Variability of the seeds and cones and key taxonomic characters selection ofLarix in Northeast China

The paper presents the results of biometrical study of the seeds and cones of larch taxa from Northeast of China. Fourteen characters are considered and their analyses showed that the seeds and cones of the larch taxa were relative greatly variable. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis for all 6 larch taxa were made. The analysis results proved that the dominant larch population in Toudao Farm fell within the range of variation ofLarix olgensis. The key taxonomic characters are the length of seed wing, length of cone, length of seed, the length/width ratio of seed and number of scales. This research was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province.(C9515) Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai     

班克松球果及种子形态特征研究初报

对班克松不同形状的球果及其种子进行调查分析,发现其球果长、宽、出种数、种子质量差异不显著;干、鲜质量差异显著;班克松种子千粒质量为3．506g。对不同年份球果所产种子进行发芽试验,结果表明,发芽率未见明显差异,平均每个球果产饱满种子20粒。     

Enhanced seed production and metabolic alterations in Larix leptolepis by girdling

The demand for Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) seeds has increased in Korea but their supply has been limited due to sporadic natural seed production. Among the various flower induction techniques, girdling woody stems has been recognized as a simple and efficient method to enhance seed production in a number of conifers. In this study, stem girdling was applied to 42-year-old Japanese larches, resulting in remarkable enhancement of seed cone production with no morphological changes in the seed characteristics. Metabolic alterations in needles of the girdled and the control trees were interrogated by using 23 individual metabolites including soluble sugars, polyamines and amino acids. In the girdled trees, the contents of both soluble sugars and polyamines were higher from June to July and then became similar to those in the control. The levels of amino acids were significantly increased only in August by girdling compared to the non-girdled trees. In control larch trees, the dominant amino acids were changed from Glu and Ala until July to Asp and Tyr in August. Interestingly, the concentrations of Asp-derived amino acids such as Lys, Met and Thr, were increased by girdling and they also showed significant correlations with the number of seed cones per trees, suggesting that the enhanced levels of three amino acids might positively influence on the development of seed cones in girdled larch trees. Although the role of Asp-derived amino acids on enhanced seed cone production remains unclear, the approach presented in this study might provide useful information in elucidating metabolic network modulation induced by girdling and will be further applied for enhanced seed cone production in Japanese larch trees.     

不同产地厚朴种子性状的变异分析

厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils.)为木兰科(Magnoliaceae)落叶乔木.正品药用厚朴为厚朴的根皮、干皮和枝皮,其中的有效成分(厚朴酚(magnolol)、和厚朴酚(honokiol)及β-桉叶油醇等)具有多方面的药理作用(如燥湿消痰、下气除满),用于湿滞伤中、脱痞吐泻、食积气滞、腹胀便秘、痰饮喘咳等[1-4].厚朴主要分布于102NFA48122°E、22NFA4834°N之间,分布区内的不同气候及土壤条件,致使形成大量不同的遗传类型,其中种子形态必然存在很大的差异.     

华北落叶松与日本落叶松杂交试验

通过华北落叶松与日本落叶松的杂交,在22个控制授粉杂交组合中,球果长在1.74 cm~2.92 cm之间,球果径在0.98 cm~1.46 cm之间;在30个组合中,单粒球果质量介于0.52 g~1.63 g之间;球果种鳞数在23枚~47枚之间;种子连翅长在0.75 cm~1.07 cm之间;种子千粒重在2.6 g~5.0 g之间。     

不同种源栓皮栎种子形态和营养成分差异分析

以28个栓皮栎种源种子为试验材料,对不同种源间栓皮栎种子的形态特征和营养成分含量差异进行比较分析。结果表明,不同种源间栓皮栎种子的长度、宽度和种子千粒质量以及可溶性糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量差异极显著。栓皮栎种子的长度和宽度变化幅度分别为1.56～2.38 cm和1.22～1.96 cm;种子千粒质量的变化幅度为1.45～5.45 kg;种子可溶性糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量的变幅分别为1.817%～6.325%、42.461%～80.274%和2.699%～9.694%。栓皮栎种子千粒质量与种子长度、宽度间呈极显著正相关,种子长度与宽度也极显著正相关;主成分分析表明,不同种源栓皮栎的差异主要是由种子千粒质量、宽度和长度决定。初步选出云南勐海、湖南城步1、安徽金寨1、重庆酉阳、山东蒙阴1、安徽旌德、安徽绩溪和安徽金寨2种源为优异种质资源。     

