长白山针阔混交林林木更新主要影响因素研究

基于14块针阔混交林固定样地的天然更新调查数据,针对影响天然更新效果的因素众多,仅用定性分析难以做出判断的特点,因此采用灰色系统中的关联度分析法,把影响天然更新的因素进行排序。排序结果依重要性分别是海拔高度、林木株数、郁闭度、腐殖质厚度、针叶树蓄积比重、蓄积量、针叶树株树、坡度。由于云冷杉等针叶树幼苗喜荫,不喜光,所以在采伐强度过大时将造成林内郁闭度降低,林内光照明显增强,进而严重影响云冷杉幼苗幼树的生长。因此,在实际生产中应慎重扩大采伐量,同时在采伐过程中尽可能减少对保留木的损伤,保证林分的天然更新。     

云冷杉过伐林主要树种结构特征分析

选择长白山针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的云冷杉过伐混交林,探讨直径结构、空间格局、蓄积生长、林下更新以及植物多样性等林分结构问题,为恢复红松为主的针阔混交林,提出结构调整思路。研究表明:由于过去以不合理的非经营性采伐,红松成主要择伐对象,红松不同年份各径阶株数变化幅度较大,直径18 cm开始出现缺损株数现象,缺乏中、大径组株数,导致母树数量、结实量和种源减少,造成在主要树种中红松更新最差的问题,不利于林分正向演替。不同针阔比混交林空间格局与其主要树种空间格局并非完全一致,在同一林分不同树种间存在差异。针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的混交林空间格局分别为随机分布、聚集分布和均匀分布。其中,红松分布格局主要呈聚集分布。因此,恢复以红松为主的针阔混交林,以红松和珍贵阔叶树种作为目标树种,采取目标树培育方法,伐除影响其更新和生长的林木,而将云冷杉和一般阔叶树作为伴生树种,逐渐减少云冷杉的优势,最终逐渐恢复成红松阔叶混交林;对针阔比8∶2和7∶3混交林红松分布格局,采取人工补植、间伐等措施,结合天然更新,向随机分布进行调整;采取人工补植、清理母树周围枯枝落叶层等措施人工辅助红松天然更新。     

我国天然云冷杉针阔混交林更新研究进展*

天然云冷杉针阔混交林是我国的主要森林类型之一 ,在国民用材中占有相当大的比重。天然更新对森林群落的重构起着至关重要的作用。采伐是影响森林更新的主要人为干扰因素之一。对天然云冷杉针阔混交林适宜采用择伐 ,不适宜采用皆伐。择伐强度在 3 0 %以下有利于天然更新。林隙中更新树种的种类和数量通常多于林冠下 ,林隙具有较高的物种多样性指数。     

清林对云冷杉针阔混交林天然更新的影响初探

对吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场云冷杉针阔混交林择伐作业林分的归堆法、归带法和散铺法3种清林方式,采用标准地和路线调查法进行了天然更新调查。结果表明这3种清林方式对云冷杉针阔混交林的天然更新影响较小;散铺法对该林型林下植被的生长有影响。堆放时间超过10a的枝堆上出现了一定数量的云冷杉幼苗,这说明堆枝可以为云冷杉天然更新的发生提供更多必要条件。     

长白山过伐云冷杉恢复林分主要树种径阶生长与枯损模拟

以长白山过伐林区金沟岭林场的云冷杉林4个局级固定样地连续12年的观测数据为研究对象,利用固定样地内主要针叶树种红松、冷杉和云杉,从1978年到1984年6年内的胸径与定期平均生长量对应值数据,建立林木径阶生长转移概率模型,预估林木径阶平均生长量,并利用1990年观测数据进行检验,结果表明:所建概率模型实际应用误差较小,精度较高;同时还分析了1978年至1990年12年间云冷杉林的枯损林木株数分布特征,通过模型模拟和检验,表明Weibull分布函数适用于异龄混交林的枯损株数分布模拟。     

贵州喀斯特地区侧柏人工林天然更新效果的因子分析法研究

以2005年设于贵州喀斯特地区普定县的12块侧柏人工林样地的调查资料为基础,利用统计软件SPSS中的因子分析方法,分析了喀斯特地区侧柏人工林分的8个因子对其林分天然更新幼树株数的影响。结果表明:每公顷天然更新的侧柏幼树株数与其林分的郁闭度、林木株数以及林地的坡向具有显著的相关性。可将影响侧柏人工林天然更新效果的8个因素归并为林分结构、土壤条件和地形条件,它们在其更新中作用的大小顺序为林分结构>土壤条件>地形条件。     

