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1.
木质林产品碳储量计量方法学及应用   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
木质林产品是碳库的重要组成部分,其使用影响了森林生态系统和大气之间的碳平衡。正确合理地对木质林产品碳储量进行估算和评价,不仅会影响到未来国家温室气体清单的报告,还会对温室气体的减排效应带来一定的影响。文中从计量和报告的角度对IPCC缺省法、储量变化法、生产法和大气流动法这4种木质林产品碳储量的计量方法进行了概述,并论述了木质林产品碳储量的计量现状和存在的问题。  相似文献   

2.
气候变化谈判中木质林产品的相关概念及其碳储量核算   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
森林在维持全球碳平衡中发挥着重要的作用.采伐后木质林产品(harvested wood products,HWP)以下简称木质林产品.木质林产品是森林资源利用的自然延伸.  相似文献   

3.
木质林产品碳储量估算是国际气候变化谈判的涉林议题之一.文中在简要概述该议题谈判进展和系统分析国内外大量文献的基础上,阐述木质林产品碳流动在森林碳储量中的作用,并评述木质林产品碳储量的相关研究,总结计量方法应用、使用寿命以及垃圾填埋等方面的研究现状和存在的问题,最后提出未来的研究方向.  相似文献   

4.
[目的]通过制定森林管理参考水平,计量并核算森林管理活动的合格净碳汇清除量。[方法]采用核证减排标准中农业、林业和其他土地利用项目的自愿碳标准,选取其中改善森林管理的项目方法学标准,并结合不可抗力及湖南会同县的杉木人工林林地资源现状,进行计量和核算湖南会同县杉木人工林的合格碳汇量。该方法学标准包括4个碳库,即地上部分、地下部分、枯死木和木质林产品。[结果]对30年生和23年生杉木人工林进行森林管理活动后,林分碳储量变化量和碳汇量都有明显增加。森林管理参考水平在考虑皆伐的碳排放后的净碳汇量为-82.79 t二氧化碳当量·hm~(-2),30年生和23年生的总碳汇量分别为441.00、715.46 t二氧化碳当量;实际合格总碳汇量分别为606.59、881.06 t二氧化碳当量。[结论]不同的森林管理采伐强度对30年生和23年生林分碳汇量的影响差异显著。本文分别基于湖南会同森林生态实验站第1代杉木人工林建立参考水平和生态站2代杉木人工林制定参考水平核算会同县杉木人工林碳汇量,结果是基于后者参考水平核算的会同县杉木人工林合格的碳汇量比基于前者参考水平核算的多30 t二氧化碳当量·hm~(-2)。  相似文献   

5.
在努力实现"3060"碳中和目标的过程中,森林生态系统的作用至关重要。森林是陆地生态系统重要的贮碳库,木质林产品作为这一碳库的主要组成部分,对提升林业碳汇能力发挥了重要作用。介绍了我国碳排放现状和碳中和目标,分析了森林碳汇功能和木质林产品固碳作用,探讨了提升木质林产品碳汇能力的有效路径。  相似文献   

6.
彭婷  宁卓 《世界林业研究》2021,34(4):118-123
近年来,碳关税成为国际贸易研究的热点问题之一,而目前有关碳关税的讨论多集中于能源密集型产业。木质林产品(HWP)同时作为碳源和能够长期储存碳的碳库,具有碳流动上的特殊性,其贸易也显著影响一国的碳库储量。文中梳理当前有关碳关税的国内外研究及争议焦点,分析碳关税如何在不同类型的HWP中得以调整和应用,并分析对HWP征收碳关税给征收国和被征收国带来的影响,指出HWP的国际贸易可能带来的碳泄露问题。结论认为,出口国可选择采取碳关税措施减少本国碳汇效应较好的HWP的出口,并将更多的碳储量留在国内,但这一做法可能抑制本国林产品的出口贸易。  相似文献   

