江西省不同立地等级的马尾松林生物量估计和不确定性度量

【目的】选择适合的单木地上生物量异速生长模型形式,获得区域尺度马尾松林生物量及其误差在不同立地等级下的估计,为精准估计不同立地质量的森林生物量提供技术支持,进而为森林立地生产力估计提供参考。【方法】在马尾松林3种单木生物量模型g_i=aD_i~b+ε[式(1)]、gi=a(D_i~2H_i)~b+ε[式(2)]、g_i=aD_i~bH_i~c+ε[式(3)]形式下(式中:g_i为单木生物量,D_i为单木胸径,H_i为单木树高,a、b、c为估计参数,ε为残差),运用优势木树高分级法对我国江西省马尾松林占优势的样地进行立地质量分级,采用蒙特卡洛模拟法估计3种模型形式下不同立地质量的单位面积生物量均值和不确定性。【结果】1)3种生物量模型形式的决定系数(R~2)及调整决定系数(R_(adj)~2)均达到0.95以上,拟合效果良好。从综合平均偏差、平均绝对偏差及均方根误差来看,式(3)模型较优。2)用优势木树高等级代替立地等级,利用树高分级法建立优势木树高-胸径模型,曲线的R2为0.907,平均偏差为0.001,平均绝对偏差为0.559,均方根误差为0.027,模型拟合效果良好。相同立地等级的样地成片分布,相对集中,每一立地等级的样地在江西省全境范围内均有分布。3)采用蒙特卡洛法对马尾松不同立地等级下的3种单木地上生物量模型估计结果及误差进行10 000次模拟后,马尾松地上生物量均值和误差的估计结果均达到稳定。在同一单木生物量模型形式下,不同立地等级的地上生物量均值估计结果随着立地等级的升高而增大;相对误差估计值在中间立地等级(3级)时最小,并有随着立地等级升高或降低而增大的趋势。相同立地等级下,3种模型地上生物量均值估计结果为式(1)式(3)式(2);绝对误差和相对误差估计结果为式(2)式(3)式(1)。【结论】1)区域尺度下的3种马尾松单木地上生物量模型从评价指标来看式(3)最好;从生物量估计误差结果相比较,3种模型的估计效果为式(2)好于式(3)好于式(1),带有树高因子的式(2)和式(3)的相对误差较式(1)更小。2)不同立地条件下,立地质量越接近平均水平,单位面积生物量均值估计的相对误差越小。3)结合优势木树高分级对立地等级进行划分,采用蒙特卡洛模拟法对不同立地等级下的生物量均值和误差进行估计,可以得到生物量及估计误差在不同立地条件下的分布。     

广西主要树种立木生物量模型的研建

在广西境内收集杉木、马尾松、桉树、硬阔类、软阔类等树种333株,按收获法进行生物量测定,分别树种采用W=c1×Dc2,W=c1×(D2H)c2,W=c1×Dc2×Hc3模型进行地上部分生物量拟合,并采用加权回归估计消除模型的异方差,利用部分有根部生物量测定的样本,分别树种建立地下与地上生物量回归模型,获得平均根茎比参数。结果表明:1)采用W=c1×Dc2×Hc3结构建立地上生物量模型,具有较高的精度;2)通过加权回归后,地上生物量模型精度略有降低,但模型稳定性增强;3)主要树种地上生物量模型的决定系数R2均达到0.93以上,总相对误差(TRE)和平均系统误差(MSE)均控制在±1%以内,平均预估精度基本在94%以上,结合平均根茎比参数,可在一定径级范围内用于广西主要树种生物量估测。     

基于木材密度的34个树种组一元立木生物量模型建立

森林是陆地上最大的碳库,其固碳能力的评估必须以生物量模型作为计量基础。基于2012年研究提出的通用性生物量模型M=0.3pD7/3,利用公开发表的各树种木材基本密度数据,建立了我国全部34个树种(组)的一元地上生物量模型,再利用全国森林生物量调查建模项目的实测数据,对其中14个树种(组)的地上生物量模型进行了验证;还分别针叶树和阔叶树2个树种组建立了相容性地下生物量模型和根茎比模型,并检验了其预估效果。结果表明:所建一元立木生物量模型对各个树种(组)地上生物量和地下生物量估计的相对误差绝对值平均数均未超过其相应的允许误差10%和15%,可用于宏观层面的森林生物量估计,是近年颁布实施的生物量模型系列行业标准的重要补充。     

阴山北麓农牧交错区小叶锦鸡儿地上生物量模型构建

以阴山北麓地区小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)人工灌木林为研究对象，在立地和林分调查的基础上，开展小叶锦鸡儿地上生物量预测模型研究，旨在为该区小叶锦鸡儿人工灌木林的抚育管理和资源有效利用提供科学依据。结果表明：平均冠幅(D)和灌丛高×冠幅面积(HC)2个指标作为自变量来拟合小叶锦鸡儿地上生物量效果最佳，预测模型精度检验的总相对误差(RS)、平均相对误差(EE)和平均相对误差绝对值(RMA)均小于20%,生物量模型W=1.150+D^1.820和W=1.067+(HC)^0.785可作为优化模型来估算阴山北麓地区小叶锦鸡儿的地上生物量。     

