半干旱风沙区抗逆性树种引进试验研究初报

分析了银水牛果、蒙古扁桃、花棒、白刺、蒙古莸、霸王、长柄扁桃、醉鱼草、沙柳、黄柳、乌柳等11种引进灌木树种的成活率,其中：白刺成活率最高为86.2%,花棒和银水牛果成活率较低,分别为20.4%和40%,其他树种的成活率在52.4%～74.6%之间。以成活率为指标将以上树种的抗旱能力分为4个等级：白刺抗旱能力最强,霸王、蒙古扁桃、沙柳、乌柳、醉鱼草次之,黄柳、长柄扁桃、蒙古莸中等,银水牛果、花棒较差;初步得出了比柠条抗旱力强的6种树种,即：白刺、霸王、蒙古扁桃、沙柳、乌柳、醉鱼草。     

主要固沙造林树种蒸腾耗水量的观测研究

本文应用蒸腾观测场法对花棒、毛条、沙拐枣、梭梭、沙枣的一年生实生苗;二白杨、新疆杨、沙木蓼一年生扦插苗进行了蒸腾耗水量的研究。各树种单株年耗水量比较,二年生植株以新疆杨最大(220.9公斤),其后是沙枣(207.8公斤)、二白杨(172.8公斤)、沙木蓼(139.7公斤)、沙拐枣、梭梭、花棒、毛条。一个生长季内沙枣、沙木蓼蒸腾峰值在9月,花棒、毛条的蒸腾最大值在7月,而梭梭和沙拐枣的峰值出现在8月。三年生植株蒸腾量远大于二年生植株,并且三年生植株蒸腾强度月变化以5月(沙枣)或6月(沙木蓼)最大,比二年生植株的蒸腾高峰提前1或2个月。     

对沙区优良薪材沙木蓼推广应用可能性的探讨

本文对沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata A.Los.)与其它4种灌木在高生长量、生物生产量、根系吸水力、沙层含水量等作了比较,并对沙木蓼的育苗、造林技术进行了总结,可以看出,在荒漠、半荒漠区的流动沙丘、半固定沙丘上,利用沙木蓼营造大面积的薪材林是可行的。     

4个北美树种在辽西地区的引种试验研究

为了丰富本地区的树种资源,满足园林绿化对树种多样性的需求,从物候期、生长节律及光合特性等几个方面对美洲朴、毛核木、银水牛果、西部沙樱这4个北美树种在辽西地区的引种适应性进行了研究。结果表明,4个树种的萌芽、展叶期均较北京地区有所延后,花期则提前;美洲朴未见开花坐果,银水牛果秋季叶片不变色;4个树种株高、地径、枝条的快速生长期为5—7月份,美洲朴和毛核木具有明显的越冬枯梢现象,翌年生长多以萌蘖条为主;西部沙樱和银水牛果具有较强的光合作用和较高的水分利用效率,是辽西地区园林绿化可尝试引入的优良观赏树种。     

乌兰布和沙区5种沙生植物扦插繁殖试验

通过对乌兰布和沙区梭梭、沙冬青、花棒、沙木蓼、白刺等5种沙生植物进行硬枝扦插与嫩枝扦插试验结果表明:(1)硬枝扦插,除沙冬青外,均可成活,但成活率差异较大;其中沙木蓼和白刺成活率最高,分别达93%和83.3%,梭梭与花棒则较低。(2)嫩枝扦插,除沙冬青外其余均可成活,但成活率较低。     

沙木蓼在甘肃民勤沙区的适应表现及其固沙造林的关键技术

沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteat A. Los.)在甘肃民勤沙区的引种造林已有多年,实践表明它确是较好的固沙树种,今后在河西走廊其它沙区及西北自然条件类似地区都可选用。本文浅议其在民勤沙区的适应表现及固沙造林的关键技术诸问题。一.沙木蓼在民勤沙区的引种概况沙木蓼在我国,从东北的大兴安岭到新疆的额尔齐斯河流域均见生长,水平分布大致在东经80—125°、北纬35—47°之间。依民勤沙区所处的地理位置与植物区系,是有木蓼天然分布,但实际调查数量不多,因此,最初试验用种苗多采自其数量较多的宁夏中卫、盐池二     

沙木蓼

沙木蓼为蓼科针枝蓼属的正种,是我区从半干旱草原到干旱半荒漠地带的流沙及半固定沙地上的一种优良固沙灌木树种。它的适应范围极广,抗性强,耐风蚀沙埋,无论在干旱、半干旱地区以及在夏季高温与冬季严寒的条件下它都能正常生长,而且生长很快。在我国西北地区,人们用沙木蓼与梭梭、沙柳等混交,营造防风固沙林。沙木蓼为落叶灌木,根系发达,株高一般1—2米,枝条开     

