云杉天然群体表型多样性研究

以系统揭示云杉全分布区天然群体表型变异程度和变异规律为目的 ,以其全分布区 10个有代表性天然群体 ,每个群体 30个个体为试材 ,对针叶、球果、种鳞、种翅和种子等 17个表型性状进行系统比较分析 ,采用方差分析、多重比较、相关分析和聚类分析等统计分析方法 ,讨论了群体间和群体内的表型多样性。结果表明 :云杉种内表型性状在群体间和群体内存在极其丰富的遗传差异。云杉球果、针叶、种鳞、种翅和种子 5个表型性状的变异系数分别为 19 14 %、2 6 4 6 %、13 5 8%、19 78%和 174 0 % ,种鳞性状稳定性较其他性状高。表型分化系数 (VST)的变幅为 2 0 9%～ 4 0 6 2 % ,群体间表型分化系数均值为 30 99%。群体间变异 (30 99% )小于群体内变异 (6 9 0 1% )。 17个表型性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关 ,球果长度、球果径、种鳞长度、种鳞宽度和种子千粒重为云杉易测定和重要的表型性状。云杉种内群体表型变异在空间分布上呈现以纬度为主的单向变异模式 ,利用群体间欧氏距离进行UPGMA聚类分析表明 ,云杉群体可以划分为 5类     

祁连山青海云杉天然群体表型性状遗传多样性分析

调查祁连山青海云杉天然分布区的10个群体,每群体10个个体 ,以系统揭示其表型变异程度和变异规律为目的,对针叶、球果、种鳞、种翅和种子的17个表型性状进行系统的比较分析.采用方差分析、多重比较,相关分析、聚类分析等多种分析方法,对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行讨论.方差分析结果表明:各性状在群体间都存在极显著差异;除球果干质量和球果长/球果径外,其余性状在群体内都存在着极显著的差异.表型分化系数即群体间变异为31.20%,小于群体内的变异(68.80%).17个表型性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关.表型性状呈现出以经度变异为主的梯度规律性.通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将青海云杉10个群体划分为4个类群.     

珍稀植物青檀天然群体种子表型变异分析

为了搞清山东青檀的表型变异程度及变异规律,采用方差分析、相关分析、聚类分析等分析方法,对青檀(Pteroceltis tatarinowii)5个天然群体种子表型性状进行了比较分析。结果表明,山东青檀种子具有丰富的表型变异,其变异主要来源于群体内的变异;各性状群体间表型分化系数为7.9%～59.70%,平均值为39.10%;所有性状的变异系数平均值为22.74%,各群体的表型变异程度有青檀寺(25.86%)佛峪(25.80%)莲台山(23.60%)曲阜(22.12%)灵岩寺(16.31%);各表型性状间大多呈显著或极显著的相关关系;5个青檀群体被聚合成2组,其地理变异规律遵循随机变异模式。     

蒙古栎天然群体表型多样性研究

以蒙古栎全分布区的 8个天然群体为试材 ,对当年生枝的顶芽、叶、坚果、壳斗等 15个表型性状进行比较分析 ,讨论群体间和群体内的表型多样性。结果表明 ,蒙古栎种内表型性状在群体间和群体内存在着极其丰富的变异。群体平均表型分化系数 (VST)为 0 5 397,群体间变异 (5 3 97% )略大于群体内变异 (46 0 3% )。蒙古栎表型性状与地理气候因子相关分析表明 ,其种内群体表型变异呈梯度规律性 ,随着经纬度的增加 ,坚果逐渐增大 ,坚果形状由近球形向长椭球形变异 ;叶形由长倒卵形向宽倒卵形变异 ;随着海拔升高 ,坚果逐渐变小。蒙古栎表型性状(顶芽、叶、壳斗、坚果 )间存在显著或极显著的相关关系。利用群体间欧氏距离进行的UPGMA聚类分析表明 ,蒙古栎群体可以划分为 4类。     