福建木荷多元生物量模型及2种权函数的比较

为准确计量与监测木荷生物量以及准确评估其碳汇能力、生态效益等生态功能,基于160株木荷样木实测数据,以胸径(D)、树高(H)、冠幅(Cw)和冠长(Cl)作为模型的自变量,运用非线性最小二乘法,采用15种模型结构建立木荷各组分生物量模型,并以1/f(x)~2与1/f(x)~(1.6)分别作为权函数对模型进行异方差的消除,对比分析各模型拟合结果并选取各组分最优生物量模型。结果表明,木荷各部分的生物量模型采用同一模型结构所拟合的效果大致相同;各自变量对生物量模型的拟合效果与贡献程度从大到小顺序为DHClCw(其中自变量H与Cl的作用效果相近);随着函数模型的多元化,从一元到二元模型的提升效果明显,而后二元到多元模型提升效果不大,建议实际应用中采用二元模型W=aD~(b1)H~(b2)即可;采用1/f(x)~(1.6)作为权函数消除异方差后模型整体的拟合效果与估计精度,优于未消除异方差与以1/f(x)~2作为权函数消除异方差的模型,证明以1/f(x)~n作为通用权函数将更适用,但其具体n值需进一步研究。     

华西雨屏区退耕还林地杂交竹生物量空间分配格局

采用标准样方法研究了杂交竹各器官及不同龄级生物量配置,结果表明:①杂交竹单株平均生物量为5.0116 kg,林分平均生物量为34.1794 t.hm-2;②杂交竹单株和林分各器官生物量从高到低都表现为竹杆竹枝竹叶竹蔸竹根;③不同年龄杂交竹单株生物量大小排序为3 a2 a1 a,林分生物量表现为2 a1 a3 a;④杂交竹竹枝、竹杆、竹叶及全株以幂函数(W=cDaHb)为最优生物量模型,竹蔸、竹根则以多项式(W=c+aD+bH)为最优生物量模型。     

桉树相容性可加性立木生物量模型系统研建

桉树是我国南方重要的速生树种,在保障国家木材安全和增强森林碳汇能力方面发挥着重要作用,但目前尚无可靠的立木生物量模型。从我国桉树林的主要分布区广西分别采集了183株和124株代表性样木的地上生物量(含干、皮、枝、叶各个分量)和地下生物量数据,采用最新的综合哑变量方法和误差变量联立方程组方法的联合估计技术,建立了相容性可加性一元和二元立木生物量模型系统。结果表明,地上、地下生物量模型的确定系数R²均在0.95以上,平均预估误差MPE分别在3%和6%以下。通过对3组已发表的桉树地上、地下生物量模型的估计结果进行对比分析,发现仅1组模型能达到相关技术规程的精度要求,另外2组模型的估计结果明显有偏差,其中偏差最大的地下生物量模型其相对误差甚至超出了100%。此次研建的桉树相容性可加性立木生物量模型系统,为准确估计广西乃至全国桉树林的生物量及碳储量提供了计量依据。     

鄂西地区杉木林生物量模拟及其分配格局

笔者研究杉木的生物量及其分布格局对研究鄂西地区植被碳循环具有重要意义,以杉木生物量为研究对象,利用在鄂西地区样地每木调查的资料,建立了不同器官生物量预测模型,统计分析了不同杉木林分的乔木层生物量及其组成关系;通过对样品含水量的测定,统计分析出不同林分灌木层和枯落物的生物量;杉木林各器官生物量模型分别为:W树干=0.010 0(D2 H)1.036 6;W树皮=0.013 5(D2 H)0.787 1;W树枝=1.223 0(D2 H)0.257 3;W树叶=0.851 1(D2 H)0.258 7;W地下=0.031 1(D2 H)0.736 7;W地上=0.070 7(D2 H)0.854 3;W总=0.094 2(D2 H)0.838 3。结果表明杉木林生物量主要集中于乔木层,各部分所占比例为:干(52%)>地下(15%)>枝(14%)>叶(10%)>皮(9.6%),灌木层和枯落物的生物量比较少。     