目标树经营对杉檫混交林生长及天然更新影响研究

以通山县大幕山林场国家储备林为研究对象,按蓄积采伐强度设置对照(0%)、低强度(15.7%)、中强度(27.0%)、高强度(36.0%)、超高强度(45.6%)5个处理建立20块固定样地,对杉檫混交林目标树经营成效进行了监测。结果表明:作业样地2020年与2019年相比,目标树平均胸径生长量增加0.52 cm/年,单位面积蓄积生长量增加4.38 m³/(hm²·年);同时,2020年4种采伐强度作业样地平均每100 m²天然更新树种数6.25个,新增天然更新株数21株,而对照样地每100 m²天然更新树种数仅3个,新增天然更新株数仅12株。由此可见,目标树经营既促进了林木胸径生长,增加了林分蓄积量,同时又改善了林下天然更新,增加了物种多样性,可为国家储备林项目营林措施的选择提供有力支撑。     

长白山国家级自然保护区云冷杉林天然更新特征及影响因素分析

本文通过对长白山国家级自然保护区4块云冷杉林样地(50 m×50 m)进行调查，统计了天然更新树种和株数，并分析了平均胸径和林分密度对天然更新的影响。结果表明：研究区域内云冷杉林更新树种19种，更新株数2 650株·hm^-2。其中4种槭树种类更新数量最多，占更新总量的81.2%;紫椴和春榆次之，分别占更新总量的7.4%和3.1%。不同径级和密度级对云冷杉林天然更新影响较大，其中第Ⅳ径级(>20～24 cm)和第Ⅱ密度级(>400～800株·hm^-2)林分更新株数最多，分别为3 098株·hm^-2和3 445株·hm^-2。     

建平地区色木槭天然更新主导因子的研究

对影响建平地区色木槭林分天然更新幼树(苗)株数和高生长主导因子进行了调查研究,结果表明:(1)各因素对更新幼树(苗)株数影响大小依次为:坡向郁闭度坡位土层厚度,表明影响色木槭更新株数的主导因子是水分条件和光照;(2)对更新幼树(苗)高生长的影响因子排序为:坡向坡位郁闭度土层厚度,表明水分和养分条件是影响色木槭更新幼树高生长关键因子。     

流溪河国家森林公园天然次生阔叶混交林林分结构与植物多样性

探讨流溪河国家森林公园林分结构和植物多样性，旨在为其天然次生阔叶混交林森林经营和植物多样性保护提供理论依据。研究结果表明，1)流溪河国家森林公园植物多样性高，天然更新能力强。乔木树种和林下植物的单种科组成都在50%及以上，幼苗种类和数量较多，林分天然更新能力较强，幼树相对较少。2)林分郁闭度、株数密度、胸径差异大，林木空间布局有待调整。标准地郁闭度为0.64～0.90,株数密度为675～1 975株/hm²,胸径在5.0～44.5cm之间，林分空间分布多为团状分布，林木竞争处于中庸状态。3)乔木层植物多样性丰富，灌木层植物多样性受林分因子的影响。不同林层中，乔木层的4个指数相对较大；灌木层植物受郁闭度、平均胸径等林分因子的影响，草本层基本不受影响，幼树幼苗层受郁闭度的影响。因此，可进行森林抚育间伐，适度调整林分密度和空间分布，提高幼树幼苗的数量和质量，丰富林下灌木种类，提高流溪河国家森林公园植物群落的多样性和稳定性，确保森林持续稳定发展。     

Post-harvest Regeneration of Lowland Black Spruce Forests in Northeastern Ontario

Success of natural regeneration has been a concern since the introduction of heavy machinery in harvesting. The objective was to compare the effect of three operational harvest methods careful logging around advanced growth (CLAAG), group seed tree (GST), and group seed tree followed by shearblading site preparation (SHE) on natural regeneration in the Clay Belt region of Ontario. A total of 30 stands, 562 cluster sample plots, were surveyed. Total density of black spruce regeneration did not differ, but height structure of black spruce regeneration did among harvest methods. The CLAAG method resulted in highest total regeneration density of other conifers. Decreasing density of other conifers from the CLAAG to GST to SHE sites indicated that the CLAAG method protected advance regeneration as expected and the SHE method removed advance regeneration in the path of the shearing blade. Both black spruce and other conifer regeneration densities increased with increasing time since harvest. Stocking of black spruce, all conifers, or all tree species did not differ significantly among harvest methods, nor did it change with time since harvest. Stocking was nonlinearly related to regeneration density. Models developed in this study predict that full stocking (i.e., 60%) can be reached based on regeneration density of 5000 stems per ha regardless of crop species choice preference. However, the existing stocking criterion for assessing black spruce regeneration may be problematic.     