濒危植物格木天然种群的表型多样性及变异

【目的】通过对濒危植物格木在我国中心分布区种群的果荚和种子表型性状测量分析,研究其表型多样性及变异规律,结合地理气候信息探讨影响表型变异的关键因子,为格木天然种群的遗传多样性保护恢复和引种栽培提供科学依据。【方法】对8个格木天然种群114个单株的13个果荚及种子表型性状进行测量,利用巢式方差分析、多重比较、相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等分析方法,探讨格木天然种群的表型多样性水平、进化和适应性潜力、表型变异规律、表型分化水平、种群聚类特征及其与地理气候因子的相关性。【结果】格木表型多样性水平中等,13个性状的Shannon-Wiener指数在1. 911 1(种形指数)～2. 103 9(果荚周长)之间,平均2. 027 8;8个种群的Shannon-Wiener指数在0. 920 9(P6)～1. 885 6(P8)之间,均值为1. 474 7。格木表型性状离散程度较轻,13个性状的变异系数在7. 544 6%(种子长)～18. 868 5%(果荚面积)之间,均值为12. 410 9%; 8个种群的变异系数在8. 852 9%(P1)～13. 984 8%(P5)之间,均值为12. 410 9%。13个表型性状的极大值为极小值的1. 395 2(种形指数)～2. 805 6(每荚种子数)倍,均值为1. 791 7。巢式方差分析表明,格木13个表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著差异(P<0. 01),说明这些性状在种群间和种群内均存在丰富的变异;种群内的变异(40. 387 1%)远大于种群间(11. 948 9%)。种群平均表型分化系数为21. 857 9%,各性状的分化系数变化幅度在7. 476 5%(种形指数)～38. 674 0%(果荚宽)之间。相关性分析表明,13个表型性状之间大多存在显著或极显著相关,果荚宽度、种子周长等性状和温度指标呈负相关,与纬度呈正相关,格木在气温高、降雨量大的地区往往具有小果荚、小种子的特征,随着温度指标降低和纬度增加,格木果荚及种子有变大的趋势。格木13个表型性状可提炼为4个主成分,累积贡献率为87. 382%。8个天然群体基于欧氏距离可分为3类:第1类2个种群呈现果荚小、种子小的特征,该类表型主要出现在格木分布区的南端;第2类5个种群呈现果荚大、种子大的特征,该类表型主要出现在格木分布区的北部,仅1个种群位于分布区的南部;第3类1个种群呈现果荚小、种子少、种子大而薄的特征,该类表型出现在格木南北分布区的中间衔接部。【结论】格木的表型多样性处于中等水平,在个体上存在较为丰富的变异。在群体及物种水平上,格木表型性状离散程度较轻,各个性状分布相对集中,较为稳定,不易发生群体分化,拥有特殊表型的格木单株具有较高的保存价值。果荚及种子大小进化及适应性潜力相对较大,种形指数最不易产生变异。种群内的变异是格木表型变异的主要来源,格木的种质资源收集保存可减少种群数量,增加种群内个体数量,并优先收集有特殊表型的单株。广西省容县和龙圩区的格木种群是格木遗传多样性保护及种质资源收集保存的重点区域。年均温等温度因子是影响格木表型及分布的最主要因子。果荚及其中种子的大小是格木种群间聚类的主要依据。     

山东稀有植物小果白刺天然群体表型变异研究

[目的]研究山东小果白刺的表型变异程度及变异规律。[方法]采用方差分析、相关分析、聚类分析等分析方法,对山东小果白刺5个群体种实和叶片的10个表型性状进行了比较分析。[结果]群体内变异是山东小果白刺表型变异的主要来源;各性状群体间表型分化系数的变幅为20.20%60.70%,平均值为40.71%;所有性状的变异系数平均值为9.34%,各器官的表型变异程度有叶片大小(8.99%)﹥种子大小(7.74%)﹥果实大小(6.77%)和种子形状(10.22%)﹥叶片形状(6.70%)﹥果实形状(4.35%);小果白刺10个表型性状间大多呈显著或极显著的相关关系;5个小果白刺群体被聚合成2类。[结论]山东小果白刺种实及叶片表型性状在群体间和群体内存在丰富的表型变异,其地理变异规律遵照随机变异模式。该研究结果为小果白刺种质资源的保存提供了依据。     