六盘山叠叠沟华北落叶松人工林地上生物量的坡面变化

【目的】在降水有限、水分再分配明显的半干旱区山地坡面上,森林生物量通常表现出明显的坡向、坡位差异。便捷、精确地测算整个坡面的森林生物量目前还很困难。本研究旨在定量描述森林生物量的坡面变化规律及其空间尺度效应,为提高森林经营水平和实施精细化管理提供技术支持。【方法】在宁夏六盘山半干旱区的叠叠沟小流域,选择生长华北落叶松人工林的半阴坡和阴坡2个坡面,按坡位从上到下各设置了6块20 m×20 m的样地,调查各样地的立地条件及林分特征后,采用烘干法及六盘山区建立的生物量经验公式计算地上生物量;以"离开坡顶的水平距离"为尺度变量,定量描述地上生物量随坡面空间尺度增加而变化规律,及坡面上任意坡位处样地的地上生物量与坡面平均值的关系。【结果】研究区坡面上森林植被地上生物量存在明显的坡向、坡位差异;水分条件较差的半阴坡上的平均地上生物量(52.36 t·hm-2)比水分条件较好的阴坡低18.16%,但半阴坡上生物量的坡位间变幅(42.50 t·hm-2)比阴坡高14.71%,这说明半阴坡的坡面效应强于阴坡,并与土壤厚度及土壤水分条件差异有关;地上生物量的坡位变化在不同坡面上大致遵循相同的规律,都是由坡顶向下逐渐增大,至下坡处(半阴坡)或中下坡处(阴坡)达到最大,之后又逐渐减小,这主要受土壤水分在坡面上的再分配格局影响;研究区坡面上森林植被地上生物量(y,t·hm-2)随坡面空间尺度(x,m)增加而变化,阴坡表现为y=-2×10-7x3-8×10-5x2+0.121 9x+40.875(R2=0.999 8),半阴坡表现为y=2×10-7x3-7×10-5x2+0.067 5x+30.838(R2=0.995 7);距坡顶的水平距离每增加100 m,阴坡上的地上生物量坡段滑动平均值升高4.92 t·hm-2,半阴坡上为6.28 t·hm-2,即地上生物量的空间尺度效应在水分条件较差的半阴坡上要强于水分条件较好的阴坡;研究区坡面上任意给定坡位(X,m)与样地地上生物量与坡面平均值的比值(Y)的定量关系在半阴坡为Y=-7×10-8X3+4×10-5X2-2.2×10-3X+0.643 2(R2=0.932 1),在阴坡为Y=-1×10-8X3+1×10-6X2+3×10-3X+0.620 4(R2=0.973 9),以此可便捷和精确地确定整个坡面的森林生物量。【结论】半干旱区山地坡面上森林生物量呈先增加后减小的单峰型变化,与土壤水分的坡面再分配格局关系很大;采用"距坡顶的水平距离"为尺度变量可以很好地定量描述森林生物量沿坡变化规律及其空间尺度效应;基于以上工作可实现整个坡面生物量的便捷精确计算。     

华北落叶松单株生物量最优模型探究

为了探究华北落叶松的生物量最优生长模型,以承德围场县北沟营林区华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,通过设置标准地,对其17~43a生林分进行详细调查,利用Spass曲线估计方法,最终确定其生物量估算模型。结果表明:二次函数为生物量最优模型,地上总生物量W总=-53.846-0.486 D+0.558 D2,树干生物量W干=-65.067+2.648 D+0.312 D2,树枝生物量W枝=-0.701+0.024 DH-4.868×10-6(DH)2,树叶生物量W叶=-2.205-0.479 D+0.066 73 D2,树皮生物量W皮=-3.536+0.004 D2 H-7.998×10-8(D2 H)2。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Boron in forest trees and forest ecosystems

This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees.     

Development of Pinus sylvestris Main Stems Following Three Different Precommercial Thinning Methods in a Mixed Stand

Reducing competition by point cleaning may be an attractive alternative to conventional precommercial thinning in forestry. In this study, survival and development of main stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following point cleaning were examined in a mixed stand of mainly Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Sweden. Treatments studied were: no precommercial thinning, conventional precommercial thinning, point cleaning of all secondary stems, and point cleaning of only the secondary stems that were higher than the main stem, within a radius of 0.8 m from the main stem, respectively. A randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Measurements taken 13 growing seasons after these treatments showed that conventional precommercial thinning was the best treatment for retaining Scots pines as main stems. However, conventional precommercial thinning resulted in the poorest timber quality of the remaining Scots pines in terms of stem taper, thickest branch diameter and relative live crown height. In conclusion, point cleaning has to be followed by a complementary cleaning operation if the objective is to retain Scots pines as main stems in such mixed stands.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Tree planting for dryland salinity control in Australia

Dryland salinity is emerging as a major form of land and water degradation in southern Australia, particularly in Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria, and to a lesser extent in New South Wales, Tasmania and Queensland.Tree planting, in combination with other vegetation treatments, is regarded as a leading solution to dryland salinity. Research has now shown that planting trees can significantly lower groundwater tables, and thereby reverse the causal process of salinisation. Substantial progress has been made towards answering the basic questions of which species to grow, how to plant, where to plant, at what density and configuration to plant, and how much area to plant. The economic potential for commercial tree planting has given impetus to partial reforestation in higher rainfall (> 600 mm yr^–1) areas. Even so, serious constraints are apparent, relating primarily to cost, uncertainty and attitude. The future should bring increasing community input and control, technical refinement and gradual adoption, provided all aspects of the issue are well researched, relevant information is well communicated and programmes are well administered. Some specific requirements for future research are identified in this review.