白丁香等5种树种引种试验初报

通过对白丁香等5个树种初期生长指标分析得出：西部沙樱的成活率最高,引种当年的高生长最旺;银水牛果的成活率最低,引种当年长势却很旺盛;5个树种的保存率均在80%以上,且西部沙樱保存率最高。     

几种新引进植物在盐池沙地中的适应性研究

针对火炬树、胡杨、互生叶醉鱼草等8个新引进树种进行引种适应性研究，结果表明：(1)在8种引种植物中，从成活率和保存率指标来衡量，适宜在该地区生长的树种有火炬树、互生叶醉鱼草、蒙古莸、沙地柏、沙木蓼、饲料桑和东疆沙拐枣。(2)通过数据统计分析表明，除了胡杨之外，其它树种均能在不需要任何保护措施的条件下正常生长、越冬渡夏。(3)除了胡杨之外，其它树种在试验区表现出耐干旱、耐贫瘠，其中互生叶醉鱼草、沙木蓼、东疆沙拐枣还具有速生和稳定性的特点。(4)在无任何防寒措施的条件下，几乎无枯稍和冻害现象发生，说明所有引种树种有着抗寒性的特点。(5)在降水量小，蒸发量大和风大的条件下，除了胡杨之外，其它引种树种均表现出具有较强抗旱性的特点。     

5种沙地灌木对干旱胁迫的生理生态响应

【目的】探讨沙地灌木对干旱胁迫的动态生理生态适应性及抗旱能力,为沙区选种育种以加快植被恢复提供理论支持。【方法】以柠条、沙地桑(鲁桑×蒙桑)、沙木蓼、红皮沙拐枣和北沙柳为研究对象,设置4个控水梯度[T1(CK,12 000 m3·hm~(-2))、T2(9 600 m3·hm~(-2))、T3(7 200 m3·hm~(-2))和T4(4 800 m3·hm~(-2))]和3个控水时期:控水前期(7月)、控水中期(8月)和控水后期(9月),定期测定供试植物的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、茎水势、叶绿素、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及可溶性蛋白含量。【结果】1)除控水中期的沙木蓼和控水后期北沙柳的叶绿素相对含量外,各树种的光合指标和水势均随干旱程度的加剧逐渐下降;2)Pn随控水时间逐渐降低,Ci表现为逐渐升高;柠条、沙地桑和沙木蓼的Tr及Gs在控水前期至控水中期升高,控水后期又显著降低,其余树种呈逐渐降低的趋势;各树种水势在控水前期处于-0.093~-0.23 MPa,在控水中后期分别下降了1.44 MPa和1.22 MPa;红皮沙拐枣的叶绿素含量显著低于其他树种,北沙柳的叶绿素相对含量在中后期仅为前期的47%;3)控水后期,各树种的SOD和POD活性差异较大,最大值分别为最小值的10倍和323倍。在轻度干旱胁迫下,各树种的Pro含量、可溶性糖含量、SOD活性、POD活性及可溶性蛋白积累量快速升高,而随胁迫程度的加剧(中度和重度),其积累量又逐渐降低;胁迫程度由轻度到重度,除沙地桑的MDA含量逐渐降低外,其余物种的MDA含量均逐渐上升,其中红皮沙拐枣的MDA含量增幅最大,比对照上升了3.47倍;4)Pro含量、可溶性糖含量以及Ci与第1主成分呈极强的相关性,各树种的主成分得分大小顺序为:柠条沙木蓼沙地桑红皮沙拐枣北沙柳,各树种T4水平因子得分均为负值。【结论】在干旱胁迫下,各树种通过增加渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性来提高自身适应性,但严重干旱导致各树种光合、蒸腾等生理活动降低。柠条、沙木蓼、沙地桑的抗旱能力较强,红皮沙拐枣及北沙柳的抗旱能力较差,Pro含量、可溶性糖含量以及Ci能较好地指示5种沙地灌木的抗旱能力。     

Responses of the seedlings of five dominant tree species in Changbai Mountain to soil water stress

Soil water stress was studied on the potted seedlings of five dominant tree species (Pinus koraienes Sieb.et Zucc.,Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim, Tilia amurensis Rupr. and Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Turcz) from the broadleaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain. Leaf growth, water transpiration and photosynthesis were compared for each species under three soil moisture conditions: 85%-100% (high water, CK), 65%-85% (Medium water, MW) and 45%-65% (low water, LW) of 37.4% water-holding capacity in field. The results showed that the characteristic of typical drought-resistance of the leaves is significantly developed. The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of Fraxinus mandshurica were higher in MW than those in CK. But for the other four species, the net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency in CK were lower than those in MW and LW. The transpiration rate responding to soil moistures varied from species to soecies.     

