Nordic provenance trials with Abies lasiocarpa and Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica: three-year results

In three Nordic field trials, 26 provenances of Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. and Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica (Merriam) Lemmon were evaluated 3 yrs after establishment. The focus was on 16 traits important for adaptation, establishment and production of Christmas trees. For all three sites in Denmark, Norway and Iceland, survival ranged from 89 to 96%. Provenances showed statistically significant differences for all but two traits. For all traits there was significant interaction between provenance and site. Analysis of ecovalens showed that for most traits, only a limited number of provenances contributed substantially to the interaction. Therefore, a large proportion of the provenances showed a fairly consistent ranking across sites. The frequency of potential Christmas trees in the provenances ranged from 10 to 49%. Southern provenances from New Mexico and Arizona seemed to have the best potential for producing high-quality Christmas trees. The southern provenances added substantially to the interaction between provenance and site for budset, lammas growth and colour. When using multivariate statistical methods on all measured traits, the provenance clusters fitted neatly into six distinct geographical regions.     

Testing species of genus Abies for Christmas tree production in Norway

Ten exotic Abies species were tested in two field trials, where the aim was to find suitable species and provenances for Christmas tree production in coastal and fjord areas in Norway. The material included 14 provenances of Abies nordmanniana, 3 provenances of Abies bornmuelleriana, 3 provenances of Abies koreana, 2 provenances of Abies amabilis, and 1 provenance each of Abies equi-trojani, Abies alba, Abies procera, Abies homolepis, Abies nephrolepis, and Abies forrestii. Field trials were established at Gulen in Sogn og Fjordane County and at Verdal in Nord-Trøndelag County. Christmas tree classification was done seven and eight growing seasons after establishment. The Christmas tree yield was higher in Gulen (64%) than in Verdal (45%), which is situated further north. Also, the survival and the height growth were higher in Gulen than in Verdal. A more humid climate and a longer growth season in Gulen may explain some of the differences. Of the 10 species, A. nordmanniana, A. homolepis, and A. bornmuelleriana produced the highest Christmas tree yield at Gulen, while A. homolepis and A. koreana had the highest yield at Verdal. Due to early bud burst, A. equi-trojani and A. bornmuelleriana are only suited for Christmas tree growing in the best climatic areas.     

杉木优良种源及其冻害苗造林效果分析

通过两次全分布区和一次有限分布区杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb.(Hook.)]种源试验,证实了种源间的树高、胸径、材积和结实等都存在明显的遗传变异^[1～4]。以速生优质为目的,综合评选出一批优良种源,具有丰产稳产、适应性广、结实量低等优良特性。     

杉木种源－林分－家系遗传变异研究

运用杉木种源、林分、家系三水平联合试验６年生林分的生长性状和物候观测资料，研究其遗传变异信息。结果显示，种源间、种源内林分间、林分内单株间的胸径、树高、材积都存在极显著差异；在三水平任何层次上的生长性状选择都是有效的，但各层次变异差别很大，其方差分量排序依次为：种源＞林分＞家系，种源、林分、单株材积遗传力分别为０．８４８、０．３９９、０．２３２；选择层次依次是种源、林分、单株。种源（群体）是较稳定的遗传单位，但种源内林分间差异显著，可进一步探讨遗传学上的杉木种源单位的确切范围。种子发芽率、物候因子分析表明，种源间差异显著，林分间差异不显著。     

Above- and below-ground biomass and nutrient distribution of a paper birch and subalpine fir mixed-species stand in the Sub-Boreal Spruce zone of British Columbia

