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1.
? Context
A clear understanding of the genetic control of wood properties is a prerequisite for breeding for higher wood quality in Populus tomentosa Carr. hybrid clones.? Aims
The experiments aimed at unraveling genetic and environmental effects on wood properties among triploid hybrid clones of P. tomentosa.? Methods
We used 5-year-old clonal trials established in Northern China to assess the heritability of wood density and fiber traits. Two hundred seventy trees from nine clones were sampled in five sites.? Results
Site had a very significant effect on all recorded traits. Despite this large site effect, a tight genetic control was detected and clonal repeatability varied between 0.53 and 0.95. Significant genotype?×?environment interactions were detected for most of the traits. Moderate to tight correlation were evidenced among traits but they were not consistent with that in several cases that were site-dependent.? Conclusions
Our results revealed a tight genetic control over several wood properties and therefore breeding programs might be able to improve wood density, fiber length, and coarseness in these hybrids. 相似文献2.
Washington J. Gapare Brian S. Baltunis Miloš Ivković Harry X. Wu 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(6):606-606
3.
Shengkan Chen Qijie Weng Fagen Li Mei Li Changpin Zhou Siming Gan 《Annals of Forest Science》2018,75(1):16
Key message
Growth and wood chemical properties are important pulpwood traits. Their narrow-sense heritability ranged from 0.03 to 0.49 in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. tereticornis hybrids, indicating low to moderate levels of genetic control. Genetic correlations were mostly favorable for simultaneous improvement on growth and wood traits. Additive and non-additive genetic effects should be considered in making a hybrid breeding strategy.Context
Eucalypt hybrids are widely planted for pulpwood production purposes. Genetic variations and correlations for growth and wood chemical traits remain to be explored in Eucalyptus interspecific hybrids.Aims
Our objectives were to clarify the heritability of growth and wood chemical traits and determine the genetic correlations between traits and between trials in E. urophylla × E. tereticornis hybrids.Methods
Two trials of 59 E. urophylla × E. tereticornis hybrids derived from an incomplete factorial mating design were investigated at age 10 for growth (height and diameter) and wood chemical properties (basic density, cellulose content, hemi-cellulose content, lignin content, and syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio). Mixed linear models were used to estimate genetic parameters.Results
Narrow-sense heritability estimates were 0.13?0.22 in growth and 0.03?0.49 in wood traits, indicating low to moderate levels of additive genetic control. Genetic correlations were mostly positively significant for growth with basic density and cellulose content but negatively significant with hemi-cellulose and lignin contents, being favourablefavorable for pulpwood breeding purpose. Type-B correlations between sites were significant for all the traits except diameter and lignin content.Conclusion
Hybrid superiority warrants the breeding efforts. An appropriate breeding strategy should be able to capture both additive and non-additive genetic effects.4.
Shakti S. Chauhan Monika Sharma Jimmy Thomas Luis A. Apiolaza David A. Collings John C. F. Walker 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(4):439-449
? Introduction
There has been an increasing interest in very early selection of radiata pine to reduce the breeding cycle for solid wood products. For such selection, new approaches are required to assess wood quality in wood from very young stems.? Methods
Nursery seedlings of clones of radiata pine were grown in leant condition using two leaning strategies for 18–20 months. Opposite wood and compression wood were isolated from the leaning stems and tested for dynamic modulus of elasticity, density, longitudinal shrinkage, volumetric shrinkage and compression wood area using new methods evolved for testing small size samples quickly and reliably. The methods were tested for their efficiency in differentiating clones by their wood properties.? Results
Leaning of stems provided distinct opposite and compression wood for testing. Automated image analysis method used for compression wood area assessment was found to be a quick and effective method for processing large number of samples from young stems. Compression wood was characterised by high basic density, high longitudinal shrinkage and low volumetric shrinkage than that of opposite wood. Acoustic velocity in opposite wood had a strong negative association with longitudinal shrinkage. The study signifies the importance of preventing mixing of opposite wood with compression wood while assessing wood quality in young stems thus making leaning a critical strategy. The comparison of wood properties of opposite wood revealed significant differences between clones. Opposite wood of the clone with the lowest dynamic modulus of elasticity exhibited the highest longitudinal shrinkage.? Conclusion
Significant differences in measurable wood properties between clones suggest the prospects of early selection for solid wood products. 相似文献5.
