泰国笋用棕榈藤的种植

最早的笋用棕榈藤种植开始于泰国。在20个世纪80年代,泰国东北部的农民开始种植棕榈藤作为蔬菜,除了自己食用外,他们也拿出一部分到市场上出售来增加收入。由于种植藤笋的收入高于其他农作物,藤笋种植得到了迅速的推广。据估计,到1999年末,藤笋的种植面积达到3000hm2。2000-2004年泰国皇家林业厅的科技人员在国际热带木材组织（ITTO）的资助下,对食用棕榈藤的栽培、经营及加工做了系统的研究,并把他们的成果通过发放手册、培训等方法应用到农民的生产实践中,现在食用棕榈藤的种植已经遍及泰国北部、东北部和中部,此后老挝和印度也相继开展了食用棕榈藤的培育研究以及大面积商业性种植。     

菲律宾发现一种能生产可燃树液的稀有野生果树

菲律宾科学家正在研究当地一种稀有的野生果树的潜力。这种树能生产可燃的树液。当地偏远农村的农民已经把这种树液用于照明。这种树液是从树根、树干和果实里分泌出来的,用火柴一点就能象气油一样燃烧起来。这种树尽管与巴西树有着明显的差别,但是和巴西树一样也是大戟属品系。植物工业局     

棕榈植物病虫害分析与防治

大多数的棕榈植物都生长在高温多湿的地区,该地区的气候条件也为病虫害的生长和繁衍提供了优良的环境。随着当今城镇化绿化工程的展开,棕榈植物的种植面积也随之扩大,病虫害的种类和危害程度也在逐年地增加,严重威胁到了棕榈植物的顺利生长,病虫害的防治成为了当前棕榈植物种植和管理不可忽视的一个重要问题。棕榈植物中出现的病虫害多种多样,有的是通过吸取棕榈的汁液,使得棕榈的生长衰弱,引发煤污病;有的是吃棕榈的叶子和果皮,使得植物的美观受到影响。对于棕榈植物病虫害的防治,首先要严把检疫关;其次要加强对棕榈的管理,及时发现和处理病虫害滋生的条件;三是通过定期的喷洒农药等方法来杜绝或者减少病虫害对棕榈植物的危害。     

防止树木枯萎的药剂

<正> 树木受到病虫害的侵袭会慢慢枯萎。正常生长的树木的树液pH值为7,而受到病虫侵害的树液,pH值会下降到6以下。日本专家发明了一种药剂,能够提高树液的pH值,从而可防止树木因病虫害而枯萎。这种药剂的配方是,在70份27.5%多硫化钙溶液中加入15份尿素和5份单宁酸,搅拌溶解后,得到深茶     

可防树木枯萎的药剂

树木受到病虫害的侵袭会慢慢枯萎。正常生长的树木的树液PH值为7,而受到病虫侵害的树液。PH值金下降到6以下。日本专家发明了一种药剂,能够提高树液的PH值,从而可防止树木因病虫害而枯萎。这种药剂的配方     

保亭县人工种植棕榈藤生长情况调查报告

从2000年开始,保亭县利用天然次生林资源,以形成棕榈藤区域经济为目标,大力发展棕榈藤的种植产业。随着人工种植棕榈藤产业的不断发展壮大,棕榈藤栽培、抚育管理、采收等成熟技术及适地适树原则的矛盾日益突出。通过对保亭县人工种植棕榈藤生长情况调查,旨在掌握和了解保亭县这几年人工种植棕榈藤的生长和管理情况,为今后保亭县棕榈藤产业的发展提供科学依据。     

海南宏祺藤业科技股份有限公司

海南宏祺藤业科技股份有限公司是国内较早采用先进的棕桐藤栽种技术从事棕榈藤种植和加工的专业化省级龙头企业。公司成立于2000年,2008年10月经海南省工商局批准,公司以整体改制的方式变更为股份有限公司,注册资金：5500万元,“龙力藤艺”为公司高端藤制品商标。公司棕榈藤项目达产后,可成为国内棕榈藤资源（原藤和编织藤条）的主要供应商,并确保公司在国内乃至世界藤产业内的领先竞争地位。     

防治树木枯萎的药剂

树木受到病虫害侵袭会慢慢枯萎。正常生长的树木的树液 PH 值为7,而受到病虫侵害的树液,PH 值会下降到6以下。日本专家发明了一种药剂,能提高树液的 PH 值,从而防止了树木因病虫害而枯萎。药剂的配方是:在70份27.5%的多硫化钙溶液中加入15份尿素和5份单宁酸,搅拌溶解后,得到深     