Stand structure, height and diameter growth, above- and below-ground biomass, and nutrient concentrations and content were determined for a 35-year-old fire-origin paper birch (Betula papyrifera) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) mixed-species stand in the Sub-Boreal Spruce (SBS) zone of British Columbia. Paper birch, which formed the dominant overstory following the 1961 fire, had normal distributions of height and diameter classes. Subalpine fir, which dominated the understory, had the reverse J-shaped height and diameter distributions that are expected of a shade tolerant, climax species. Paper birch grew more than three times the height of subalpine fir. Growing in the summer shade of the birch, subalpine fir had slow but steady height growth during the first 10–15 years, after which height growth declined somewhat. Allometric equations, relating dry weight of foliage, branches, stemwood, stembark, roots, and total biomass to diameter at breast height (DBH), were developed to estimate above- and below-ground biomass. Total biomass of paper birch reached 83.2 t ha⁻¹, while subalpine fir biomass was 26.7 t ha⁻¹. Subalpine fir allocated more biomass to foliage and branches compared to paper birch. Foliage of paper birch had higher nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg than subalpine fir foliage. Branches and stembark of subalpine fir had higher P, and Ca concentrations than paper birch. Subalpine fir branches contained more of all examined nutrients than paper birch branches. This is a significant component in nutrient cycling of the mixed-species forest.     

杉木遗传变异组成试析

70年代以来,我国杉木遗传改良工作已发生了根本性的变化,不仅在生态造林区已相继选育出了一批速生型的优良家系、优良种源和优良无性系,而且还不同程度地在生产中得到了推广应用,取得了显著的经济效益。近年来,有关杉木多世代育种的探讨已有不少报道,但立论于遗传变异基础上,纵贯从群体到个体,综合多性状变异相关的见解却不多见,其主要原因或许是有意识地设置这方面的试验还显得不足之故。为此,我们在承担全国杉木协作     

Growth responses of three coexisting conifer species to climate across wide geographic and climate ranges in Yukon and British Columbia

This work aimed to compare radial growth–climate relationships among three coexisting coniferous tree species across a wide geographic and climate range from southern British Columbia (BC) to central Yukon, Canada. Tree-ring data were collected from 20 mature stands of white spruce (Picea glauca), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Linear relationships between annual growth variation and monthly and seasonal climate were quantified with correlation and regression analyses, and variation in climate–growth responses over a climatic gradient were quantified by regressing growth responses against local mean climatic conditions. Temperatures had more consistent and stronger correlations with growth for all three species than precipitation, but growth–climate responses varied among species and among sites. In particular, pine and fir populations showed different responses between BC and Yukon, whereas spruce showed a more consistent response across the study domain. Results indicate that (1) the response and sensitivity of trees to seasonal climate variables vary among species and sites and (2) winter temperatures prior to growth may have significant impacts on pine and fir growth at some sites. The capacity to adapt to climate change will likely vary among the study species and across climatic gradients, which will have implications for the future management of mixed-species forests in Yukon and BC.     

不同杉木良种林分生长比较

为筛选出适宜在福建杉木中心产区推广的杉木良种,选择5个杉木良种(福建尤溪第2代种子园实生苗、福建洋口第2代种子园实生苗、广西融水第1代种子园实生苗、洋020无性系组培苗、福建沙县本地种源实生苗),在福建农林大学莘口教学林场开展不同杉木良种、不同坡位造林对比试验,造林后12 a对不同杉木良种林分的生长情况进行调查。结果表明:12年生不同杉木良种林分的胸径、树高、单株材积和蓄积量均存在显著差异;5个杉木良种林分的平均胸径、树高、单株材积和蓄积量均达到福建省杉木速生丰产的标准,其中以尤溪第2代的生长量最高,其次为洋口第2代,广西融水最差。不同杉木良种林分的平均胸径、树高、单株材积、蓄积量均表现为:下坡>中坡>上坡。     

