森林认证对森林可持续经营的影响及其在中国的实践

开展森林认证是促进我国森林管理与国际接轨并实现森林可持续经营的有效途径。文中概述了森林认证的发展概况以及森林认证对森林可持续经营的影响,并以我国吉林省经过认证的森林经营企业为例,通过对森林认证前后的对比,以及与未经过认证的国有林业局对比,分析森林认证对经济、社会和环境等方面的具体影响。结果表明,森林认证的开展在经济上可行,使社会受益,对环境友好,能够促进森林可持续经营。文中还对我国开展森林认证工作提出了具体措施建议。     

波兰的森林认证

文中介绍了波兰的森林认证发展进程,特别是森林认证体系,森林认证现状及认证对林业的影响以及当前面临的问题和挑战,对我国制定森林认证标准、建立森林认证体系、推动我国森林可持续经营具有一定的借鉴作用。     

试论我国开展森林认证工作

开展森林认证工作是我国森林经营与管理工作与国际接轨的一个重要内容,是实现我国森林可持续经营的有效途径。文章介绍了我国森林认证的开展情况,分析了在我国开展森林认证可能存在的问题和障碍,提出了在我国开展森林认证的建议。     

关于建立我国森林认证体系的思考

鉴于我国目前建立森林认证体系的必要性和紧迫性,提出在建立我国森林认证体系的过程中,必须吸收森林经营单位和非政府组织参加;我国森林认证体系应高标准,严要求,分步走;尽量做到与国外森林认证体系互认;对国外森林认证机构在我国开展森林认证在现阶段应采取扶持与鼓励政策;对我国出口木质林产品考虑改革现有出口退税政策的建议。     

国有林场森林经营认证标准体系探讨

在对国内外森林认证发展情况的认识基础上,探讨了国有林场森林认证的重要性,借鉴国际森林认证体系,结合我国国有林场的实际,建立适用于我国国有林场森林认证的原则及相关标准,总结形成8个原则、40个标准,并讨论了目前森林认证存在问题,提出相关建议,以期促进我国森林认证的发展,提高国有林场的可持续经营水平。     

加快发展我国森林认证市场的对策探讨

通过分析我国森林认证市场的现状、存在的问题和森林认证市场源动力,提出加快发展我国森林认证市场对策。     

森林认证在中国发展的调查研究

结合当前我国森林认证发展概况,通过问卷调查形式,对影响我国森林认证开展的若干方面,诸如认证动力、认证条件、主要阻力因素及其发展形式等进行了研究,提出了我国森林认证发展的相关建议。     

森林认证及其发展现状

从世界森林认证蓬勃发展出发,概述森林认证的内涵与外延;依据森林认证在国内外的发展现状,结合我国的国情,开展森林认证对实现我国林业的跨越式发展将起到重要的推动作用.     

森林认证国内外进展

指出了世界上有多个森林认证体系并存,虽然森林认证面积增长迅速,却分布不均。鉴于当前全球森林资源匮乏,生态环境日益恶化的问题,森林可持续经营发展工作处在举足轻重的地位,而森林认证又是对森林可持续经营的一个保障。在分析世界森林认证发展现状的基础上,探讨了森林认证的发展趋势,阐述了我国森林认证的开展情况,在分析我国开展森林认证可能存在的问题和障碍的基础上,对中国的森林认证工作提出了几点建议与对策。     

森林认证对我国森林经营的效益分析

介绍了森林认证的发展,总结了森林认证对我国森林经营的总体影响,并分析了森林认证对我国森林经营的社会、生态和经济效益的影响,特别是对经济成本效益的影响,提出了我国森林认证应以促进森林可持续经营为主要目标、应以能力建设为主要工作、应以大型林业企业带动的建议.     

江西省森林认证现状及发展对策探讨

森林认证目前已在世界范围内得到了广泛认可,获得了越来越多的国家支持,但在我国发展尚属起步。本文简述森林认证在我国及江西省的发展现状,总结江西省在森林认证试点发展中所遇到的问题,并提出相应对策。     