Sodium chloride improves photosynthesis and water status in the succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, a C(3) woody species, is a succulent xerophyte that is well adapted to arid environments. Our previous investigations showed that Na(+) has a positive effect on the growth of Z. xanthoxylum under drought conditions, which was closely related to high Na(+) accumulation in leaves. To reveal the physiological mechanisms underlying how Na(+) accumulation improves the drought resistance of Z. xanthoxylum, 3-week-old seedlings were treated with a series of additional external NaCl concentrations (5-150 mM) in sand culture experiments. Seedlings were also subjected to water deficit (30% of field water capacity) in the presence or absence of additional NaCl (50 mM) in pot experiments. The results indicated that 50 mM NaCl could mitigate deleterious impacts of water deficit on the growth of Z. xanthoxylum, by improving the relative water content, inducing a significant drop in leaf water potential and, concomitantly, increasing leaf turgor pressure and chlorophyll concentrations resulting in an enhancement of overall plant photosynthetic activity (i.e., photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency). Furthermore, NaCl (50 mM) could alleviate the inhibitory effect of water deficit on the activity of photosystem II in Z. xanthoxylum. The contribution of Na(+) to the total osmotic potential varied from 8% in the control to 13% in plants subjected to water deficit and, surprisingly, to 28% in plants grown in the presence of 50 mM NaCl under water deficit; however, the contribution of K(+) significantly decreased from 13 to 8%. These findings suggest that, under arid environments, Z.?xanthoxylum is able to accumulate a high concentration of Na(+) in its leaves and use it directly for osmotic adjustment, which was coupled with an improvement in leaf hydration and photosynthetic activity.     

土壤水分胁迫对树木N2O排放速率的影响

采用封闭罩-气相色谱法观测研究了干旱胁迫对长白山阔叶红松林的几种优势树种-红松(Pinus koraiensis)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、椴树(Tilia amurensis)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)叶片N2O排放。并同步测定5种树木叶片净光合速率、呼吸速率和气孔导度。结果表明：土壤水分胁迫明显降低树木叶片气孔导度、净光合速率和N2O排放速率，叶片气孔是树木N2O排放的主要通道。树木N2O排放以白天为主，在相同的水分条件下，不同的苗木有不同的N2O排放速率，同种苗木的N2O排放随干旱胁迫的加重而减少，在受到不同干旱胁迫时，针叶树红松N2O的排放速率降至正常水分条件下的34.43％和100．6％、阔叶树种N2O排放平均降至31．93％和86.35％。不同干旱胁迫的红松、水曲柳、胡逃楸、椴树和蒙古栎幼树叶片N2O排放速率为34．43、14．44、33．02、16.48和32．33ngN2O．g^-1DW．h^-1。图1表1参12。     

哈尔滨市6种绿化树种生理特性比较

为了全面了解各绿化树种的生理生态特性,增加哈尔滨市园林绿化树种及其生态功能的多样性,为绿化树种的选择提供理论依据。对东北乡土树种白桦、蒙古栎、糠椴、紫椴、茶条槭和黄檗二年生幼苗的生理指标进行测定,通过这6种树种生理指标的研究,对各树种的适宜应用作综合的评价分析,结果表明：这6树种最大光合速率分别为：茶条槭9.70μmolCO2/m^2·s,白桦7.67μmolCO2/m^2·s,黄檗5.88μmolCO2/m^2·s,紫椴5.51μmolCO2/m^2·s,糠椴5.20μmolCO2/m^2·s和蒙古栎4.04μmolCO2/m^2·s。6树种之间呼吸速率的差异不显著,平均为1.01μmolCO2/m^2·s。水分利用效率的种间差异较大,茶条槭、糠椴和蒙古栎高于黄檗、紫椴和白桦。所以从生态园林的角度,在水分短缺的地点,选择绿化树时应先考虑水分利用效率高的茶条槭、糠椴和蒙古栎,而在土壤水分条件较好的可适当优先考虑净光合能力强的树种。     

大青山阳坡油松和山杏光合生理参数与土壤含水量的关系研究

在大青山南麓浅山地带的阳坡造林地,使用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪对不同土壤水分处理下的油松和山杏苗木的光合生理参数进行了测定,研究了叶片净光合速率（Pn）、羧化效率（Ce）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）对土壤含水量（SWC）的响应过程,并探讨了在不同土壤水状况下2个树种叶片光合作用的变化规律,最后确定了...     