通过生产符合环保要求的产品获得竞争优势

美国：一位对环境友好的室内设计师在经受多年挫折后终于有了自已的可持续经营家具公司。这家由Jill Salisbury创立的设立在巴灵顿的家具公司，设计出可在当地生产、用可持续管理的森林生产的木材，以及棉絮、天然乳胶泡沫为原料制造家具产品，最后用树液涂饰家具表面。目前该公司的业务正在不断扩大。     

罗田县板栗产业发展现状及对策

通过对罗田县板栗产业发展现状的调查,归纳总结了板栗主要栽培模式、栽培技术和当地现有的板栗加工产品,分析了板栗产业为县域经济和林农带来的经济效益,阐述了科技支撑在全省板栗产业发展中所起的作用。并针对目前板栗产业发展进程中出现的问题,从标准化种植、集约化管理、生产高附加值加工产品、培育良好的营销市场以及品牌建设等方面,提出了切实可行的应对措施。     

Traditional utilization of wild date palm （Phoenix sylvestris） in rural Bangladesh： an approach to sustainable biodiversity management

A study was conducted to explore the traditional utilization pattern and indigenous management practices of wild date palm （Phoenix sylvestris Roxb） in the rural agrarian regions of Bangladesh. A multistage sampling method with 10% intensity and a semi-structured questionnaire were used for the study. The farmers manage the palm mainly for sap production with which sugar based secondary goods are manufactured. The sap is either used fresh as drink or after some sort of processing as molasses and/or alcoholic beverage. Seven diversified sites support the palm as its habitat and most palms （20.40%） occur in orchards. Besides growing naturally, the palm is also established in orchards using the wildings as the staple planting material. Although the medium category farmers own most of the palms （33%）, a considerable portion （28.68%） of it is managed by the landless farmers, who earn a substantial livelihood from the palms. The farmers practice their own indigenous wisdom in every stage of the palm＇s maintenance from planting through tapping for sap collec- tion to the processing of products. If managed more scientifically on a sustainable basis with the collaboration of farmers＇ indigenou~ knowledge, this familiar palm could be able to support the rural economy of the country to a great extent. Side by side, it would also be able to contribute to the richness of biodiversity in the region.     

Managing Amazonian palms for community use: A case of aguaje palm (Mauritia flexuosa) in Peru

Amazonian palms are prime candidates for sustainable management of non-timber forest products and yet useful species are often harvested destructively. This paper examines a promising management initiative for one of the most useful Amazonian palms – Mauritia flexuosa – in a rural community of northeastern Peru. Based on data from household surveys (n = 57), filmed in-depth interviews, focus groups and participant observation, we identify the factors that influence: (1) the adoption of a locally developed climbing device for wild-harvesting of aguaje palm fruit; (2) the continued practice by some households of palm felling for harvesting fruit; and, (3) investment by households in planting and cultivation of aguaje palm. Our findings identify key conditions for palm management and point to the particular importance of the adoption of palm-climbing devices, not only for reducing wild palm felling but also for stimulating broader community-level conservation as well as efforts to cultivate the palm.     

Palms in Indigenous and Settler Communities in Southeastern Ecuador: Farmers’ Perceptions and Cultivation Practices

Most palms used in agroforestry systems are exploited from wild stands or are only occasionally cultivated, while only a few palms have been domesticated. In this study we investigated how socio-economic factors and people's perceptions of changes in palm use and availability, influenced palm cultivation among indigenous Shuar and mestizo settlers in south-eastern Ecuador. We also looked at how different uses of palms influenced which species they cultivated. Our results showed that perceptions of declining palm availability in combination with heavy reliance on palm products was positively related to palm cultivation. Hence, cultivation was more common in more remote villages where alternative products were hard to get. In addition, palm cultivation was more common among wealthier people and among indigenous people than among recent settlers. This points to a limiting role of assets such as land and to the importance of history and culture with regard to cultivation. It was not possible to identify any single palm use as the primary reason for cultivating a species, but the more uses a species had, the more likely it was to be cultivated. These findings have important implications for development projects that promote cultivation of palms and other long-lived tree crops. They illustrate how market access and lack of necessary assets may undermine cultivation of native species even though these are regarded as important resources.     

