新西兰国有林分类经营与民营化

本文介绍新西兰国有林分类经营与民营化的背景、内容、现状并加以简单评价。国有林改革的主要原因是经营效益低,它是新西兰经济和社会变革的一个组成部分。民营化分两步进行,即１９８７年成立林业公司,保护局和林业部;１９９０年以后的出售国有林经营权和采伐权。新西兰国有林的分类经营和民营化已有近１０年历史,各方面评价不同。了解新西兰国有林分类经营与民营化的过程及其经验教训,对我国国有林改革有参考价值     

北海道国有林分类经营

介绍了日本国北海道国有林分类经营做法,以此为借鉴推动我国林业分类经营的发展。     

奥地利经营改革成绩显著

奥地利《林业杂志》2007年2月报道了奥地利国有林经营体制改革10年的成果。奥地利的国有林法（1996年）要求自1997年1月1日起，国有林经营从国家预算制改变为股份制，国家独资经营，奥地利农林、环境、水利部为其代表。     

新西兰国有林分类经营与民营化

介绍新西兰国有林分类经营与民营化的背景、内容、现状并加以简单评价。国有林分类经营与民营化的主要原因是经营效益低，国有林分类经营与民营化是新西兰和社会变革的一个组成部分。新西兰国有林的分类经营和民营化已有近10年历史，了解新西兰国有林分类经营与民营化的过程及其经验教训，对我国国有林改革有参考价值。     

芬兰国有林经营管理经验借鉴

芬兰森林资源丰富且国有林经营管理水平较高，其国有林的管理定位明确，管理体系规范，管理目标多元化，专业化经营程度高，森林多功能经营完善。文中介绍芬兰森林资源现状、林业产业发展情况，回顾国有林及其管理机构的发展历程，总结芬兰林务局的现行管理体系，分析其国有林经营管理的突出特征，并提出对我国国有林经营管理的借鉴意义。     

中美国有林森林经营计划制定比较研究

美国是世界上林业较发达国家之一，国有林经营有着悠久的历史。文中对比分析了中美国有林森林经营计划的发展历程、法律基础、制定过程以及森林计划内容。针对我国国有林森林计划中的不足，提出:1）加强国有林森林经营计划制定中的公众参与；2）细化国有林管理，重视可获取的最佳科学信息；3）加强计划评估、制定、监测的适应性管理；4）以可持续经营为核心制定国有林森林经营计划；5）转换立法思路，完善国有林相关法律法规。     

日本国有林经营管理体制改革

1　国有林经营困境日本国有林面积为 761万 hm2 ,约占国土面积的 2 0 % ,占森林面积的 3 0 % ,是全国最大的林业经营体。 1 94 7年实行国有林特别会计制度 ,按企业方式进行经营管理。以前 ,国有林收入的 4 0 %～ 60 %挪作它用 ,实行特别会计制度后 ,全部收入用于国有林经营。 1 955～ 1 965年国有林收支情况良好 ,收入的一部分上缴国家 ,直到 2 0世纪 70年代初期 ,国有林都是盈利的 ,1 973年国有林盈利达到高峰 ,为 959亿日元。但受石油危机的冲击 ,国有林事业1 975年出现亏损 ,1 976年开始负债 ,1 978年出现累积债务 ,1 996年负债总额已超…     

山东省林业分类经营的总体思路

山东属少林农区，林业分类经营尤显紧迫和重要。山东林业分类经营改革宜国有林先行，集体林是难点。建立生态效益补偿制度，突出提高果品质量和培育骨干企业。实施名牌战略是解决山东林业“瓶颈”问题，完成分类经营的根本措施。     

日本国有林经营现状及其对策——考察报告

作者曾以访问学者的身份在日本逗留了半年,在此期间对日本国有林的经营进行了调查研究。虽然中日两国国有林的性质不同,但同样存在着经济危困和企业亏损等问题。日本政府为了摆脱国有林的困境,采取了一系列对策,这些方面,值得我们借鉴。本文还分析了日本国有林在战后经历的三个发展阶段,介绍了日本国有林现行的计划体系及其演变过程,阐述了国有林经营的事业范围和组织管理机构。     

