ha^–1. In comparison to no scarification, ploughing increased volume yields by 500% on the poor site and by 200% on the intermediate sites. The ranking according to stem volume yield was ploughing > disc trenching = mounding no soil scarification. Averaged over the two sites, the mean annual increment of stem biomass was 219% and 145% higher (in d.w., 0.26 kg and 0.34 kg per sample tree) after ploughing compared with no soil scarification, for the average and dominant sample trees, respectively. Although not significant, the increased growth rate after soil scarification decreased the average stem basic wood density of the sample trees with 1.6% and 5.3%, at the poor and intermediate sites, respectively. In conclusion, soil scarification significantly increased the 17-year stem volume yield compared with no scarification. The results also indicate that the difference in stem biomass yield between ploughing and the other methods, especially no soil scarification, will increase even more in the near future.