Semi-wild palm groves reveal agricultural change in the forest region of Guinea

In West Africa, natural regeneration of oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) can be favoured by agricultural practices. The structure of palm groves may thus reflect the history of land use. In this study, we examined the connection between biophysical factors, land use and the structure and dynamics of semi-wild palm groves in the village of Nienh, in the forest region of Guinea (Forest Guinea), in order to determine to what extent semi-wild palm groves could be considered as an ecological indicator of the history of regional landscapes. Grove management strategies of farmers were also determined and related to farm characteristics. In Nienh, semi-wild palm groves were found in three cropping systems with differing characteristics in each. Palms were scarce in lowland agricultural areas (8 palms ha⁻¹), while they were significantly taller (15.8 m on average) and less dense (36 palms ha⁻¹) in agroforests than in slash-and-burn cropping systems (9.4 m and 55 palms ha⁻¹ respectively). Interviews with farmers showed that it was possible for a farmer to have a global strategy of semi-wild palm grove densification combined with oil palm elimination on a plot scale. The lack of regeneration of palms in agroforests resulted from the almost systematic elimination of young palms by farmers. Conversely, in slash-and-burn cropping systems, young palms were often preserved. As the structure of semi-wild palm groves was partly explained by agricultural practices, it could be used as an ecological indicator of changes in practice in relation to socio-economic context.     

Small-Scale Mehedi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lawsonia inermis</Emphasis> L.) Farming in the Central Bangladesh: A Promising NTFP-Based Rural Livelihood Outside the Forests

Throughout the world ornamentation of body with mehedi (Lawsonia inermis L.) leaf paste, with the trade name ‘henna body art’ is becoming increasingly popular. The worldwide increasing demand of mehedi leaf encourages many countries to adopt commercial farming of the plant. Farmers living in central Bangladesh recently commenced small-scale mehedi farming, primarily with the purpose of meeting national demand. A total of 182 farmers are engaged in mehedi farming and a study was conducted among 36 of them (a 20% random sample) to explore indigenous management techniques, marketing, livelihood potential and constraints of the enterprise. Farming was reported to be the major primary occupation of the study area. An average of 0.05 ha land of the respondents was used for mehedi cultivation, which constituted 16.7% of their average farm land. The farmers applied their own indigenous technology in every aspect of the farming, using branch cuttings as the only propagation material. The financial analysis indicated that mehedi farming is a profitable and attractive option for rural livelihoods [with an estimated net present value of Tk (Bangladeshi currency unit, 1 US $ = 68 Taka (as of May, 2009).) 179,500 for 0.1 ha plantation]. However, the enterprise faces several constraints, including absence of a nursery for supplying planting materials, storage and effective marketing facilities, available capital for investment, improved technology, and above all, government support. If the government extends cooperation by assisting farmers with training, technology, credit and market development, mehedi farming could become an important revenue-earning enterprise in the small-scale cottage sector of Bangladesh.     

Growth and survival of the Mayan palm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaedorea hooperiana</Emphasis> in two villages of Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve,Veracruz, Mexico: a comparison between primary and secondary forests

In the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Veracruz, México, managers and farmers of two communities have promoted the cultivation of Chamaedorea hooperiana amid primary forest (P_F) on the assumption that this would provide viable economic income while contributing to forest sustainability. The aim of this study was to test whether or not C. hooperiana is able to grow in P_F without canopy management, and to compare its growth pattern to the one observed in secondary forest (S_F) (acahual) managed by farmers. The performance of C. hooperiana was evaluated for nearly a thousand days in patches of forest from two communal lands dedicated to palm extraction. The results indicate that the palms grew four to five times faster in the S_F than in the P_F, although the number of leaves was only about one-and-a-half times greater. Also, a different growth pattern was detected at each site in terms of plant height and length of leaves, i.e., allometric growth was negative in the P_F (the length of leaves increased more slowly than the height of the palms) and positive in the S_F (length of leaves increased faster than the height of the palms). It was concluded that although C. hooperiana may be defined as a shade-tolerant plant species growing best under intermediate light, seedlings will not grow under a closed canopy of P_F, except at those gaps with enough light. Growing the Mayan palm under S_F opens up the possibility of rehabilitating deforested areas.     

The agroforest alternative to Imperata grasslands: when smallholder agriculture and forestry reach sustainability

Basic prerequisites for sustainable reforestation of Imperata grasslands in Southeast Asia are presented. A theoretical forest is designed according to these prerequisites. Composed of basic units managed by local smallholders, the forest is composed of two sets of commercial tree species suited to local conditions, one set providing regular cash income and the other providing seasonal or irregular cash income. Such composition ensures economic and ecological viability of the forest in the long run, provided that clear tenurial right on the basic units are recognized. Guidelines for a transition from Imperata grasslands to forest are presented, underlining the importance of relying on natural succession processes. The theoretical forest is identified as an agroforest, a diverse forest rebuilt and managed by farmers, providing forest and agricultural products for both cash income and household consumption. Agroforests have been developed for decades by indigenous farmers in some regions of Southeast Asia. Examples from Indonesia are presented to support the theoretical analysis. They show that the agroforest alternative is a valuable unifying concept for reforestation of Imperata grasslands, for a sustainable upland agriculture, and more generally for an equitable environmentally and economically sound development of rural areas in the humid tropics. sound development of rural areas in the humid tropics.     