Tree regeneration in partially cut conifer–hardwood mixed forests in northern Japan: roles of establishment substrate and dwarf bamboo

We assessed the relationship of the regeneration (seedling and sapling) densities of seven representative tall-tree species to the past partial cutting and current stand structure. We also determined if differences in tree regeneration were associated to establishment substrates (coarse woody debris (CWD) and root throws) and understory inhibitor vegetation (the dwarf bamboo species: Sasa senanensis). The study was conducted in 17 conifer–hardwood mixed stands in a heavy snowfall region in Hokkaido, northern Japan. The results suggest that stand structure, rather than logging intensity, is the primary factor influencing regeneration densities. Total conifer basal area was positively correlated with the regeneration density of individual tree species, including two conifers and three hardwoods. These patterns differ from those observed in old-growth stands in the region. A negative correlation between total conifer basal area and dwarf bamboo coverage suggests that the presence of dense conifer canopies causes an increase in regeneration density of tall-tree species by preventing domination of dwarf bamboo. Picea glehnii, a species that depends for its establishment strongly on CWD, has lower seedling and sapling density in stands with higher logging intensity. This seems to be a result of the decrease in the volume of CWD with increasing logging intensity in these stands. We suggest that both reducing logging intensity and retaining overstory conifers should be considered to develop a sustainable silvicultural system in this region. Providing sufficient CWD and root throws may also be important to ensure natural regeneration of tree species that require these as an establishment substrate.     

Naturally established seedlings on an artificially regenerated area in Northern Sweden

A field experiment in northern Sweden was established to compare different regeneration methods. Pinus sylvestris (L.) seeds of various origins were used. On the plots on the clear‐felled area where local seed had been sown, the naturally established conifer regeneration was recorded. Eleven growing seasons after sowing, the total number of seedlings increased by 335% giving a total of 4 754 seedlings ha^‐1 when the number of naturally established conifers was added to the number of seedlings from the artificial regeneration. The number of main crop plants almost doubled. The number of naturally established seedlings decreased with increasing distance from the neighboring seed‐tree stand. Up to 110 m from the seed‐tree stand 50% of the sowed 2 × 2 m quadrats had at least one naturally regenerated seedling. The extent of natural regeneration found in this study suggest that it could contribute to a significant increase in stand density under appropriate management on suitable sites. Moreover, naturally established seedlings on artificially regenerated sites may serve as an insurance factor in future perturbations, lead to better tree form shaping conditions and maintain genetic diversity even if material from a narrow genetic base is used for planting or sowing.     

闽楠天然次生林自然更新的影响因子研究

[目的]分析闽楠天然次生林自然更新与环境因子之间的关系,为其科学经营及保护提供参考依据。[方法]以江西省吉安市闽楠天然次生林为研究对象,通过标准地调查获取数据,运用多元数量化模型I建立闽楠幼树幼苗重要值与环境因子的关系模型,采用单因素方差分析单个环境因子对闽楠幼树幼苗更新的影响。[结果]研究表明:密度(闽楠下种母树株数、郁闭度、株数密度)、坡位、腐殖质层厚度、坡向、林下植被盖度、凋落物层厚度是影响闽楠天然次生林自然更新的主要因素,偏相关系数在0.325 7 0.715 7之间,t检验结果为极显著或显著;模型复相关系数为0.966,F检验结果为极显著(F=30.96~(**))。[结论]闽楠下种母树株数对其幼树幼苗的更新起着最主要的作用,而郁闭度与株数密度过高或过低、凋落物层越厚、腐殖质层越薄、林下植被盖度越大均不利于其自然更新,同时,半阴坡、下坡位条件下的闽楠幼树幼苗的更新好于其它坡向与坡位。为促进闽楠幼树幼苗的自然更新,林分中闽楠下种母树应保留200株·hm~(-2)以上,以及对郁闭度、林下植被盖度及凋落物层厚度等实施相应的调控措施。     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然更新苗影响因素的研究

通过对呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林天然更新苗特征及其影响因素的研究,结果表明:母树密度不同,天然更新苗数量和年龄结构存在明显差异;樟子松天然更新苗年龄结构在时间上具有明显的不连续性,樟子松天然更新苗密度因林分类型的差异明显不同。在疏林地(树龄30 a),平均更新苗密度每2 500 m2为13株,在火烧迹地平均更新苗密度每600 m2为28.5株,樟子松单株样地平均更新苗密度每600 m2为118.8株。不同年龄的天然更新苗保存密度和年平均降水量有显著或极显著关系,且随着林分郁闭度的增加,研究区天然更新苗密度呈现降低的趋势。     

Species richness of the understory woody vegetation in Japanese cedar plantations declines with increasing number of rotations

The possibility of restoring natural broadleaf forests may be decreased by the effects of plantation management, particularly in sites that undergo repeated rotation. We investigated the following two working hypotheses about the effects of repeated plantation of conifers on the natural regeneration of woody saplings in cool-temperate Japanese cedar plantations: (1) that repeated plantation of conifers decreases sapling species richness, and (2) that repeated plantation of conifers changes sapling species compositions. Our result supported the first hypothesis, because species richness was significantly lower in second-rotation plantations than in first-rotation plantations. The second hypothesis was not supported, because no significant or substantial differences in species composition were observed between plantations with different numbers of rotations. However, the abundance of tree (nonshrub) and gravity-dispersed species decreased after the second rotation of large saplings, albeit not those of small saplings, suggesting that response to repeated rotation depended on sapling size. Our results suggest that it is important to consider factors affecting the maintenance of a species in the plantations, such as distance from natural forests and seed sources, to minimize the effects of repeated plantation.     