7.
为精确计量丽水市森林碳储量和碳汇量,核算森林碳汇经济价值,运用系统抽样方法,在丽水市全域系统布设固定样地716个,根据固定样地数据,结合单株生物量模型法和单位面积生物量模型,测算丽水市2016—2021年各年的森林碳储量和2017—2021年各年的森林碳汇量;在此基础上,利用碳税率法、造林成本法、碳市场CEA价格法,分别测算森林碳汇经济价值。结果表明,丽水市年平均森林碳储量为6 654.97万t,年平均森林碳汇量为290.32万t;森林植被碳储量组成主体是乔木林,占82.90%,其次为竹林,占7.98%,灌木林占2.67%;其他林地(包括疏林、散生木、四旁木等)占6.45%;在乔木林、竹林、灌木林3种森林类型中,乔木林的碳密度(单位面积的碳储量)最高,竹林居中,灌木林最低,同时,森林平均碳密度和乔木林碳密度呈逐年递增趋势;根据抽样估计理论与计算方法,在P<0.05的可靠性保证下,丽水市森林植被碳储量各年的估计精度都大于93%,估计结果有较好的精度保证;按碳税率法、造林成本法、碳市场CEA价格法,2017—2021年年平均森林碳汇价值为分别为34.84亿元、7.93亿元和1.68亿...  相似文献   

8.
森林是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环中起到重要的作用。森林固定的碳每年约占整个陆地生态系统的2/3,其变化决定了陆地生态系统碳源和碳汇的功能。目前,国内外众多学者对区域尺度森林碳储量的估算所提出的方法较多,但还没有统一的估算方法。样地查清法是估算森林碳储量的方法之一,通过总结该方法的优缺点及应用范围,为碳储量估算精度和碳评估提供合理的参考。  相似文献   

9.
【目的】探讨不同经营措施对毛竹林生态系统净碳汇能力的影响,为毛竹林固碳经营提供依据。【方法】利用两因素随机区组设计,排除地形因子等影响,选取施肥量和采伐方式2个因素,每个因素分别设置3个水平,共9个试验组合:大量施肥强度采伐、大量施肥中度采伐、大量施肥弱度采伐、中等施肥强度采伐、中等施肥中度采伐、中等施肥弱度采伐、不施肥强度采伐、不施肥中度采伐和不施肥弱度采伐,研究2010—2013年不同经营措施对毛竹林生态系统净碳汇能力的影响。【结果】2010和2013年两期0~50 cm土层土壤有机碳储量差异显著(P0.05),而0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳贮量差异不显著(P0.05);两期植被总碳储量和毛竹碳储量差异均极显著(P0.01),而两期林下植被总碳储量差异不显著(P0.05);样地外运输总泄漏量仅占样地内施肥总排放量的7.32%;中等施肥弱度采伐处理与大量施肥强度采伐处理净碳汇量差异显著(P0.05),中等施肥弱度采伐处理林分的净碳汇量最多,达到64.721 tC·hm~(-2),而大量施肥强度采伐处理林分的净碳汇量最少,为-14.237tC·hm~(-2),说明过度集约经营可能造成毛竹林生态系统的碳排放,而合理经营方式有利于毛竹林生态系统的碳积累;土壤碳库变化量占所有碳库变化量总和的70.99%±12.30%,毛竹碳库变化量占所有碳库变化量总和的23.37%±11.24%,林下植被碳库变化量占所有碳库变化量总和的0.63%±0.37%,运输泄漏量占所有碳库变化量总和的0.40%±0.16%,施肥排放量占所有碳库变化量总和的4.60%±4.85%,其中土壤碳库和毛竹碳库的变化量之和占所有碳库变化量总和的94.36%。【结论】在碳汇项目计量监测时,为了节约成本,可以忽略林下植被碳库和运输泄漏以及施肥引起的温室气体排放。大量施肥强度采伐的毛竹林常规经营方式不仅植被总碳储量增加较少,而且还引起了明显的土壤碳排放,不利于毛竹林生态系统净碳汇量的积累。采用中等施肥弱度采伐的生态经营方式,不仅使植被总碳储量增加最多,同时土壤碳储量也增加最多,是一种最有利于毛竹林增汇减排的经营方式。  相似文献   

10.
马尾松林碳储量成熟问题初探   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
应用国际上森林碳汇项目中普遍采用的碳计量方法,研究了湖南省不同立地条件的马尾松林碳储量变化过程,提出了碳储量成熟的定义,并分析了立地条件对碳储量成熟的影响,最后就碳储量成熟对于开展森林碳汇的作用进行了探讨。  相似文献   