Farmers’ perceptions of tree mortality, pests and pest management practices in agroforestry in Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia

Pest management research within the context of agroforestry is in its infancy, and it is often difficult to say when a particular pest justifies investment in research to establish facts. Understanding the potentials and drawbacks of farmers’ indigenous ecological knowledge (ethnoecology) may form the basis for constructive collaboration between farmers, agroforestry scientists and extension staff. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to (1) assess farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of pests, (2) prioritize pest problems that limit tree planting and maize production based on farmers’ own criteria and (3) to identify farmers’ indigenous pest management practices for priority pests. Data were collected using community meetings, individual interviews and direct observation by the first author. The farmers involved in this study in eastern Zambia had over ten years of experience, while most of the farmers in Mozambique and parts of southern Malawi were new to agroforestry. Farmers perceived insects as the major causes of tree mortality, followed by drought, bush fires and browsing by livestock. Among the biological constraints to maize production, insects (particularly termites and stalk bores) and weeds (particularly Striga asiatica) were more important in farmers’ minds than crop diseases. Fundamentally, the farmers’ perception of the causes of tree mortality and crop pests agreed with researchers’ perceptions and the literature. Both termite and witch weed problems were associated with low soil quality, and farmers use various indigenous control practices to control these pests. Some farmers did not know the causes of tree mortality, and hence do not take action. Farmer’s perception of tree mortality was found to be a function of operator-specific variables such as sex, level of education and years of experience with tree species.     

Getting Trees Into Farmers’ Fields: Success of Rural Nurseries in Distributing High Quality Planting Material in Cameroon

Availability of high quality tree planting material within proximity of farmers and at affordable prices is one of the prerequisites for larger uptake of tree cultivation. This study examines whether rural small-scale nurseries can produce a diversity of tree planting material and whether resource-poor farmers have access to it. Twelve nurseries supported by the tree domestication program in the West and North-west regions of Cameroon were compared to 12 nurseries in similar conditions, but not in contact with the program. Nurseries using the domestication approach were found to provide tree planting material that responds better to farmers’ needs in terms of quantities, species and propagation methods used. Their clientele is more diverse including farmers from the communities where the nurseries are located, but also from far beyond. However, prices of vegetatively propagated material were considered the most prohibitive factor. It is concluded that tree planting initiatives should refocus efforts towards technical training and business support to small-scale nurseries to increase efficiency. Research efforts should look for ways of reducing production costs and improving nursery productivity.     

Socio-economic determinants of smallholder plantation sizes in Ghana and options to encourage reforestation

Reforestation, particularly in the tropics, is of crucial importance for the environment as well as society. However, small planting areas and low participation of smallholder farmers in tree planting programmes often obstruct realisation of set planting area targets. In this regard, we interviewed smallholder farmers undertaking indigenous species reforestation in Oda Kotoamso community within the Wassa Amenfi West District in Western Region of Ghana with a pre-tested questionnaire to identify (1) key socio-economic factors that predict the size of plantations they establish, (2) options that could encourage tree planting among smallholder farmers, and (3) tree species planted by the smallholder farmers and their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Key socio-economic factors were predicted with multiple regression models and ANOVA. Options were ranked on a five-point Likert scale and their differences were tested with the Mann–Whitney U test. Age and income of smallholders are the significant predictors of plantation sizes but farmers’ household size and gender were not significant. Age and income accounted for 77.1% and 22.9%, respectively, of the total variation described by our model (R?² = 38.4%). In order of importance, incentives (mean = 4.35, SD = 0.48), public nurseries (mean = 4.2, SD = 0.82) and agroforestry (mean = 4.06, SD = 0.56) were the options that could encourage reforestation, though incentives and public nurseries were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Almost half (9 of 19) of the tree species planted are categorised as Vulnerable species, which highlights the contribution of smallholder farmers to recovery of threatened tree species. Our findings suggest that sustainable provision of planting materials in incentivised and youth-based tree planting programmes could increase planting hectarage and conserve threatened tree species.