恩施山地扭叶松的幼树期引种成效

用产于加拿大9个种源的扭叶松种子育苗,在湖北恩施的建始县国有高岩子林场的十字坪、姚家坡进行了扭叶松不同种源地、不同种源的植苗造林试验。其幼树期的试验结果表明:扭叶松能适应两地的环境条件,植苗造林成活率及保存率达91.3%~100%;对14年生的试验林进行高、径生长分析,扭叶松的树高生长和胸径生长受种源、造林地点的影响极显著;种源与造林地点对树高生长的交互作用极显著。进一步对树高进行单点分析,参试的9个种源,在十字坪试点,10577、26230、25730、27084、28476、14726、26153七个种源的树高生长极显著高于25801、25803两个种源,且7个种源两两间差异不显著;姚家坡试点10577种源的树高生长极显著高于其他种源,其下依次是28476、26153、26730、27084、14726五个种源。胸径生长在种源间的极显著差异缘于10577种源与25803、25801种源间的差异,其他任意两种源间的胸径生长差异不显著。     

11个香椿种源在瑞昌引种的初期生长表现

在瑞昌市引进栽培了11个不同地理种源的2 a生香椿实生苗,造林后1 a调查分析各种源幼林期生长差异,发现各种源幼林树高生长量存在着显著差异,香椿不同种源单株之间的树高与地径生长量变异幅度较大。综合其树高、地径生长量与成活率、病虫害状况,初步选出福建霞蒲和湖南洞口2个种源为适宜江西栽培的优良种源。     

Impact of site and provenance on economic return in Nordmann fir Christmas tree production

Abstract

The economic potential of 35 seed lots from Danish landraces of Nordmann fir [Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach.] and seven imported provenances were evaluated for high-value Christmas tree production over a full rotation at six locations in Denmark. Naturally grown Christmas trees were evaluated and no leader length control or trimming of the side branches was allowed, but only simple cutting of double terminal leaders. Seed source as well as site strongly affected the economic revenue. Average net sales price per planted tree ranged over sites from €2.43 to €6.64, and among provenances from €1.38 to €7.06 with an average of €4.95. Changes in prices and grading as seen under cycling market conditions seemed not to affect the economic ranking of the better part of the provenances, whereas discounting the net sales income caused moderate rank changes, reflecting differences in rotation time. Limited seed source by site interactions were present and mainly caused by the slowest growing sources. Among the Danish domesticated seed sources of mostly unknown origin several were as suitable as the tested imported sources. In general, the Danish sources were faster growing than imports, although very large variation was present.     

Seasonal changes in soil and tissue nutrition in balsam fir and influence on postharvest needle abscission

Postharvest needle abscission in balsam fir varies based on time of harvest, but little is known about the effect of soil and tree nutrition on postharvest needle abscission. From April to November, 18 balsam fir samples were obtained each month and evaluated for postharvest needle abscission characteristics. Soil samples were collected simultaneously and evaluated for moisture, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and mineral nutrition. Needle tissue samples were also evaluated for mineral nutrition. Many parameters were found to vary based on month throughout the study, but not all were associated with needle abscission. Soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, Ca, and Mn all had a significant (P?P?R²?>?.50), suggesting that higher concentrations of tissue Ca were linked to superior needle retention in balsam fir. Overall, this study provides evidence that changes to soil management, such as the inclusion of organic matter and certain minerals, may improve needle retention in balsam fir.     

Temporal dynamics of snags and development of snag habitats in wet spruce–fir stands in east-central British Columbia

Patterns of tree mortality, rates and type of tree and snag fall, and relationships between snag characteristics and potential wildlife habitat value were estimated for hybrid spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) in east-central British Columbia in order to provide important parameters for deadwood modelling. We sampled 172 snags (52 spruce and 120 fir) for species, size, morphological, and habitat attributes, and used dendroecological techniques on a subsample of these (n = 158) to estimate year of death. Input of snags appeared to occur at a nearly constant rate in these stands. Estimated annual tree fall, including live trees and snags, was 5.3% for hybrid spruce and 6.1% for subalpine fir and stem breakage was more frequent than uprooting. Long-term annual snag fall rates were 4.6% for hybrid spruce and 2.9% for subalpine fir. Discriminant analysis based on time since death correctly classified snags into three decay classes for 85% and 72% of spruce and fir, respectively. Snags that potentially could provide important functions for wildlife habitat were more prevalent in fresh and intermediate classes for hybrid spruce and in intermediate and old classes for subalpine fir. The results provide valuable parameters for further development of deadwood models, which are an important tool for development of best practices for deadwood management.     