11.
With the analytical tool, Frankfurt Harvested Wood Products Model, FPM, the carbon stocks and carbon stock changes of Harvested Wood Products, HWP, either in USE or in LANDFILLS L-F, have been evaluated, each separately, from the readily available statistical data base of the FAO, FAOSTAT, on the wood commodities: “Sawnwood and Wood-based Panels, SWP” and the paper commodities, “Paper and Paperboard, PAP”. The focus was on the newly founded Asia-Pacific Partnership countries for Clean Development and Climate (in short AP6), including Canada, which wants to join the AP6, in relation to the countries of the European Union EU-25. It could be shown that the stocks and stock changes of the HWP in USE follow a simple algorithm of the annual consumption or production and their mean annual growth, for the categories SWP and PAP, provided the mean residence times of the HWP in USE can be estimated. With the information on the fraction of residues entering the landfills and their estimated residence times an equivalent simple expression has been derived for stocks and stock changes of the HWP in LANDFILLS L-F. Their values have been calculated to be approximately 0.5 to 0.7 times smaller than those of the HWP in USE. Still, all stock changes of the HWP in L-F were positive and thus accumulating carbon. However, when methane outgasing within the HWP in L-F had been considered, the calculated Greenhouse Gas Balance was zero or negative under the estimated parameters thus to at least partly compensate the positive storage of carbon in HWP in USE. The percentage of CO2 removed by the HWP in USE in comparison to the annual greenhouse gas emissions varied from 0.3 to 1.7%, with a mean value of 0.8% for the AP6 countries including Canada, in contrast to 1.0% of the EU-25 countries. Despite of the relative small magnitude in relation to the total emission of all GHG this contribution should not be neglected in the GHG Budget of a country.  相似文献   

12.
An increase in the amount of harvested wood products (HWP) from sustainable forestry would help to reduce levels of atmospheric carbon. In the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008–2012), this carbon stock effect of HWP is ignored, and forest harvesting is treated as an instantaneous emission of carbon dioxide. However, in the next commitment period of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change from 2013, the carbon stock changes resulting from HWP will be taken into account in the national greenhouse gas inventories. The Japan Wood Research Society called for a roundtable conference of eight research societies, industrial associations, and nongovernmental organizations that are involved with wood utilization. At the conference, accounting approaches for HWP were discussed and a consensus was reached that the stock change approach should be adopted in the next commitment period.  相似文献   

13.
Wood products are considered to contribute to the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions. A critical gap in the life cycle of wood products is to transfer the raw timber from the forest to the processing wood industry and, thus, the primary wood products. Therefore, often rough estimates are used for this step to obtain total forestry carbon balances. The objectives of this study were (1) to examine the fate of timber harvested in Thuringian state forests (central Germany), representing a large, intensively managed forested region, and (2) to quantify carbon stocks and the lifetime of primary wood products made from this timber. The analyses were based on the amount and assortments of actually sold timber, and production parameters of the companies that bought and processed this timber. In addition, for coniferous stands of a selected Thuringian forest district, we calculated potential effects of management, as expressed by different thinning regimes on wood products and their lifetimes. Total annual timber sale of soft- and hardwoods from Thuringian state forests (195,000 ha) increased from about 136,893 t C (~0.7 t C ha−1 year−1) in 1996 to 280,194 t C (~1.4 t C ha−1 year−1) in 2005. About 47% of annual total timber harvest went into short-lived wood products with a mean residence time (MRT) < 25 years. Thirty-one per cent of the total harvest went into wood products with an MRT of 25–43 years, and only 22% was used as construction wood and glued wood, products with the longest MRT (50 years). The average MRT of carbon in harvested wood products was 20 years. Thinning from above throughout the rotation of spruce forests would lead to an average MRT in harvested wood products of about 23 years, thinning from below of about 18 years. A comparison of our calculations with estimates that resulted from the products module of the CO2FIX model (Nabuurs et al. 2001) demonstrates the influence of regional differences in forest management and wood processing industry on the lifetime of harvested wood products. To our knowledge, the present study provides for the first time real carbon inputs of a defined forest management unit to the wood product sector by linking data on raw timber production, timber sales and wood processing. With this new approach and using this data, it should be possible to substantially improve the net-carbon balance of the entire forestry sector.  相似文献   