Martha Salas Víctor Nieto Liliana Perafán Alejandro Sánchez Nuno M. G. Borralho 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(3):405-414
Aims
The objective of this study was to compare the merit of the Colombian landrace relative to the various Australian native races of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus and study the genetic control of key traits such as growth, wood density, and leaf phase change in the unique conditions of the Colombian highlands.Methods
The genetic study was based on open-pollinated families from native Australian and Colombian landrace origin, tested across four trials spanning two generations of breeding. A multisite mixed linear model with genetic groups was fitted to the data to estimate race merit and the variance and covariances between traits, ages, and sites.Results
Race effects for growth were small and only significant at the older site. In contrast, races differ significantly for height to phase change and density. The Colombian landrace and South and NE Tasmania races changed leaf type at a higher tree height. King Island and Recherche Bay had low density values, whereas the Colombian landrace had the highest. Heritability was moderate for growth traits (between 0.09 and 0.40), high for height to phase change (between 0.42 and 0.69), and moderate for wood density (0.28). The genetic correlation between growth and height to phase change was in general positive, but variable across sites. There was no correlation between growth and density. Despite large differences in growth between trials, pairwise genetic correlations suggest that genotype-by-site interaction is negligible. However, there was a poor correspondence between first-generation (ex-native stands) and second-generation families (ex-multi-provenance progeny trial). This suggests that breeding value estimates based on native open-pollinated material are unreliable.Conclusion
Results confirm negligible race differences for growth, but not for wood density. Future breeding efforts should include the various genetic backgrounds including the Colombian landrace which constitutes a very important source, especially because of its high density. Despite a low Genotype by Environment interaction, the poor genetic correspondence between the first- and second-generation trials indicates that selections for growth should be based on information coming mainly from the advanced-generation trials. 相似文献6.
Javier Puntieri Javier Grosfeld Luis Tejera Víctor Mondino Leonardo Gallo 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(5):471-479
? Context
There is evidence that Nothofagus nervosa (= N. alpina) is suitable for timber production in temperate regions due to its wood quality and fast growth. However, high intra-specific variability in the architectural traits of this species limits its usefulness.? Aims
This study was aimed at evaluating intra-specific variability in the architecture of N. nervosa trees at the population level, with emphasis on traits related to the suitability of trees for timber production.? Methods
The size of 13-year-old trees installed in an experimental field population and the extent of differentiation between trunk and branches were compared among families (trees derived from different mother trees).? Results
The large majority of trees exhibited architectural features indicative of high suitability for timber production: clear differentiation between trunk and main branches and few occurrences of permanent trunk forks, apex deaths, and sylleptic branching. Trees belonging to different families differed in height and trunk diameter. Micro-environmental conditions had a very significant effect on most architectural traits, including the trunk differentiation.? Conclusions
N. nervosa emerges as a suitable option for timber production in temperate regions. Trunk growth seems to be under both environmental and genetic control in this species. 相似文献7.
Eitaro Fukatsu Miyoko Tsubomura Yoshitake Fujisawa Ryogo Nakada 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(5):451-459
Context
Wood density is an important component of wood quality, and it is therefore important to assess whether it can be subject to genetic improvement.Aim and methods
We assessed the potential for genetic improvement of wood density in Larix kaempferi by recording components of annual growth rings. A full diallel mating test based on six plus L. kaempferi trees was used. Trees were 29 years old. Wood density was recorded by soft X-ray densitometry, and genetic parameters and genetic gains were computed.Results
Wood density of mature wood was highly heritable, and the largest heritability (0.78) was reached at age 25. Specific combining ability and reciprocal effects displayed very low variance. The age–age correlation of overall wood density was very high (>0.94). The genetic correlation between overall wood density and basal cross-sectional area was positive after age 10. Early selection at age 6 would account for 69 % of the genetic gain from direct selection at age 28 in terms of wood density.Conclusion
Genetic improvement of wood density could be achieved by mass selection and a simultaneous selection for radial increment in L. kaempferi; early selection for wood density can be achieved in this species. 相似文献8.