波兰的森林认证

根据实际考察情况,介绍了波兰森林认证概况,分析了森林认证的动力,总结了该国成功的经验,对我国开展森林认证工作具有一定的参考价值。     

森林认证对全球林产品贸易影响实证分析

文中基于贸易引力模型,以73个开展森林认证的国家（地区）2015—2020年林产品进出口贸易数据为被解释变量、森林认证证书数量为核心解释变量,结合经济规模、经济发展水平、地理距离、森林资源禀赋和加入WTO、自由贸易区协定签署情况等影响因素,对森林认证与林产品贸易间的关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明:一国所拥有的森林认证证书数量增加能够显著促进林产品出口和进口;若贸易双方经济规模较大且经济发展水平相当,均加入WTO或签署自由贸易协定也会促进该国林产品出口和进口;本国森林资源丰富有助于林产品出口,同时会减少林产品进口;双边距离过远则会阻碍两国林产品出口和进口。建议我国完善顶层设计,持续推进森林认证,通过深化与国际组织和其他国家森林认证体系的交流与合作,保护森林、改善环境,实现可持续发展。     

Not seeing the forest for the trees? The environmental effectiveness of forest certification in Sweden

Forest certification can be conceived as one of many rapidly growing non-state market driven (NSMD) modes of governance. The environmental effectiveness of forest certification is oftentimes evaluated by indicators such as stringency of standards, degree of participation by key stakeholders, certified area, etc. In political science, forest certification as an NSMD governance arrangement is usually evaluated in terms of the quality of the decision-making procedures (input legitimacy) rather than for its problem solving capacity, i.e. its environmental performance or effectiveness. We conceptualize environmental effectiveness as a function of a standard's environmental stringency and the area covered by the standard, the latter dependent on the degree of social acceptance. Accordingly, the environmental effectiveness of different certification schemes ought to be evaluated taking both the standard stringency and the area certified into account. The forest certification process in Sweden illustrates how forestry history and regional differences affect the development, acceptance and adoption of different certification schemes. Industrial and Northern forestry owners favour the NGO led Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standards whereas Southern small-scale private forest owners preferred to develop an alternative scheme the Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). We demonstrate that there is a bifurcated geographical coverage of the two certification schemes along a north–south divide coupled with a similarity in standard stringency and a high degree of acceptance in their different areas of dominance. Both forest certification schemes display a similar degree of environmental effectiveness — but in different parts of the country and for different types of ownership.     

森林认证与安徽林业的发展

简要介绍了森林认证的概念、目的、意义及国内外发展现状;分析了进入WTO后安徽省林业发展的主要优势和劣势,在此基础上就森林认证对安徽省林业的潜在影响进行了初步阐述。     

Review and Outlook on Forest Certification Development

The historic development of forest certification was firstly reviewed in order to understand how forest certification has developed throughout the world.The characteristics of forest certification were analyzed in details,including the essence of forest certification,approach of forest certification,structure of forest certification and development processes of forest certification standards.Then,the forest certification development in China was reviewed,including background,basic principles and objectives and main tasks.Based on the reviews on forest certification,recommendations were given so as to greatly boost the development of forest certification in China.     

Forest certification (eco-labeling) programs and their policy-making authority: explaining divergence among North American and European case studies

In recent years, transnational and domestic non-governmental organizations have created private standard setting bodies whose purpose is to recognize officially companies and landowners practicing ‘sustainable forest management’. Eschewing traditional state processes and state authority, these certification programs have turned to the market to create incentives and force compliance to their rules. This paper compares the emergence of this non-state market driven (NSMD) phenomenon in the forest sector in eight regions in North Am40erica and Europe. We specifically seek to understand the role of forest companies and landowners in granting competing forest certification programs ‘legitimacy’ to create the rules. We identify distinct legitimation dynamics in each of our cases, and then develop seven hypotheses to explain differences in support for forest certification.     

Forest Certification as an Instrument for Improved Forest Management within Small-scale Forestry

Since early 1990 ties, Swedish forest land is increasingly becoming certified. Today all major forest owners have joined the Swedish FSC-standard (Forest Stewardship Council), while small-scale forest owners preferably are joining the PEFC scheme (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification). With the overall aim of gaining a better insight into which small-scale forest owners that have decided to take up on forest certification, and how their forest management practices have been affected by this choice, two set of data has been analyzed; one consisting Data Base of Forest Owner Analysis (DBFOA) data relating to approximately 14,000 properties whereof 1955 were found to be certified, and the other one including data from a follow up questionnaire sent out only to owners with certified forest properties. Results show that certified and non-certified forest properties are managed differently and in particular that harvesting on certified properties has increased. Differences in management seem to be connected principally to the fact that forest owners from generally more active sub-groups embrace forest certification requirements. Moreover, our results shows that economic motives for joining a certification scheme are just as prevalent as environmental motives and a majority of forest owners regard certification as something that favors profitability rather than consider it to restrict economic yield.