奥德两国国有林管理和经营体制的改革及对我国的借鉴意义

欧洲中部的奥地利和德国，既是世界经济发达国家，也是林业发达国家，森林经营处于世界领先水平。两国都是联邦制国家，联邦和各州都有一定比例的国有林，在经营管理国有林进程中，都遇到了一个共同的问题：传统国有林作为财政收入的来源越来越萎缩，不断出现亏损，经济效益逐年下降。面对国有林发展中的问题，     

黑龙江省森工国有林区森林资源档案管理的研究概况

森林资源档案可以有效地反映森林资源消长变化和森林生态环境变化情况,并正确评价林业各项工程建设成效,指导各项工作健康顺利地进行。黑龙江省森工国有林区森林资源档案管理发展过程与国家的部署要求是一致的,今后该林区的森林资源"档案管理在数字林业"的思想指导下,将逐步向标准化、多媒体化、网络化、3S集成化和管理知识化方向发展。     

The forest planning system in relation to the forest resource and forestry policies

The current forest planning system of Japan has been in place since the formulation of the Forest Law back in 1897. During this time, although addressing specified forests as demonstrated in the system for protection forests, in a more general sense, the execution of the forest planning system has placed forestry management at the core. In other words, it has instead been forest administration delivered in a manner relevant to forestry management. This trend is exhibited in, for instance, policies for the reorganization of common forest, the forest management planning system, forest owners associations, the proceeds-sharing reforestation system, cooperative silviculture management, and valley forestry revitalization; which have all been implemented.In this paper I review the results of these practices and explore the contemporary forest owners pattern of behavior. I also discuss the passive attitudes among forest owners, especially in comparison with the attitudes prevalent during the postwar reforestation era, continuing up to the 1960s, and the current tendency towards neglect in the afforested areas, as well as the increasing number of forest owners giving up forestry practice.In the postwar era (up to the 1960s), forestry had been following an upward trend of development that motivated forest owners to afforest, as this was the optimal choice for increasing the familys stocks for future generations (in the manner of holding an asset), and thus a rapid expansion of plantation forests resulted. By the 1970s, when domestic wood supply became less than a half of all domestic wood demand (it is still declining now), forest owners gradually began to lose interest in reforestation and care of the forest as a method of increasing assets. The current share of domestic wood supply in total consumption has dropped to 20%, and the annual cut volume is only 23% of the annual volume increment.Forests are as much a public property as they are private and, moreover, represent a globally significant resource. Active stewardship, such as materializing internationally agreed notions of sustainable forest management, promoting forest certification systems, and complying with the Kyoto Protocol, are now important issues, both domestically and internationally.The paradoxical gap between current forestry trends and public aspirations for forests is widening with each year, thus creating a grave social problem. I have been focusing on forestry revitalization as the primary step towards the resolution of this issue. As the logical basis for executing this policy, I review the relations between forest resource policies and forestry policies.At the same time, by reviewing the forest planning system and its developmental process, I sought to investigate what new policies would fulfill the need to realize the public functions of forests while revitalizing forestry, form the point of view of forestry policies and their influence on the forest planning system. I have concluded that there is a case for separating forest management from forest ownership in units of forest compartments; namely to establish an incorporative management system by which forest owners can invest in their stands.     

Guiding Principles for Small-Scale Forestry in a Watershed of the Venezuelan Andes: Constraints and Opportunities

In the Venezuelan Andes, some small-scale forest plantations have become an important resource basis for forest management. In this paper, the forestry management progress in the Mucujún river watershed is analyzed. Constraints and opportunities for sustainable management within national policies, local regulations, environmental features and social benefits are also examined. Plantation assessment, and biophysical, legal and socioeconomics information, are used for guiding small-scale forestry practices in this watershed, with emphasis on the main principles of landscape management. These plantations have become an important part of the socio-ecological landscapes with potential for wood production—in the context of low intensity and low environmental impact environmental services and amenity—because of the two protected areas within the watershed. Current forest stand conditions, however, reflect that management requires improvement. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that improvement of local livelihoods may be achieved with a small-scale forestry approach, taking properly into account the basic criteria of social involvement and management of planted forests, while maintaining ecosystem services including biodiversity and water supply.     