Rafał Ważny 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(7):801-810
Context
The requirement for rebuilding forecrop stands besides replacement of meadow vegetation with forest plants and formation of soil humus is the presence of a compatible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community.Aims
This study aims to assess ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity associated with silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings regenerating in silver fir stands and Scots pine forecrops.Methods
One-year-old seedlings were sampled in six study sites: three mature fir forests and three pine forests. ECM fungi were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA.Results
The mean mycorrhizal colonization exceeded 90 %. Thirty-six ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified in fir stands and 23 in pine forecrops; ten out of these species were common to both stands. The fungal communities were different between study sites (R?=?0.1721, p?=?0.0001). Tomentella stuposa was the only species present at all sites.Conclusion
Silver fir seedlings in Scots pine forecrops supported smaller ECM fungal communities than communities identified in mature silver fir stands. Nevertheless, fungal colonization of seedling roots was similar in both cases. This suggests that pine stands afforested on formerly arable land bear enough ECM species to allow survival and growth of silver fir seedlings. 相似文献9.
? Context
The rising demand of energy wood for heating purposes in Germany leads to concerns regarding the overexploitation of forests. A major aspect is the impact of whole-tree harvesting on long-term productivity of forest soils.? Aims
This study aimed to analyze the effects of nutrient removal on productivity using the historically prevalent practice of litter raking. Since there is a lack of controlled whole-tree harvesting experiments in Germany, we used litter raking as a surrogate management practice entailing the removal of nutrients from forest stands.? Methods
We used three sites with documented litter raking to analyze the effects of nutrient removal on productivity using dendroecological methods: two recent litter removal experiments in two Scots pine stands (Siegenburg and Burglengenfeld) and one oak stand (Eichhall) with documented historic litter raking. Basal area increment (BAI) and tree-ring characteristics were compared between periods with litter raking and the preceding periods for both treatment and control plots.? Results
For the two Scots pine sites with a relatively short litter raking period, no effects of litter raking on BAI could be ascribed to nutrient removal. On the oak site with a longer history of litter utilization, the loss in BAI due to litter raking amounts to 22 % during the period with active raking and to still 17 % in the recovery period.? Conclusions
These results contribute to the still very limited understanding about the impact of whole-tree harvesting on forest productivity in Germany by laying down an upper limit of possible effects due to nutrient removal, as nutrient loss by litter raking tends to be higher than nutrient loss by whole-tree harvesting. 相似文献10.
Genetic parameters for early wood and latewood densities and development with increasing age in Scots pine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
11.
Matthew G. Hamilton Brad M. Potts Bruce L. Greaves Greg W. Dutkowski 《Annals of Forest Science》2010,67(5):511-511
12.
Variation of wood color parameters of Tectona grandis and its relationship with physical environmental factors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
? Context
Teak??s wood color is considered an important attribute in the marketing phase and it has been influenced by environmental setting, stand conditions and management, plant genetic source, and age. However, there is a lack of understanding about how the environmental factors might affect the teak??s wood color planted in short-rotation forest plantations.? Aims
The aim of this study is to understand the relationship, gathered from generated information, between edaphic and climatic variables and their effects in the wood color variation of Tectona grandis from trees in forest plantations.? Methods
Twenty-two plots were grouped in five cluster sites that shared similar climatic and soil conditions. Data about soil??s physical?Cchemical properties and climatic variables were collected and analyzed. Representative trees were harvested next to each plot in order to obtain a wood sample per tree at a diameter breast height. Wood color was measured using standardized CIELab??s chromaticity system.? Results
After comparing the wood change color index (?E*) in the five studied clusters, it was found that heartwood produced from drier and fertile sites had more yellowish-brown color. The heartwood b* color index resulted with significant correlations (R?>?0.5, P?<?0.05) among nine climatic and eight edaphic variables.? Conclusion
It was concluded that climatic variables should be considered as the first-order causal variables to explain wood color variation. Hence, darker b* wood color was associated with dry climates; also, with deeper and fertile sites. 相似文献13.
Context
Bark beetles are known to be associated with fungi, especially the ophiostomatoid fungi. However, very little is known about role of pine weevils, e.g., Hylobius abietis, as a vector of these fungi in Europe.Aims
The aims of our study were to demonstrate the effectiveness of H. abietis as a vector of ophiostomatoid fungi in Poland and to identify these fungi in Scots pine seedlings damaged by weevil maturation feeding.Methods
Insects and damaged Scots pine seedlings were collected from 21 reforestation sites in Poland. The fungi were identified based on morphology, DNA sequence comparisons for two gene regions (ITS, β-tubulin) and phylogenetic analyses.Results
Sixteen of the ophiostomatoid species were isolated and identified. In all insect populations, Leptographium procerum was the most commonly isolated fungus (84 %). Ophiostoma quercus was also found at a relatively high frequency (16 %). Other ophiostomatoid fungi were found only rarely. Among these rarer fungi, four species, Leptographium lundbergii, Ophiostoma floccosum, Ophiostoma piliferum and Sporothrix inflata, were isolated above 3 %. L. procerum was isolated most frequently and was found in 88 % of the damaged seedlings. S. inflata was isolated from 26 %, while O. quercus occurred in 10 % of the seedlings.Conclusion
This study confirmed that L. procerum and O. quercus were common associates of H. abietis, while others species were found inconsistently and in low numbers, indicating causal associations. H. abietis also acted as an effective vector transmitting ophiostomatoid species, especially L. procerum and S. inflata, to Scots pine seedlings. 相似文献14.
