PEG模拟干旱对毛竹种子萌发及生长生理特性的影响

[目的]通过比较不同程度干旱胁迫对毛竹种子萌发及生长生理的影响,探究毛竹种子萌发期对水分胁迫的耐受机理,为毛竹的水分管理提供科学依据。[方法]以毛竹种子为试验材料,采用培养皿滤纸萌发的方法研究不同浓度(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%) PEG-6000溶液对其种子萌发、生长、渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性的影响。并对种子萌发率、胚根和胚芽的生长量与PEG胁迫浓度间进行回归分析。[结果](1)对照组(CK)和5%处理组在第4天开始发芽,其余各处理组的发芽起始时间随处理浓度的升高逐渐延迟,25%处理组不发芽。(2)最终发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、胚根长度、胚芽长度随PEG浓度的升高呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且均在5%浓度达到最大值。干旱胁迫下毛竹种子发芽率日变化曲线中对照组和5%处理组间存在唯一交叉点。毛竹种子在PEG胁迫下发芽率的临界值和极限值分别为14. 49%和19. 27%。(3)胚根和胚芽最终长度均在5%浓度时达到最大值,其后随着浓度的升高而减小,处理间差异显著(P 0. 05)。对照组和5%处理组的胚根平均长度日变化曲线存在交叉点。PEG胁迫下胚根生长的临界值和极限值分别为20. 43和23. 01%。(4)胚根中SOD、POD、CAT的活性均随PEG浓度的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,且分别在5%、10%、10%浓度时达到最大值。(5) MDA和可溶性蛋白含量随PEG浓度的升高而持续升高,但低浓度(0%10%)时MDA含量差异不显著。[结论]低浓度干旱胁迫抑制发芽前期毛竹种子萌发以及胚根的形成,但显著提高毛竹种子的最终发芽率并且促进胚根后期的生长;而高浓度PEG干旱胁迫延迟毛竹发芽,抑制整个发芽时期的发芽率以及胚根、胚芽的生长; PEG浓度高于15%的干旱胁迫使毛竹的抗氧化酶系统发生紊乱,并对组织膜系统造成显著伤害。     

木荷种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同渗透势的PEG(6000)溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,研究木荷种子的萌发、幼苗生长和累积吸水率对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示:木荷种子的萌发率、幼苗生长及累积吸水率与PEG溶液的渗透势之间呈显著的负相关关系,但渗透势为-0.3~-0.6 MPa时,种子的萌发率比对照要高一些。在渗透势达到-1.8 MPa时,仍有少量种子(5.2%)能萌发,说明木荷种子具有一定的抗干旱胁迫能力。另外,经PEG处理后复水,种子的萌发率均高于对照的32.4%,提示PEG处理可以打破木荷种子的休眠现象。     

不同水分处理对胡杨幼苗根系生长特征的影响

为了解水分胁迫对于胡杨幼苗根系发育的影响,采用单因素控制试验研究胡杨幼苗根系生长特征对土壤水分的响应。结果表明:胡杨幼苗通过增加根冠比、优先分配根系生物量适应干旱胁迫;经断续给水处理的幼苗根系生物量明显小于连续给水处理,且差异显著,说明干旱胁迫状态影响幼苗根系生物量的积累;胡杨幼苗根系表面积随着土壤含水量的减少而减小,经断续给水处理的幼苗根表面积略大于经连续给水处理的幼苗根表面积,但差异不显著;经连续给水处理的胡杨幼苗根系长度大于经断续给水处理情况,差异显著。本研究表明胡杨幼苗能通过改变根系生长特征、根系扩展方向和生物量的积累部位来适应干旱胁迫。     

外源SA对干旱胁迫下金莲花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为提高金莲花种子萌发和幼苗生长阶段的抗旱性,试验选用采自河北小五台山国家级自然保护区的金莲花种子,利用PEG-6000模拟干旱,探讨了外源SA对干旱胁迫下金莲花种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并探索了减轻干旱胁迫危害的最适SA浓度及各个生长指标、生理指标的变化规律。结果表明:通过对不同处理及对照的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、根冠比、相对含水量、叶片叶绿素含量以及叶片相对电导率进行测定比较,外源SA的最佳缓解浓度为1.0mmol/L。该结论为促进其规范化栽培和扩大其在干旱半干旱地区的种植范围提供了科学依据。     

褪黑素浸种对盐碱胁迫下侧柏种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过设置褪黑素浓度为0.1 mmol/L,盐碱浓度为50 mmol/L、100 mmol/L、150 mmol/L的不同处理，研究褪黑素浸种对不同浓度盐碱胁迫下侧柏种子萌发和幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明，与盐碱胁迫处理相比，褪黑素浸种显著提高了侧柏种子的发芽率和发芽指数，显著降低了其相对盐害率。褪黑素浸种显著降低了盐碱胁迫下侧柏幼苗的MDA含量和电导率，提高了盐碱胁迫下侧柏幼苗的根系长度、SOD活性、POD活性、游离脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量。综上所述，褪黑素可以有效缓解不同程度盐碱胁迫对侧柏种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。     