大别山山核桃果实与叶片性状的表型多样性研究

[目的]探讨大别山山核桃天然种群的表型多样性,为种质资源收集、优选、改良提供理论支持,为大别山山核桃的开发利用奠定基础。[方法]从19个大别山山核桃天然种群中选取198个单株,测定其果实和叶片的表型性状共16个,采用巢式方差分析,单因素方差分析,相关性分析,非加权配对算数平均法(UPGMA)等方法揭示大别山山核桃表型性状与地理分布的关系及其变异规律。[结果](1)大别山山核桃的16个表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),表明大别山山核桃的表型多样性非常丰富;(2)各表型性状的变异范围为1.64%-26.59%,平均变异系数为9.63%;果实表型与叶片表型的种群内平均变异系数分别为6.16%和15.42%,果实表型平均变异系数较小,性状相对稳定;(3)表型性状间的相关性分析表明,性状间达极显著相关的有60对,达显著相关的11对;(4)种群间和种群内的平均方差分量百分比分别为49.28%和17.53%,平均表型分化系数为66.25%,表明大别山山核桃表型变异主要来自种群间;(5)当距离系数为0.04时,19个种群被分为4类,聚类情况基本与经度的变化一致。     

广东省木荷群体叶片表型多样性研究

对广东省16个木荷群体叶片表型性状进行测定分析,结果表明：叶片长、叶片宽、叶面积、长宽比、叶脉数和叶脉密度6个性状在群体内和群体间的差异均达极显著水平(P＜0.01);木荷叶片6个表型性状在群体间的平均表型分化系数为11.44%,在群体内的平均表型分化系数为88.56%,说明群体内变异是木荷叶片表型变异的主要来源。     

基于球果和种子的青海云杉无性系表型性状多样性研究

【目的】种质资源变异研究是开展遗传改良的前提与重要环节,了解变异程度可对种质资源的保护与可持续利用提供遗传信息,分析不同种源青海云杉无性系表型变异程度和规律,为青海云杉目标性状选育提供依据。【方法】以甘肃省张掖市龙渠青海云杉无性系种子园内的7个种源青海云杉为研究对象,测定和统计不同种源的青海云杉球果、种鳞、种翅和种子表型性状,通过多重比较、方差分析、相关分析、聚类分析,分析和讨论青海云杉种源间、种源内表型性状多样性特点。【结果】青海云杉不同种源间球果、种鳞、种翅和种子性状均存在极显著差异,青海云杉表型分化系数平均值为74.20%,青海云杉表型变异主要来源于种源间的变异;球果和种子表型性状的变异丰富,变异范围为11.40%～55.50%,平均变异系数为21.07%;不同种源间变异差异明显,隆畅河林区种源平均变异系数最大(23.15%),西水林区种源平均变异系数最小(18.46%),11个表型性状间大多数呈显著或显著的正相关关系;通过欧氏聚类分析可将7个种源青海云杉划分为5个类群。【结论】不同种源青海云杉球果与种子的表型性状变异较为广泛,变异来源丰富。因此,在青海云杉种子园遗传改良过程中,应根据不同的育种目的,充分考虑种源间和种源内的变异情况,本研究在青海云杉种质资源收集、遗传多样性保护以及遗传改良方面具有一定的指导意义。     

黄连木天然群体表型变异与多样性研究

以11个黄连木天然群体为试材,对18个表型性状的变异与多样性进行分析,结果表明:黄连木表型性状存在极其丰富的群体间和群体内变异,各性状间的变异系数相差较大,变幅为4.249%~27.31%,果实性状的变异系数最小,受较高的遗传控制。群体间平均表型分化系数VST为22.27%,说明群体内变异是黄连木遗传变异的主要来源,采用聚类分析的方法,把11个群体分为4类,表型性状与地理气候因子相关分析表明除百果重、千粒重、种长几个性状外,多数表型性状随地理位置的改变没有明显的变化,但有随着经度、纬度的增加而逐渐增大趋势。     