Miloš Ivković Washington Gapare Harry Wu Sergio Espinoza Philippe Rozenberg 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(5):525-534
? Context
The correlation between tree ring width and density and short-term climate fluctuations may be a useful tool for predicting response of wood formation process to long-term climate change.? Aims
This study examined these correlations for different radiata pine genotypes and aimed at detecting potential genotype by climate interactions.? Methods
Four data sets comprising ring width and density of half- and full-sib radiata pine families were used. Correlations with climate variables were examined, after the extraction of the effect of cambial age.? Results
Cambial age explained the highest proportion of the ring to ring variation in all variables. Calendar year and year by family interaction explained a smaller but significant proportion of the variation. Rainfall had a positive correlation with ring width and, depending on test site, either a negative or positive correlation with ring density. Correlations between temperature during growing season and ring density were generally negative.? Conclusion
Climate variables that influence ring width and wood density can be identified from ring profiles, after removing the cambial age effect. Families can be selected that consistently show desirable response to climate features expected to become prevalent as a result of climate change. 相似文献15.
Matthew G. Hamilton Jules S. Freeman David P. Blackburn Geoffrey M. Downes David J. Pilbeam Brad M Potts 《Annals of Forest Science》2017,74(1):17
Key message
Multiple lines of evidence suggest acoustic wave velocity (AWV) would provide a rapid and efficient method to indirectly select for superior pulp yield in Eucalyptus globulus breeding programs.Context
Eucalyptus globulus is one of the most widely planted hardwood species in temperate regions of the world and is primarily grown for pulpwood.Aims
To determine if acoustic wave velocity (AWV) can be used to indirectly select for kraft pulp yield in E. globulus.Methods
Genetic group effects, additive and non-additive variance components, and genetic correlations were estimated for AWV and pulpwood traits, including Kraft pulp yield. In a separate trial, the relative position of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these traits was compared.Results
Estimated narrow-sense heritabilities for AWV and pulp yield were both 0.26, and these traits were strongly genetically correlated (0.84). Furthermore, co-located QTL for these traits were identified. Further evidence that AWV could be used to indirectly select for pulp yield was provided by the ranking of genetic groups—Otways and King Island had the highest AWV and pulp yield and Strzelecki and Tasmania the lowest. There was no evidence of dominance variation in wood property traits.Conclusion
Together, these findings suggest that AWV could be used as a selection criterion for kraft pulp yield in E. globulus breeding programs.16.
Models for predicting microfibril angle variation in Scots pine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David Auty Barry A. Gardiner Alexis Achim John R. Moore Andrew D. Cameron 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(2):209-218
Context
Microfibril angle (MFA) is one of the key determinants of solid timber performance due to its strong influence on the stiffness, strength, shrinkage properties and dimensional stability of wood.Aims
The aim of this study was to develop a model for predicting MFA variation in plantation-grown Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L). A specific objective was to quantify the additional influence of growth rate on the radial variation in MFA.Methods
Twenty-three trees were sampled from four mature Scots pine stands in Scotland, UK. Pith-to-bark MFA profiles were obtained on 69 radial samples using scanning X-ray diffractometry. A nonlinear mixed-effects model based on a modified Michaelis–Menten equation was developed using cambial age and annual ring width as explanatory variables.Results
The largest source of variation in MFA (>90 %) was within trees, while between-tree variation represented just 7 % of the total. Microfibril angle decreased rapidly near the pith before reaching stable values in later annual rings. The effect of ring width on MFA was greater at higher cambial ages.Conclusion
A large proportion of the variation in MFA was explained by the fixed effects of cambial age and annual ring width. The final model is intended for integration into growth, yield and wood quality simulation systems. 相似文献17.