Early growth performance and water use of planted West African provenances of Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn (karité) in Gonsé, Burkina Faso

A participatory selection trial of five provenances from Burkina Faso (3), Mali (1) and Senegal (1) was established in Burkina Faso in 1997 with the aim of addressing issues of the long juvenile phase and the large variability in annual fruit yields of Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn in West Africa. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate survival rate and the growth performance of the five provenances, characterize the wetting profile under which the trees of these provenances are growing and quantify the variation in their seasonal transpiration. The design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with single tree as the experimental unit which was replicated 70 times. The results showed a mean survival rate of 50% for all provenances. Passoré (Burkina Faso), Djonon-Karaba (Mali) and Botou-Fada (Burkina Faso) provenances showed the highest height and collar diameter whereas the provenance of Gonsé (Burkina Faso) performed poorly. Djonon-Karaba provenance displayed the highest water use (2.70 l day⁻¹ tree⁻¹ in 2004 and 2.85 l day⁻¹ tree⁻¹ in 2005). Soil water content under Passoré provenance was the lowest (9.38%) whereas its content under Gonsé provenance (11%) was the highest with no clear pattern according to the distance from tree trunk. Samecouta and Djonon-Karaba provenances showed the highest transpiration values per sapwood unit area in 2004 (0.079 l cm⁻² day⁻¹) and in 2005 (0.069 l m⁻² day⁻¹), respectively. Based on growth performance and water use, it can be recommended at this early stage the selection of Djonon-Karaba and Passoré provenances as the most suitable for semi-arid regions of West Africa. However, there is a need for further data to model the long term effects of these provenances on soil water balance and their fruit production before reliable recommendations can be made to farmers.     

湛江地区引种不同种源地蓝花楹生长比较

引进3个种源地的蓝花楹进行栽培试验,对其成活率及生长指标进行调查,调查结果初步显示:3个种源中,四川种源地的蓝花楹表现出生长快、保存率高的特点,适于湛江栽培和发展;澳大利亚种源地的蓝花楹生长差,不宜在湛江推广和发展;巴西种源地的蓝花楹生长中等,可根据实际生产需要选择应用.     

European silver fir (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies alba</Emphasis> Mill.) provenances from Calabria,southern Italy: 15-year results from Danish provenance field trials

Height after 15 years, bud burst and mortality varied significantly among 13 southern Italian (Calabrian), a central Italian, a German (Schwarzwald), a Romanian (Carpathian), and a Danish provenance of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) tested in two field trials in Denmark. The variation in height was especially observed in the field trial that was well protected against late frost in the spring and early frost in the fall by a shelter wood of larch. Provenances from the region of Serra San Bruno (Calabria) and two provenances from the region of Gariglione (Calabria) showed superior height growth at this site compared with the remaining provenances. Height was below average for two provenances from the region of Aspromonte (Calabria). The variation in height correlated significantly with biomasses of the same provenances obtained in early tests. Bud burst was earlier among provenances from the regions of Serra San Bruno and Aspromonte. These were also characterised by poor winter-frost resistance in early tests. The Romanian provenance was not represented in the shelter wood trial. The variation in height between provenances in the other field trial was mainly due to the Romanian and the Danish provenance with superior and poorer growth respectively. Otherwise, differences between the remaining provenances were not significant at this site probably due to the influence of frost. Provenances with poor winter-frost resistance had higher mortality at this site.     

