同时测定鸡汁中谷氨酸钠和呈味核苷酸研究

建立了同时测定鸡汁中谷氨酸钠和呈味核苷酸的紫外光谱法。根据吸光度的加和性原理,通过联立方程求解,测定鸡汁中的谷氨酸钠和呈味核苷酸(I+G)含量。测定的鸡汁中谷氨酸钠平均含量分别为11.99%、13.69%和14.38%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为2.50%、4.57%和3.79%,加标回收率在94.15%~105.27%之间,平均值为99.59%,回收率RSD为3.79%。呈味核苷酸(I+G)平均含量分别为0.94%、1.19%和1.33%,RSD分别为1.02%、0.98%、1.27%,加标回收率在94.12%~104.16%之间,平均值为100.71%;回收率RSD为3.21%。UV方法方便快捷,准确可靠,能够测定鸡汁中的谷氨酸钠和I+G的含量。     

电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定水质中的金元素

应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定了废水中的金元素,探讨了金测定的谱线选择、离子干扰等问题,实验结果表明:在最佳仪器条件和测定条件下,该方法的检出限为0.008 mg/L,方法精密度的方法标准偏差(RSD)在4.28%~1.44%之间,回收率为96%~104%。该方法操作简便,快捷。     

离子色谱法测定降雪中的五种阳离子方法研究

采用离子色谱法对降雪中的5种阳离子进行了测定,试验结果表明:5种阳离子(Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)的检出限分别为0.003、0.002、0.003、0.003、0.006mg/L,精密度为0.14%~0.70%,加标回收率为92.8%~110%。检出限较低,精密度和加标回收率均较好,且干扰少、分析时间短、数据准确度高。     

微波消解塞曼石墨炉原子吸收法测定大米中微量镍

利用微波消解技术处理样品,用塞曼石墨炉原子吸收法测定了大米中的镍,该方法具有简便、快速、结果准确可靠的优点。测定结果表明:镍的浓度在0~25μg/L范围线性良好,相关系数0.9991,镍的加标回收率为97.3%~104.2%;测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.9%,检出限为0.152μg/L。     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测地下水中的镍

探讨了用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定地下水中镍的方法,结果表明:该法具有灵敏度高、干扰少、重现性好、操作简便快捷、使用设备和试剂简单等优点。经测定方法检出限为0.61μg/L,加标回收率为96.3%~109.8%,方法的精密度小于4%,曲线的相关系数大于0.999,适用于地下水中痕量镍的测定。     

AA3连续流动水质分析仪测定陆源入海排污废水中的挥发酚

采用流动注射-分光光度法测定了陆源入海排污废水中的挥发酚,结果表明:其线性范围为0~100μg/L;方法的检出限为0.6μg/L。通过分析两环境标准样品,对方法的精密度和准确度作了考核,所得测定结果与标准值相符,相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于3%。对方法的回收率作了试验,所得结果在85.4%~101.3%之间。     

高效液相色谱-示差折光测定糯米藕中果糖和葡萄糖含量

建立了高效液相色谱-示差折光测定糯米藕中果糖和葡萄糖含量的实验方法。色谱柱采用Waters NH2柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈∶水=80∶20为流动相,采用示差折光检测器测定糯米藕中果糖和葡萄糖的含量。果糖和葡萄糖的线性范围为2~40 mg/mL,检出限为0.5 mg/mL,加标回收率为97.46%~101.32%,相对标准偏差1.81%~2.52%。该方法简单、快速、准确、重现性好,适用于糯米藕中果糖和葡萄糖的定量分析。     

川滇高山栎氮磷含量快速测定研究

根据文献已报道的植物全磷全氮测定方法,改进了AA3型连续流动分析仪对川滇高山栎枝叶全磷全氮含量测定的方法。结果表明:制备的氮磷标曲线性良好,相关系数均为1.0000,高于仪器的线性要求;全氮全磷标准偏差范围在0.017~0.038 mg/L和0.002~0.004 mg/L之间,变异系数范围分别是0.276%~0.776%和0.552%~0.919%,均小于1%(n=10),氮磷检出限分别为:N:0.0097mg/L,P:0.0092 mg/L,均满足仪器要求;氮磷空白加标回收率范围分别是94.2%~100.5%和96.8%~100.5%;经国家一级标准物质(GSV-2)验证,氮磷含量的测定值与标准值吻合,方法的相对准确度在99.22%~99.68%和99.76%~105.32%之间。因此,利用改进的AA3型连续流动分析仪测氮磷的方法测量川滇高山栎植物样全氮全磷的含量,具有准确且快速高效的优点。     