论现代林业与福建国有林场发展策略

林业是以森林资源为经营对象的产业。传统林业认为森林的主要功能就是生产木材。现代林业则认为森林除了生产木材之外 ,还有巨大的综合效益。从福建国有林场场情和林情出发 ,认定现代林业是福建国有林场发展的现实选择 ,阐述了福建国有林场现代林业建设的基本思路和对策措施     

A century of logging and forestry in a reindeer herding area in northern Sweden

Boreal forest ecosystems are generally highly sensitive to logging and other forestry activities. Thus, commercial forestry has had major effects on the forests and landscape structure in northern Sweden since the middle of the 19th Century, when it rapidly extended across the region. Lichens (which constitute up to 80% of reindeer forage in winter and early spring) have often been amongst the most severely affected ecosystem components. The overall aim of the present study was to analyze how forestry has influenced the potential supply of ground-growing lichens as winter forage for the reindeer in this region over the past ca. 100 years. For this purpose, we analysed changes in forest and stand structure in Scots pine-dominated (Pinus sylvestris L.) reindeer wintering areas in the southern part of the county Norrbotten (covering ca. 58,000 ha) using detailed historical forest inventories and management plans. We found that the amount of the forest types considered potentially good pasture (mainly middle-aged and old pine forests) decreased during the first part of the 20th Century. However, the quality of grazing grounds was improved by forestry during this time mainly because selective logging made the forests more open which benefits lichen growth. During the last part of the 20th century forestry impaired the quality of grazing grounds in several ways, e.g. by clear-cutting and intensified use of various silvicultural measures. We conclude that ca. 30–50% of the winter grazing grounds have been lost in the study area because of intensive forest management during the last century. The spatially precise historical information about the affects of forestry on lichen pasture provided in this study can be used to direct forest management which will facilitate and promote reindeer herding in the future.     

Forest Taxes,Timber Concessions,and Policy Choices in the Amazon

Abstract

In many countries of Africa and Asia, timber production is dominated by concession contracts in public forests. In the neo-tropics, however, timber production occurs on both public and private lands; a mixture that moves countries of the neo-tropics towards the complex systems of forestry sectors in the developed world. Therefore, much of the forest taxation and public forest management literature that currently exists is pertinent to new forest policy decisions in developing countries. Unfortunately, the similarities between forest policies in the neo-tropics and those of developed countries have largely been ignored. This paper begins the process of bridging that gap to show how existing literature is important to the design of timber concessions and accompanying policy instrument design. Although the principles we discuss here apply in any mixed harvest forest economy, we use Brazil as an example because it is in the process of adopting a system of timber concessions in national forests. In our discussion, we suggest that concessions are not a perfect substitute for private forestry in the neo-tropics; concession and other instrument policies must be designed jointly; and because concession policies and government revenue objectives may be linked, the expansion of concessions must be carefully monitored.     

谈森林资源可持续发展的对策

从逐步理顺管理体制、加强现有林的科学经营、加强对林业管理、坚持依法治林等9个方面论述了中国森林资源可持续发展的对策。     

森林生态旅游对林业可持续发展的贡献与影响

阐述林业可持续发展的基本概念。结合我国林业可持续发展面临的基金缺乏、现念陈旧等方面的问题和森林生态旅游的特点，探讨森林生态旅游为公益林的经营提供内部资金保障、为商品林的发展减轻负担、提高人们的林业发展现念等对林业可持续发展的积极作用。     

世界林业管理体制模式研究

林业管理体制是研究林业发展战略的中心议题,是深化改革的核心。本文对世界林业机构设置类型和管理体制模式进行了探讨。根据机构的性质和任务,把世界林业管理体制划分为两大模式:政企合一和政企分离。当今,实行政企分离,独立经济核算,走企业化的道路,是一个明显的发展趋势。