Survival,early growth and impact of damage by late-spring frost and winter desiccation on Douglas-fir seedlings in southern Sweden

Introduction of non-native species, such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), can be a means of mitigating the effects of climate change by meeting the growing demand for biomass and high quality wood. The aim of this study was to investigate early growth, survival and damage from late-spring frost and winter desiccation. A provenance trial with four coastal and three interior provenances of Douglas-fir originating from British Columbia, Canada, was established in Southwest Sweden (56°43′N, 13°08′E). Seedling height, length of the leading shoot, and occurrence of frost damage, were measured after one, three, and six growing seasons. Timing of bud break in spring was also observed. The interior Douglas-fir were more frequently damaged by late-spring frost compared to the coastal Douglas-fir. The interior Douglas-fir still had a higher survival after six growing seasons compared to the coastal variety. All provenances were damaged by winter desiccation, but the provenances originating from the coastal area were more severely damaged. Choice of variety may reduce the risk for either late-spring frost or winter desiccation.     

Coastal Douglas-fir provenance variation: patterns and predictions for British Columbia seed transfer

? We evaluated performance variability in two series of provenance trials of Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii. EP 480 included 16 reciprocal provenances planted from British Columbia to Oregon, measured up to age 45. EP 599.03 featured five common provenances, plus the local source, planted at 23 British Columbia sites, measured up to age 33.

? Although residual variance was high, site accounted for 31 to 60% of the volume variance, while provenance accounted for 1–6%. Interactions were also significant across ages and trials. Genotype-environment interaction was evident in EP 599.03, but not EP 480, which may reflect differences in experimental design.

? The worst provenances always ranked low across sites and over time. No geographic or climatic (annual, seasonal, monthly) variables consistently explained patterns of volume across sites or ages, singly or in combination for either trial, similar to findings from other studies of coastal Douglas-fir. Provenances from Washington to central Oregon often performed as well as the local provenance or better at British Columbia trial sites. Populations from higher elevations, poor sites and submaritime provenances were less vigorous.

? Results support maintaining elevational and ecotypic transfer limits, emphasizing site-specific decision making, and permitting wider latitudinal transfer on similar quality sites.

     

6个南方红豆杉种源苗期和幼龄生长差异

红豆杉是提纯抗癌药物紫杉醇的重要药用植物，因受制于红豆杉有限的野生资源，世界各国都在寻求多种方法生产紫杉醇，而通过红豆杉的人工栽培则是当今实行紫杉醇产业化的主要途径。南方红豆杉（Taxus chinensis var．mairei（Lemee et leve1．）Chang et L．K．Fu）为我国一级保护树种，材质优良、观赏价值高，相对于同属其它植物其紫杉醇含量虽然较低，但因其早期速生、宜短周期经营而开发价值较高。当前存在的技术瓶颈主要是药用优良新品种及配套高产栽培技术的缺乏。南方红豆杉广泛分布于长江流域、南岭山脉及河南、陕西、甘肃、台湾等省的山地或溪谷，种内变异丰富，但缺乏相关研究。     

木榄种源引种深圳湾后幼苗生理生态研究

将海南琼山、文昌、三亚 ,广西防城 ,雷州海康 ,廉江高桥及深圳福田本地的木榄胚轴 ,培育在深圳福田相同生境中 ,对其一龄幼苗的形态、生长和含水量、叶绿素、游离脯氨酸、过氧化氢酶、电导率、光合作用及蒸腾作用等生理指标进行定量分析 ,结果表明 :不同来源的幼苗存活率、地径生长和生理生态指标存在显著差异 ,其中高桥、琼山、三亚的种源存活率较高、生长较好 ;光合速率和蒸腾速率以琼山、三亚种源的较高 ;福田种源的过氧化氢酶活性最高 ,高桥种源的游离脯氨酸含量最高。结合深圳福田实际生境条件 ,应用坐标综合评定法 ,初步认定高桥种源可能成为深圳湾的最优种源