花叶海棠表型性状变异的研究

在四川省炉霍县和道孚县鲜水河流域调查了花叶海棠6个居群共60个单株,分析比较了树叶和果实的主要营养成分,运用变异系数、方差分析、表型分化系数研究了10个表型性状的变异。结果表明:花叶海棠地径、树高、冠高、冠幅、结实量的居群内方差分量>80％．居群间差异的影响<20％。果实的纵径、横径、重量、果色、果形的变异也主要是由居群内差异引起的,居群间表型分化系数反映果色是以居群间变异占相对优势,纵径在居群间的变异略高于居群内的变异,而横径、果重和果形都是以居群内变异为主。果实维C含量的居群间差异很大,变异系数高达69．04。探讨了花叶海棠的遗传改良策略和资源利用途径。     

Phenotypic variation in Phoebe bournei populations preserved in the primary distribution area

Phoebe bournei(Hemsl.) Yang is a rare and protected plant in China. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic variation in this species and to document phenotypic variation within and among populations of P. bournei. Nested analysis of variance, coefficient of variation, multiple comparisons, principal component analysis(PCA) and correlation analysis were used to analyze ten phenotypic traits in ten natural populations of P.bournei from both the northeastern and the primary region of the range of this species. Significant differences among and within populations were observed in leaf and seed phenotypic traits. Variation among populations(34.92%)was greater than that within populations(26.19%). The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 53.77%among populations, indicating that variation among populations comprised the majority of the phenotypic variation of P. bournei. The coefficient of variance(CV) of ten traits varied from 6.44 to 18.45%, with an average of 12.03%.The CV of leaf traits among populations(15.64%) was higher than that of seed traits(8.60%), indicating that seed traits were more stable. The results from CV and PCA indicated that leaf area, leaf length and thousand seed weight were the main factors accounting for the observed phenotypic variations. Significant or highly significant correlations were observed among most leaf and/or in seed phenotypic traits, whereas no significant correlations were observed between phenotypic traits and geographic factors.Based on cluster analysis, the ten populations can be divided into three clusters. These clusters were not a result of geographic distances.     

濒危植物水青树叶的表型性状变异

[目的]通过对濒危植物水青树叶表型性状的测量分析,研究其表型变异程度和变异规律,并从遗传和环境适应角度探讨其致濒机制,为其天然种群的有效保护及管理提供科学依据。[方法]对来自14个水青树天然种群的90个个体的17个叶形态及其表皮微形态性状进行测量,利用巢式方差分析、多重比较、主成分分析、聚类分析、相关分析等多种分析方法,探讨种群间和种群内的叶表型变异及其与地理、环境因子的相关性。[结果](1)水青树17个叶表型性状在种群内和种群间均存在显著差异;(2)17个性状的平均表型分化系数为46.69%,种群内的变异(31.83%)大于种群间的变异(28.85%),种群内变异是水青树叶表型变异的主要来源;(3)各性状平均变异系数(CV)为12.56%,变异幅度为4.17%26.25%;(4)水青树叶表型变异与年均日照时数、7月均温及年均降雨量等环境因子有关,变异呈现出随经度、纬度、海拔的梯度渐变规律;(5)利用主成分分析结果进一步聚类,可将14个水青树天然种群分为3大类。[结论]水青树天然种群间叶表型分化处于中等水平,种群内变异程度较低,其对环境的适应范围缩减,适应能力较差,这可能是导致水青树濒危的重要原因。据此,提出了相应的保护措施以便对其进行有效保护。     

Leaf phenotypic variation of endangered plant Tetracentron sinense Oliv.and influence of geographical and climatic factors

To analyze the degree and pattern of phenotypic variation in leaves of Tetracentron sinense Oliv from the perspective of genetic and environmental adaptation and thus contribute to effective evidence-based conservation and management strategies for germplasm resources,we measured 17 morphological and epidermal micromorphological leaf traits from 24 natural populations of T.sinense.Nested analysis of variance,multiple comparison,principal component analysis(PCA),cluster analysis,and correlation analysis were used to explore phenotypic leaf variation among and within populations and potential correlations with geographic and environmental factors.There were significant differences in 17 leaf phenotypic traits among and within populations.The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient of the 17 traits was 56.34%,and the variation among populations(36.4%) was greater than that within populations(27.2%).The coefficient of variation(CV)of each trait ranged from 4.6 to 23.8%,and the mean was11.8%.Phenotypic variation of leaves was related to environmental factors such as average annual sunshine hours,average July temperature,and average annual rainfall.The variation changed along gradients of longitude,latitude,and altitude.The PCA clustered the 24 natural populations into four groups.Our study suggests that phenotypic variation in T.sinense occurred primarily among populations,with moderate levels of phenotypic differentiation among populations and low levels of phenotypic variation within populations.The plant's poor adaptability to the environment is likely an important contributor to its endangerment.Accordingly,conservation strategies are proposed to protect and manage the natural populations of T.sinense.     