Effects of management, environment and landscape conditions on establishment of hardwood seedlings and saplings in central Japanese coniferous plantations

There is an increasing need to restore natural hardwood forests in landscapes dominated by monocultural conifer plantations. A convenient restoration approach is to exploit natural regeneration processes. Natural regeneration, however, is affected by diverse interacting factors, for which better understanding is required, in order to optimize restoration programs. To identify optimal management practices for improving natural regeneration of hardwood trees in coniferous plantations, we examined the effects of multiple factors on the abundance of seedlings, small saplings and large saplings (height <0.3, 0.3-1.3 and ?1.3 m, respectively) of hardwood tree and shrub species in both line thinned (LT) and unthinned (UT) plantations of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and hardwood forests (HF) in central Japan. The effects of management practices (number of the times of weeding and cleaning, thinning method, years after thinning and forest age), environment (slope position, slope angle and canopy openness), and landscape conditions (distance from nearest hardwood forest, altitude and landuse before planting) on the number of hardwood individuals were examined by using the data obtained from the LT plantations. We also compared hardwood density between LT and UT plantations to examine the effect of line thinning. Finally, we examined species composition of LT plantations and HF to identify hardwood forest components in the thinned plantations. The effects on hardwood regeneration of environmental conditions, landscape factors and management practices applied in the plantations varied, depending on the size class and life form of the regenerating species. The abundance of large saplings of tall tree species was affected by several management factors, especially number of the times of weeding. Landscape conditions (distance from the nearest hardwood forest and altitude) affected the abundance of small saplings and seedlings of tall tree species, but not the other classes. Seedlings and small saplings of many tall tree species that contribute to hardwood forest canopies were less abundant in the LT plantations. The results show that numerous factors affect the establishment and abundance of naturally regenerating hardwood tree species, and suggest that successful establishment during early plantation stages can have long-lasting effects on natural regeneration of tall tree species.     

Effects of thinning on microsites and natural regeneration in a Larix olgensis plantation in mountainous regions of eastern Liaoning Province, China

In order to understand the effects of thinning on microsite conditions and natural regeneration in the larch plantation, thinning experiment was conducted in a 40-year-old Larix olgensis plantation in Qingyuan County in eastern Liaoning Province, China in 2003-2004 Five thinning treatments （0%, 10.2%, 19.8%, 29.7% and 40.3% thinned） were designed on the same site. After thinning, canopy openness and the microsite conditions such as photosynthetic photon flux density （PPFD）, soil moisture content, and soil temperature were measured in one growing season. Meanwhile, the investigation of natural regeneration was conducted at the end of the growing season. The results showed that the canopy openness increased with the increase of thinning intensities. PPFD and soil temperature and soil moisture content in different soil layers were positively relative with canopy openness after thinning. The richness of regenerating tree species did not significantly increase （p=0.30） after one growing season since thinning, but the regeneration density and frequency of tree species increased significantly （p〈0.05）. In addition, the number of regenerating tree species increased, and the increment was correlated with the characteristics of iudividual tree species. The increasing percentage of regenerating seedlings of the shade-intolerant tree species was more than that of shade-tolerant tree species. Among the investigated regeneration species, the biggest response of seedling emergency to the canopy openness was Phellodendron amurense. This paper confirmed the following conclusions： after thinning, the variety of regenerating tree species was correlative with the characteristics of regenerating tree species, and the distribution of unthinned trees and the site conditions in the investigated larch plantation were the additional factors influencing, the regeneration.     

珍贵树种火力楠实生天然更新研究

通过林分样地调查和模拟天然更新发芽试验,研究珍贵树种火力楠(Michelia macclurei)实生天然更新情况,为火力楠可持续经营和种质资源保护等提供理论依据。结果显示:广西壮族自治区火力楠8个成熟人工林分林下天然更新实生苗木密度250~4000株·hm^-2,平均更新密度1395株·hm^-2;更新频度6.7%~66.7%,平均更新频度35.9%,实生天然更新等级为坏等级。天然更新苗木高度大部分为10 cm,地径0.1 cm,苗木规格小。2年度2批次播撒2000粒火力楠种子林下模拟天然更新成苗率为0。扩大火力楠森林面积规模需要采取人工造林措施。