世界级极危物种———崖柏球果特征与出种量的研究

通过对崖柏球果的长度、宽度和质量以及出种量的调查和统计分析发现,崖柏天然分布的雪宝山和大巴山两个不同地域崖柏球果的长、宽以及风干质量之间不存在显著差异,而同一地域不同崖柏植株之间的球果特征存在显著差异.在崖柏球果中,无种子的球果占7.1%;每个球果的出种量较少,仅为3粒;崖柏种子的千粒质量为1.126 4 g;同一崖柏植株不同球果之间的出种量没有明显差异,说明同一植株的有性生殖过程是同步的,球果的发育程度比较接近.     

Monitoring the Output of a Hybrid Larch Seed Orchard Using Isozyme Markers

A method was developed for estimating the frequency of hybridsin the seed crop of a multiclonal hybrid larch seed orchardusing isozyme genetic markers. The technique was used to monitorthe output of a commercial hybrid larch seed orchard. Amongthe seeds collected from European larch clones, some 65 percent were hybrid, compared with 19 per cent from Japanese larchclones. Unequal reproductive effort and differences in floweringtime between the two parental species may account for the results.Possible application of these techniques for the certificationof seed and planting stock are discussed.     

Timing of shedding seeds and cones, and production in different stands of Scots pines at Abernethy Forest, Scotland

A study was carried out over 11 seed years on the timing ofshedding of seeds and cones, and annual seed fall and cone productionin three stands of native Scots pinewood and a Scots pine plantationin Abernethy Forest, Scotland. Peaks in seed fall took placemainly in May, and cones were shed mainly between June and August.There were few residual seeds remaining in shed cones. Synchronizedpeaks in seed fall and cone production (mast years) took placeat 3-year intervals across the different stands. The differencebetween cohorts of high and low cone production ranged fromfactors of 5 to 20 among sites. Coefficients of variation forcone production ranged from 62 to 84 per cent among sites. Therewere no significant differences in cone production among sites,but there were site-related differences in seed fall. The largercanopy cover in the plantation probably accounted for the higherseed fall per square metre there, though variations in the amountof seed eaten by birds and mammals may also have been important.Canopy cover needs to be considered when converting cone densitiesunder crowns to cone density per unit of woodland area. A similarcalculation is difficult for seeds because they are lighterthan cones and many fall outside the area under the crowns.The results are discussed in relation to the potential for treeregeneration and the availability of food for birds and mammalsprior to seed dispersal.     

云杉天然群体表型多样性研究

以系统揭示云杉全分布区天然群体表型变异程度和变异规律为目的 ,以其全分布区 10个有代表性天然群体 ,每个群体 30个个体为试材 ,对针叶、球果、种鳞、种翅和种子等 17个表型性状进行系统比较分析 ,采用方差分析、多重比较、相关分析和聚类分析等统计分析方法 ,讨论了群体间和群体内的表型多样性。结果表明 :云杉种内表型性状在群体间和群体内存在极其丰富的遗传差异。云杉球果、针叶、种鳞、种翅和种子 5个表型性状的变异系数分别为 19 14 %、2 6 4 6 %、13 5 8%、19 78%和 174 0 % ,种鳞性状稳定性较其他性状高。表型分化系数 (VST)的变幅为 2 0 9%～ 4 0 6 2 % ,群体间表型分化系数均值为 30 99%。群体间变异 (30 99% )小于群体内变异 (6 9 0 1% )。 17个表型性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关 ,球果长度、球果径、种鳞长度、种鳞宽度和种子千粒重为云杉易测定和重要的表型性状。云杉种内群体表型变异在空间分布上呈现以纬度为主的单向变异模式 ,利用群体间欧氏距离进行UPGMA聚类分析表明 ,云杉群体可以划分为 5类     

马尾松种子园种实害虫、害鼠的研究

经观察马尾松种子园种实害虫和害鼠的种类有２１种，严重危害的有机松瘿纹，马尾松窃蠹，芽梢斑螟，松实小卷蛾、油松球果小卷蛾、微红梢斑螟和社鼠。根据马尾松生殖发育规律，观察了 主要种实害虫、害鼠的 危害顺序及其程度。     