百色地区香合欢种子表型性状变异分析

为了揭示香合欢自然居群表型变异程度和规律,本研究采用方差分析、多重比较、相关性分析等方法,对百色地区6个居群香合欢种子的5个表型性状进行比较研究,讨论居群间和居群内的表型多样性。结果表明:香合欢种子的5个性状在居群内和局群间均存在丰富的变异,平均变异系数在10.68%~49.30%之间,各性状在居群间、居群内个体间均达极显著差异;各性状平均表型分化系数为47.36%,居群间(31.67%)变异略大于居群内(28.67%)变异,说明二者均是香合欢的主要变异来源。种子性状均与海拔呈正相关,与年均降水量呈负相关,但未达到显著水平。研究结果可为香合欢良种选育工作奠定基础,对进一步保护和利用香合欢种质资源具有一定的指导意义。     

Phenotypic variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoebe bournei</Emphasis> populations preserved in the primary distribution area

Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang is a rare and protected plant in China. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic variation in this species and to document phenotypic variation within and among populations of P. bournei. Nested analysis of variance, coefficient of variation, multiple comparisons, principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to analyze ten phenotypic traits in ten natural populations of P. bournei from both the northeastern and the primary region of the range of this species. Significant differences among and within populations were observed in leaf and seed phenotypic traits. Variation among populations (34.92%) was greater than that within populations (26.19%). The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 53.77% among populations, indicating that variation among populations comprised the majority of the phenotypic variation of P. bournei. The coefficient of variance (CV) of ten traits varied from 6.44 to 18.45%, with an average of 12.03%. The CV of leaf traits among populations (15.64%) was higher than that of seed traits (8.60%), indicating that seed traits were more stable. The results from CV and PCA indicated that leaf area, leaf length and thousand seed weight were the main factors accounting for the observed phenotypic variations. Significant or highly significant correlations were observed among most leaf and/or in seed phenotypic traits, whereas no significant correlations were observed between phenotypic traits and geographic factors. Based on cluster analysis, the ten populations can be divided into three clusters. These clusters were not a result of geographic distances.     

山东百部的表型分化研究

对山东百部4个种群进行了表型多样性分析。通过叶长、叶宽、叶长／叶宽、叶脉数、叶轮生数和茎节长的变异分析,探讨了种群间和种群内的表型多样性。山东百部表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在着极其丰富的变异,种群平均表型分化系数（VST）为45．8362％,种群内的变异略高于种群间的变异。利用种群间欧氏距离进行的UPGMA聚类分析表明,可以将4个种群划分为3类。     

Morphological variation of Quercus liaotungensis leaves in Lingkong Mountain, Shanxi province

In order to study variation of morphological traits and the influencing factors of natural populations of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. in Lingkong Mountain Nature Reserve of Shanxi region, five populations were included, and 24 morphological traits of leaf and apical bud were investigated. The analysis of variance showed that variation of all the morphological traits within population were significant, whereas significant difference existed in five property indices among populations (α = 0.05), which resulted from genetic and environmental factors. The results revealed that direction and degree of slope, average diameter at breast height in populations, and population density were the main influencing factors. Intrapopulation variation mainly contributed to morphological variation, and the phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 13.31%, which indicated low level of differentiation. But several characteristics exhibited high differentiation level, such as width of the tooth of leaf base (25.99%) and the middle apical bud (25.23%). The morphological indices, including the tooth of leaf base, leaf tip, petiole, and leaf area were precarious and changed a lot within population, which arose from the variation of individual’s development. However, only two morphological indices, the middle apical bud and the tooth of leaf base, are unstable, which indicates the extensive influence of environmental factors. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2005, 27(5): 10–16 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]