水杨酸浸种处理对干旱胁迫下云南蓝果树种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响

利用不同浓度的水杨酸(0g/L、0.25g/L、0.5g/L、0.75g/L、1g/L)对云南蓝果树种子进行浸种处理和不同浓度的PEG-6000溶液(0、5%、10%、15%)模拟不同强度的干旱胁迫,研究水杨酸浸种处理对干旱胁迫下云南蓝果树种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,未经SA浸种处理时,轻度干旱胁迫就显著抑制了云南蓝果树种子的萌发,且随着PEG-6000胁迫浓度的增加,云南蓝果树种子的萌发率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗根长、根冠比以及根干重、根鲜重、子叶鲜重和子叶干重都显著下降。SA溶液浸种后(SA溶液浓度范围为0.25~1.0g/L),在不同程度干旱胁迫条件下(PEG-6000浓度为5%~15%),云南蓝果树种子萌发率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、根干重、根鲜重、子叶鲜重和子叶干重都显著高于对照,并随着SA浓度的增加而显著增加,在SA浓度为0.75g/L时,增加幅度最显著。因此,云南蓝果树对干旱环境具有非常差的耐受性,但是SA的浸种处理可以缓解干旱胁迫对云南蓝果树种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响。建议育苗前对云南蓝果树种子进行SA预处理,最适浓度为0.75g/L。本研究为水杨酸在云南蓝果树保育中的应用提供了科学依据。     

PEG处理对连香树种子萌发与芽苗生长的影响

以连香树种子为试验材料,研究不同质量浓度PEG对种子萌发的影响.结果表明:适宜质量浓度(140～301 g·L-1)的PEG预处理连香树种子,能促进种子萌发和芽苗生长,增加渗透凋节物质如可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸的含量,提高保护性酶SOD,POD和CAT的活性,降低MDA含量,修复膜系统损伤,提高其抗旱性.在干旱胁迫下,伴随PEG质量浓度的增加,连香树种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,可溶性蛋白含量先升高后降低,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和MDA含量升高,保护性酶SOD和CAT的活性升高及POD活性下降.连香树对干旱胁迫较为敏感,PEG质量浓度≥95 g·L-1对种子萌发、芽苗胚轴和胚根生长产生抑制作用.     

云杉幼树根系分泌物对2种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

【目的】探究西南亚高山人工针叶林主要造林树种粗枝云杉根系分泌物输入对林下草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,揭示根系分泌物对林下植被更新和群落多样性的潜在生态效应。【方法】通过前期在野外原位收集根系分泌物,后期在实验室人工添加的方式,从种子萌发、幼苗生物量、幼苗形态3个方面来探究根系分泌物对西南亚高山人工云杉林生境内的2种草本植物白车轴草[JP2]和紫花苜蓿的影响。【结果】1)在种子萌发方面,根系分泌物添加降低了2种草本植物的种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,且紫花苜蓿种子在处理间差异显著。2)在幼苗生物量方面,2种草本植物幼苗鲜质量、干质量在根系分泌物处理下均呈下降趋势,而且紫花苜蓿幼苗处理间差异显著。3)在幼苗形态特征方面,根系分泌物添加降低了2种草本植物的总长度、总表面积、总体积,且幼苗总长度处理间存在显著差异。4)根系分泌物处理下,2种草本植物的各项化感效应指数(RI值)均小于0,而且根系分泌物处理造成的2种植物化感效应综合指数(SE值)小于0,表明根系分泌物添加对2种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均具有抑制作用,且对紫花苜蓿种子的抑制作用更强。5)UPLC-MS分析表明,云杉幼树根系分泌物中检测出多种酚酸类物质。【结论】云杉幼树根系分泌物输入对林下草本植物种子萌发及幼苗生长均产生了抑制效应。根系分泌物中的酚酸类物质可能是导致根系分泌物处理下草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制的内在驱动机制。     

聚乙二醇模拟干旱对三种木麻黄种子萌发的影响

为研究木麻黄Casuarinaceae.种子苗困难地造林,以木麻黄为试验材料,用不同渗透势浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对木麻黄种子发芽率、发芽势、胚轴和胚根长度及发芽指数、活力指数的影响。结果表明,不同浓度PEG胁迫处理均降低了种子的发芽率,延缓了木麻黄种子萌发进程;种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均随胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降趋势。当-1.20 MPa的PEG胁迫处理的种子在试验结束时仍未能萌发,表明-1.20 MPa是木麻黄种子萌发的临界水势。当PEG浓度为150 g/L时,三种木麻黄幼苗的胚根最长,且当PEG浓度为100 g/L时,三种木麻黄胚根长度长于对照组,但差异不显著,说明高于-0.40 MPa的水势有利于木麻黄种子胚根的生长。木麻黄幼苗苗高生长则是随着PEG浓度的升高而逐渐减缓。通过比较得知木麻黄种子抗旱性较强。     

干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗生物量分配的影响

干旱是主要的环境胁迫因子之一,严重影响植物的分布与生长发育。通过选取辽宁阜新章古台沙地1年生榆树幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水方法,设置田间持水量80%、60%、40%和20%等4个水分处理梯度,研究干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗株高、基径及叶片、茎和根系生物量分配的影响。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度增加,幼苗茎和根系的生物量逐渐降低;但轻度干旱胁迫增加了株高和基径的生长,提高了叶片生物量,以抵御干旱胁迫的影响。中度干旱胁迫下,增加了根系生物量分配的比例,从而更利于获取水分资源适应干旱环境;重度干旱胁迫下幼苗无法存活。在科尔沁沙地,栽植榆树幼苗保证存活生长的最低田间持水量为40%。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.