Genetic variation in fruitfulness in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) seed orchard and its impact on the maintenance of genetic diversity in seedlots

Genetic variation in seed/cone production among clones was studied in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) seed orchard containing 25 plus-trees by analyzing the number of cones, the yield of cones and seeds of individual ramets for 5 successive years (1982 to 1986). There was significant variation among clones each year and parental contribution in the seed orchard. Specifically, in the years 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and 1986, 20% of the clones produced 37.2, 60.6, 36.0, 44.3, and 44.8% of the total cones, respectively. The size of the crop greatly influenced the parental balance in the resulting seed/cone crops. The product moment correlation coefficients and Spearman’s coefficients of rank correlation were small and insignificant between consecutive years, but large and highly significant between alternate years, suggesting the presence of carry-over effects in seed/cone production. The broad-sense heritability on a clone mean basis was 0.74 ± 0.15 for the number of cones, 0.72 ± 0.14 for the yield of cones, and 0.68 ± 0.13 for the yield of seeds. The corresponding heritabilities from analyses combined over all years were 0.24, 0.558, and 0.724, respectively. These results indicate that seed/cone production in hinoki is under strong genetic control. Several managerial measures are discussed that maintain the genetic diversity in seedlots used for reforestation, by reducing the variation in seed/cone production among clones and producing seed crops with equal contributions from all parents.     

侧柏冠型自然变异和种实性状的观测

以庭院栽植的侧柏为观测材料,对其冠型自然变异和种实性状进行观测与分析,结果表明:冠型自然变异可分为宽冠密果型、宽冠稀果型和窄冠稀果型,宽冠类型的冠幅为3.4 m,窄冠类型的冠幅为2.1 m;密果类型着生球果109～138枚·m-1,稀果类型为18～23枚·m-1.成熟球果颜色均为紫褐色,每枚球果有种子2～7粒,以4、5...     

Seed production of western larch in seed-tree systems in the southern interior of British Columbia

A series of surveys and experiments were conducted on four sites to identify constraints to seed production and natural regeneration in western larch seed-tree systems in the southwestern interior of British Columbia, Canada. These surveys included pollen monitoring, a cone analysis to evaluate seed production potential, seed trapping to estimate seed rain and the installation of field germination trials to assess the effects of germination substrate and seed losses due to bird and rodent predators. Pollen shedding was found to be adequate for moderate seed production with filled seed counts ranging from 9 to 30 per cone (10–34% of all seeds/cone). No significant differences in seed yields per cone and cone characteristics were observed between uncut control stands and seed-tree stands. Seed rain was generally good in 1995, ranging from 70,000 to 4.6 million seed/ha. For the four seed-tree stands, the average filled seed percentage of the trapped seeds ranged from 9–30%. Seed rain and seed quality were much reduced in 1996. Field germination trials showed western larch seeds germinated and survived best (15–70%) on mineral soil but rodent and/or bird predation reduced germination success significantly. Germination/germinant survival on undisturbed forest floor, covered with predator exclusion screens, was intermediate.     

文冠果人工种群的果实表型多样性及其变异

以文冠果果实为研究对象,调查了研究区内44株文冠果果实的19个表型性状,利用变异系数、方差分析和相关分析研究了调查区内文冠果人工种群的变异情况。方差和变异系数分析结果表明,研究区内文冠果果实表型性状差异都极显著,并在不同个体之间存在很大的变异幅度。其中,单株结果量和种子产量变异最大(变异系数大于76%),其次是单果质量、单果种质量和单果仁质量(变异系数约30%),再次是单果出种数和果柄长度(变异系数大于20%),而种子长、种子宽、种形比和心室数变异较小(变异系数低于10%),种仁出油率变异最小(变异系数6.13%);单株间丰产性差异明显,并具有一定的遗传稳定性。相关性分析结果表明,文冠果人工种群果实不同性状的相关性不一样并差异显著,其中果长、果宽、果质量、种质量、仁质量、种子长、出种数、出种率、千粒质量和果柄粗的相关性强,与多个性状呈显著相关,而果形比、出仁率、结果量和种子产量与个别性状呈显著相关,果实心室数和果柄长相关性最弱,与所有性状相关性不显著。     