栾树果实中粗脂肪、粗蛋白和粗纤维的营养特性

为了研究栾树果和黄山栾树果的营养特性,更好地开发利用栾果资源,采用国家标准方法对河南郑州的栾树果和黄山栾树果中粗脂肪、粗蛋白、粗纤维的含量进行了测定。结果表明：栾树果和黄山栾树果果仁中的粗脂肪含量高达51%,粗蛋白含量为24.3%,粗纤维含量为22.53%~22.79%;栾树果和黄山栾树果的粗脂肪含量大于40%,粗蛋白含量为18.95%~20.11%,粗纤维含量为26.13%~28.12%。由此可知,栾树果和黄山栾果是非常理想的高脂肪、高蛋白食品和新型油料资源。     

食用林产品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量测定

建立了分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法测定食用林产品(香菇)中14种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的方法。样品经乙腈提取,PSA和少量GCB混合吸附剂分散固相萃取净化,然后采用HPLC-MS/MS测定,外标法定量。14种氨基甲酸酯类农药在0.005~0.100 0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.995 8。在0.01~0.05 mg/kg浓度范围内,14种目标物的平均加标回收率为70.0%~104.5%,相对标准偏差为3.2%~9.1%。该方法简单、快速、灵敏,可满足香菇中14种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的检测需要。     

The productivity of salt marsh vegetation at Tollesbury,Essex, and Stiffkey,Norfolk, England

This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m^-2 yr^-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m^-2yr^-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production.     

东莞蕨类植物区系研究

采用野外调查与查阅标本相结合的方法,对东莞蕨类植物区系及其分布特点进行研究,结果表明:东莞市有蕨类植物37科66属125种,其区系特点为:①分布区类型在科、属、种的水平上皆以热带、亚热带性质为主,占各自总数的64.87%、75.76%与61.60%。②科与属的分布区类型显示出东莞蕨类植物区系从热带向亚热带过渡的性质,与温带蕨类植物区系的联系较弱;在种的水平上,温带成分占总数的28.80%,呈现出热带蕨类植物区系向温带蕨类植物区系过渡的特点。③在种的水平上热带亚洲分布及东亚分布类型构成了东莞蕨类植物区系的主体,各占38.40%和20.80%。④与周边4个地区的比较中,与深圳的相似性为最高,与乐昌的相似性为最低;总体上,东莞蕨类植物区系与周围地区关系较为密切。     

Plant communities, species diversity, richness, and regeneration of a traditionally managed coastal forest, Kenya

The Kenyan coastal forests make up one of the World 25 Biodiversity Hotspots. They consist of over 140 fragments (the majority with areas less than 0.5 km²) of the once extensive Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland moist forest. The over 60 known Mijikenda sacred Kaya forests and groves scattered along the coastal hinterland form the greater part of this ecosystem. The forests are of biological and cultural significance, and this has been recognized nationally and internationally, with some now listed as World Heritage Sites. The forests are protected by councils of Kaya elders who regulate use of their resources. Increasing human population and subsequent rise in demand for forest products and land for settlement has put a strain on these relic forests. Farm encroachment and extraction of forest products in different Kaya forests have affected the vegetation ecology at varying levels. This study investigated the spatial species distribution, association and regeneration potential of commonly utilized plants in one of these traditionally managed ecosystems. A modified nested plot method was used to collect data in the field.Using TWINSPAN multivariate, and indicator species analysis, two plant communities (Asteranthe and Bridelia) and an undifferentiated vegetation type were identified. Species association in Asteranthe consisted largely of forest dependant species, with a significant presence of woody climbers. It was comprised of two sub-communities namely Manilkara and Scorodophloeos. In contrast the second plant community, Bridelia, was dominated by light demanding species. It comprised one sub-community (Catunaregam) and a seral stage (Keetia). The species diversity and richness was higher in the Asteranthe community compared to Bridelia. Some of the forest species commonly utilized by the local people were observed to regenerate both in open and closed forest habitats while others had seedling recruitment confined to closed forest.Despite some coastal forests showing physiognomic similarity, detailed study shows intra-variation linked to topography, exposition, type and intensity of human perturbation both currently and in the distant past. Clearly, vegetation patterns of coastal forests of eastern Africa change at fairly short intervals.Recruitment of forest specialists is likely to decline if closed forests are opened up by farm encroachment, however their less specialized counterparts can pioneer in re-colonization of disturbed sites if conservation is strengthened. There is need to invigorate traditional management systems of forests with cultural significance by recognizing and giving increased legal mandates to the local custodians.     

Chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar,cypress, fir,and spruce and characterization of charcoal

 Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques have been applied to investigate the thermal degradation characteristics and chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar, cypress, fir, and spruce. The decomposition of the components could be modeled by an Arrhenius kinetic expression. The kinetic parameters were extracted from the thermogravimetric data using least-squares techniques. The heating rates used for the analyses were 10°, 5°, and 0.33°C/min; and the activation energy and reaction order of the above woods were 7.54, 8.39, 2.87, and 7.88 kJ/mol and 0.71, 0.64, 0.44, and 0.63, respectively. Finally, carbonization was done to produce charcoal from these woods under various operating conditions, and the charcoal was characterized in respect to yield, heating value, electrical conductivity, and X-ray diffraction. The quality of the charcoal from fir was the best among the four types of wood. The charcoal produced is inferior to binchotan (white charcoal) in respect to electrical conductivity and crystalline structure. Received: February 13, 2002 / Accepted: July 12, 2002 Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Professor Yoshida of Applied Chemistry in Tokyo Metropolitan University for performing the TG/DTA in his laboratory and for his valuable suggestions about the analyses.     

Responses of swamp bay,Persea palustris,and avocado,Persea americana,to various concentrations of the laurel wilt pathogen,Raffaelea lauricola

Laurel wilt, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola and transmitted by the exotic ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus, has killed members of the Lauraceae plant family throughout the southeast United States. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of inoculum concentration on the development of laurel wilt in swamp bay, Persea palustris, and avocado, Persea americana. In each experiment, host plants were inoculated with aqueous suspensions of 10², 10³, 10⁴ or 10⁵ conidia of R. lauricola, and plants were rated periodically for external symptom development (wilting and foliar dieback). At the end of experiments, plants were rated for internal symptoms of the disease (discoloration of sapwood) and assayed for R. lauricola on a semi‐selective medium. Symptom severity in swamp bay was significantly lower for the 10² treatment than at higher (10³–10⁵) concentrations, whereas 10² and 10³ conidia caused less disease than 10⁴ and 10⁵ conidia in avocado. At the lowest inoculum concentration, 67% of the swamp bay plants and 20% of the avocados died by the time the respective experiments were terminated. The pathogen was recovered from a high proportion of the symptomatic sapwood of swamp bay (100%) and avocado (94%), and sapwood discoloration and recovery of R. lauricola from inoculated stems of swamp bay were highly correlated with recovery of the pathogen and symptom development in roots. Clearly, swamp bay and avocado are very sensitive to R. lauricola. The ability of only 100 conidia of this pathogen to kill these hosts suggests that few individuals of X. glabratus or other ambrosia beetles that carry low levels of the pathogen would be sufficient to transmit conidia that infect and lead to disease development. The results are also relevant to the development of disease‐tolerant host selections, as they indicate levels of the pathogen appropriate for use in screening plants for disease resistance.     

Ethno-medico-biology of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India

We carried out an ethno-medico-biological investigation in the interior of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India to explore the therapeutic use of traditional plants/animals by local inhabitants. The villagers and rural people used plant and animal species as medicine. We recorded therapeutic use of 18 plant species of 13 families and 12 animal species of seven taxonomic categories. Different plant/animal parts like bark, leaf, flower, seed, stem, root, whole plant, oil, blood, milk, urine and flesh were reported as used in raw or cooked form against 17 specific diseases. Prominent diseases treated by plant/animal remedies were asthma, cardiovascular ailments, diabetes, epilepsy, jaundice, malaria, skin disorder and rheumatism. This study provides a better database for future studies.     

《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》学名订正(二)——荨麻科、石竹科、毛茛科、樟科、十字花科、五加科、木犀科

订正了《甘肃省小陇山高等植物志》荨麻科、石竹科、毛茛科、樟科、十字花科、五加科、木犀科植物30种5变种2亚种的学名。