不同光强下核桃楸、水曲柳和黄菠萝的光合生理特征

研究辽东山区次生林3种树种幼苗(核桃楸、水曲柳和黄菠萝)对生长光环境的适应性,在生长季测定4种光强下(全光、60%透光、30%透光、15%透光,分别记为FI,II,LJ和WI)树种幼苗叶片气体交换参数、净光合速率、单位叶面积叶绿素含量和比叶重(LMA).结果表明:随着光强的减弱,3个树种的光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、最大光合速率(Pmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、LMA、单位叶鲜质量(LFA)均呈下降趋势;全光下单位叶面积的叶绿素Chl含量均低于弱光处理.本研究结果支持水曲柳在幼苗时期具有一定耐荫性的观点.树种生理生态指标的可塑性分析表明:黄菠萝能适应更宽的光强幅度,且黄菠萝的需光性大于核桃楸.不同光环境下3个树种的生理生态变化特征对解释森林生态系统内树种的共生和演替具有重要意义.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on net photosynthetic rate of trees in Changbai Mountain

lntroductionAtmosphericconcentrationofCo2isrisingdra-maticaIIyandadoubIingofthepresentconcentrationwouIdoccurinmidnextcentury,duetoburnoffossilfuelanddestroyofforest(Gates1983,Tauszetal.1996).EIevatedatmosphericCO2willchangeitsgradientdistributioninforestecoboundary,andwillproduceagreateffectontreesandthewholeforestecosystem.Atpresent,studiesoneffectsofelevatedCozonplantshavebeenapopuIartopic,especiallyoncropsrice(BateretaI.199o).HaveIkaetal.(1984)hasgainedmanyachievementsonsoybean.How-e…     

Effect of water stress on N2O emission rate of 5 tree species

The N₂O emission rates, photosynthesis, respiration and stomatal conductance of the dominant tree species from broadleaf/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain were measured by simulated water stress with the closed bag-gas chromatography. A total of five species seedlings were involved in this study, i.e.,Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc,Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr,Juglans mandshurica Maxim,Tilia amurensis Rupr, andQuercus mongolica Fisch. ex Turcz.. The results showed that the stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and N₂O emission of leaves were significantly reduced under the water stress. The stoma in the leaves of trees is the main pathway of N₂O emission. N₂O emission in the trees mainly occurred during daytime. N₂O emission rates were different in various tree specie seedlings at the same water status. In the same tree species, N₂O emission rates decreased as the reduction of soil water contents. At different soil water contents (MW, LW) the N₂O emission rates ofPinus koraiensis decreased by 34.43% and 100.6% of those in normal water condition, respectively. In broadleaf arbor decreased by 31.93% and 86.35%, respectively. Under different water stresses N₂O emission rates in five tree species such asPinus koraiensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, andQuercus mongolica were 38.22, 14.44, 33.02, 16.48 and 32.33 ngN₂O·g⁻¹DW·h⁻¹, respectively. Foundation item: This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30271068), the grant of the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZ-CX-SW-01-01B-10), and the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Program of China (No. G1999043407) Biography: Wang Miao (1964-), male, associate professor in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片光合性能的影响

为探索土壤干旱胁迫和光照强度对黄栌光合作用性能的影响规律,应用CIRAS-2型便携式光合作用系统,测定4种土壤水分（对照、轻度、中度和重度胁迫）处理下,3年生黄栌（Cotinuscoggygria var．cinerea）苗木叶片光合作用的光响应过程。结果表明：1）土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片的光合性能参数具有明显影响,随着土壤水分胁迫的加剧,黄栌叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率、光量子效率明显降低,光补偿点增高,叶片水分利用效率在轻度水分胁迫（土壤相对含水量60-65％）下的水平最高;2）黄栌叶片光合作用对强光胁迫的适应性较强,在较大幅度的强光（有效辐射强度1000-1800μmol·m^-1·s^-1）范围内,均能获得较高的光合速率和水分利用效率;3）黄栌光舍作用对弱光的光能吸收、转换和利用效率（光合量子效率）较低,并随土壤水分胁迫加剧而明显下降。