Variation in cone and seed characters in clonal seed orchards of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis>

Cone and seed characters were observed on top, middle and bottom portions of tree crown in 3 ramets/clone in three Turkish Pinus sylvestris seed orchards. Broad sense heritability (clonal repeatability), and correlations among characters were estimated. Around one quarter of the seed production occurred in the top portion, half in the middle and one quarter in the bottom portion of the crown for all orchards. The percentage of filled seeds varied little with the crown position, indicating more or less similar levels of selfing in the bottom of the crown as in the top. The seed weight was typically 11 mg. Differences were found for studied cone and seed characters among orchards and crown positions. Variation among grafts within clone was higher than among clones for most characters. The heritability was on average below 0.5 (e.g., cone diameter, number of filled seed per cone) and rarely rose above that (e.g., cone form, length/diameter; percentage of filled seed) for any individual characters. The coefficient of variation within clones was often higher than among clones. Thus, non-genetic factors seem often more important for the variation in performance of grafts than their genetic constitution. Cone form (length/diameter) was the character where the clone influence was the strongest. Cone number and cone dry weight showed significant correlations with seed characters (numbers of total and filled seed, percentage and weight of filled seeds). Significant correlation was found between seed characters.     

无患子种实形态及经济性状的地理变异

对我国无患子分布区7个产地的种实形态性状及种仁含油率进行取样测定.方差分析结果表明,种实各性状在产地内单株间的变异程度不同,但多数性状在多数产地内均存在丰富的变异,在产地内进行单株选择是可行的.在不同产地间,无患子种实各性状均存在显著差异,河南西峡产地果实和种子较大,与其它产地间差异显著.无患子种仁含油率产地间变异系数最小,与地理气候因子间不存在明显的相关性,而种子质量、种子出仁率在不同产地间变异系数相对较大,且与种实大小显著正相关,可以通过选择较大的果实、种子来提高产油量.聚类及相关性分析表明,在一定程度上,无患子种实大小和种子出仁率有从低纬度产地向高纬度产地变大的变异趋势,因此无患子高产油单株的选择应重点在较高纬度产地果实、种子较大的个体中进行.     

杉木球果和种子发育节律的研究初报

杉木为我国南方主要造林树种,研究也较充分,但对球果和种子发育的研究比较薄弱。蒋恕(1980年)和华中农学院植物教研组(1975年)等从解剖学角度研究过杉木的受精过程。中国科学院林业土壤研究所(1973年)和唐午庆等(1964年)从物候学角度报告过杉木球果的大小和重量变化。我们则想从种子生产角度观察球果,特别是种子的发育过程,了解不同季节的种子品质变化,以便为最适采种期找到一些客观指标,并为种子园适时管理提供一些依据。     

Biogeographic Differences in Cone, Needle and Seed Morphology among Natural Picea asperata Populations in Western China

This study represents a geographical approach to morphological variation of cones, needles and seeds in natural dragon spruce （Picea asperata Mast.） populations across western China and the relationship between morphological traits and weather variation for the origins of populations. Significant differences were found for all cone, needle and seed traits among populations and trees within populations. The coefficients of variation in 2 higher latitude populations were higher than those in other populations in all traits except for needle width and seed width. Fairly high within-population variability was also detected for cone dry weight, seed dry weight and needle traits in this study. Cone length, cone width, cone dry weight, seed scale length, seed scale width and seed wing length were strongly positively intercorrelated. Seed length and seed dry weight showed a significantly positive correlation with seed wing length. And needle width showed a significant negative correlation with cone traits, seed scale length, seed wing length and seed length. The higher the annual mean temperature, the higher the average cone length. This study also revealed a negative linear dependence on latitude： the higher the latitude, the lower the population average seed length. Seed dry weight was positively and linearly related with altitude.     

承德县试点落叶松种和种源选择试验八年结果

本文报道了在河北省承德县所进行的落叶松属种和种源选择研究的结果。该试验用同一批材料在两种立地上造林,八年的数据表明,在供试的五种落叶松中,日本落叶松的生长优于其它几种。各种落叶松在生长力、物候期方面均表现有种内的种源间差异,但这些差异并无地理规律性,与国外报道的落叶松属种内遗传变异模式相类似。