Jean-Daniel Bontemps Pierre Gelhaye Gérard Nepveu Jean-Christophe Hervé 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(4):329-343
? Context
While historical increases in forest growth have been largely documented, investigations on historical wood density changes remain anecdotic. They suggest possible density decreases in softwoods and ring-porous hardwoods, but are lacking for diffuse-porous hardwoods.? Aims
To evaluate the historical change in mean ring density of common beech, in a regional context where a ring-porous hardwood and a softwood have been studied, and assess the additional effect of past historical increases in radial growth (+50 % over 100 years), resulting from the existence of a positive ring size–density relationship in broadleaved species.? Methods
Seventy-four trees in 28 stands were sampled in Northeastern France to accurately separate developmental stage and historical signals in ring attributes. First, the historical change in mean ring density at 1.30 m (X-ray microdensitometry) was estimated statistically, at constant developmental stage and ring width. The effect of past growth increases was then added to assess the net historical change in wood density.? Results
A progressive centennial decrease in mean ring density of ?55 kg?m?3 (?7.5 %) was identified (?10 % following the most recent decline). The centennial growth increase induced a maximum +25 kg?m?3 increase in mean ring density, whose net variation thus remained negative (?30 kg?m?3).? Conclusions
This finding of a moderate but significant decrease in wood density that exceeds the effect of the positive growth change extends earlier reports obtained on other wood patterns in a same regional context and elsewhere. Despite their origin not being understood, such decreases hence form an issue for forest carbon accounting. 相似文献18.
Blaise Ratcliffe Foster J. Hart Jaroslav Klápště Barry Jaquish Shawn D. Mansfield Yousry A. El-Kassaby 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(3):415-424
Context
Wood quality traits are important to balance the negative decline of wood quality associated with selection for growth attributes in gymnosperm breeding programs. Obtaining wood quality estimates quickly is crucial for successful incorporation in breeding programs.Aims
The aims of this paper are to: (1) Estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth and wood quality attributes, (2) Estimate heritability of the studied traits, and (3) Assess the accuracy of in situ non-destructive tools as a representative of actual wood density.Methods
Wood density (X-ray densitometry), tree height, diameter, volume, resistance drilling, acoustic velocity, and dynamic modulus of elasticity were estimated, along with their genetic parameters, for 1,200, 20-year-old trees from 25 open-pollinated families.Results
Individual tree level heritabilities for non-destructive evaluation attributes were moderate ( $ {\widehat{h}}_i^2=0.37-0.42 $ ), wood density and growth traits were lower ( $ {\widehat{h}}_i^2=0.23-0.35 $ ). Favorable genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits, wood density, and non-destructive evaluation traits were observed. A perfect genetic correlation was found between resistance drilling and wood density (r G ?=?1.00?±?0.07), while acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity showed weaker genetic correlations with wood density (r G ?=?0.25?±?0.24;?0.46?±?0.21, respectively).Conclusion
This study confirmed that resistance drilling is a reliable predictor of wood density in western larch, while the weak genetic correlations displayed by acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity suggest limited dependability for their use as fast in situ wood density assessment methods in this species. 相似文献19.
Context
Pinus pinaster Ait. is found in the Iberian Peninsula under Mediterranean and Atlantic conditions. Both climates encounter each other in Galicia (NW Spain), where two bioclimatic regions can be differentiated: coastal and inland. A breeding program was launched in the coastal area, with two breeding and deployment areas delimited.Aims
We analyse plasticity patterns across regions in a coastal breeding population to assess the suitability of current breeding areas and how genetic material will likely respond to future climate.Methods
Total height at ages 3 and 8?years was assessed in 16 trials established along the coast and in inner Galicia. Clustering of environments with similar genotypic performance, family sensitivities to climatic factors and stability analyses were performed.Results
Sizeable genetic variation in plasticity was found among families, and crossover genotype-by-environment interactions were detected within and between regions. It was unfeasible to regionalize Galicia into alternative areas of stable genotypic performance. Only the cold regime was found to noticeably underlie the array of phenotypic responses to changing environmental conditions.Conclusions
Results suggest that previous delimitation in two breeding areas is pointless and indicate reduced effects of a changing climate towards Mediterranean conditions on decreasing population fitness. 相似文献20.
Ecology and evolution of pine life histories 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jon E. Keeley 《Annals of Forest Science》2012,69(4):445-453