14.
Levying a carbon tax is one of the approaches used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) and has been adopted in a number of countries since the Kyoto Protocol. Applying such an approach in the forest sector may have important policy implications. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of a carbon tax on imported forest products using Taiwan as an example. Taiwan relies on foreign imported timber and such consumption of harvested wood products (HWPs) lengthens the storage of carbon beyond the life of the tree. This study investigates the impacts of implementing a carbon tax on seven types of HWPs by applying the ARDL approach to imported timber demand functions in Taiwan. The empirical results show that the volumes of imported HWPs as well as carbon dioxide are significantly reduced once a carbon tax is implemented. These empirical outcomes provide some important forest policy implications for countries importing wood products.  相似文献   

15.
Carbon absorbed by forests remains stored in the timber used for wood products, and a change in wood product stock can be evaluated as substantial removal/emission of atmospheric carbon. Since the carbon storage effect due to harvested wood products (HWP) might be taken into account in the future framework of carbon mitigation, it is crucial to estimate the carbon fl ow and stock concerning HWP for the next commitment period. In the present study, we developed a model for estimating the fl ow and stock of wood products in Japan’s building, furniture, and paper sectors. The HWP carbon storage effect and substitution effect (carbon reduction by substituting fossil fuels and energy-intensive materials with HWP) up to 2050 were quantitatively estimated by lifetime analysis. Our model simulation revealed that (i) the carbon stock change in Japan due to HWP would be evaluated as a large emission if the atmospheric-fl ow approach is adopted, (ii) carbon removal would not significantly increase if the ratio of newly constructed wooden buildings/furniture remains stable, and (iii) the carbon storage effect together with the substitution effect would have a significant impact on climate change mitigation if the ratio of newly constructed wooden buildings/furniture is gradually improved to 70% by 2050.  相似文献   

16.
The paper presents a model to analyse trade in illegally harvested timber with a particular focus on trade via third party countries. The model is deduced from the conventional input–output-analysis. In contrast to this type of analysis, inverse export coefficients are introduced to analyse the effect of a certain amount of country-specific supply, e.g., of illegally harvested timber, to the use of wood and wood products of all other countries, based on trade relationships. A database has been compiled especially for application of the model. It comprises data on industrial round-wood production in terms of industrial wood harvested and removed from the forest; recovered wood fibre in the form of recovered paper and waste wood; bilateral trade of 272 wood-based commodities in m³ raw wood equivalent (rwe), and domestic use of those commodities. Two scenarios expressing high and low estimates of illegal harvesting for all countries have been employed in the model. The model reveals the trade linkages between all countries of the world and allows quantification of the global supply and use arising from illegal harvesting. Furthermore it allows calculation of the import of illegally harvested timber for each country of the world. And finally, the model likewise allows the quantification of domestic use of illegally harvested timber for each country of the world.The results show that international trade increases the global domestic supply of illegally harvested timber by more than 70% in each scenario. In particular industrial round-wood from Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia and Myanmar passes through many countries until it ends in form of finished wood products in the country of final destination. Not only due to suggested illegally harvested timber in the own country, but also due to strongly developed trade relationships, China holds the lead in total supply and use of illegally harvested timber. However this result must be seen against the background of the large population in China. This aspect also helps to explain the predominant position of China, Brazil and Russia with regard to the domestic use of illegally harvested timber. A comparison of import of illegally harvested timber on the basis of “simple” (covering only bilateral trade) and inverse export coefficients demonstrates the model's merit. The hitherto usually simple approach underestimates the “real” trade by a third up to a half.  相似文献   

17.
Life-cycle analyses, energy analyses, and a range of utilization efficiencies were developed to determine the carbon dioxide (CO2) and fossil fuel (FF) saved by various solid wood products, wood energy, and unharvested forests. Some products proved very efficient in CO2 and FF savings, while others did not. Not considering forest regrowth after harvest or burning if not harvested, efficient products save much more CO2 than the standing forest; but wood used only for energy generally saves slightly less. Avoided emissions (using wood in place of steel and concrete) contributes the most to CO2 and FF savings compared to the product and wood energy contributions. Burning parts of the harvested logs that are not used for products creates an additional CO2 and FF savings. Using wood substitutes could save 14 to 31% of global CO2 emissions and 12 to 19% of global FF consumption by using 34 to 100% of the world’s sustainable wood growth. Maximizing forest CO2 sequestration may not be compatible with biodiversity. More CO2 can be sequestered synergistically in the products or wood energy and landscape together than in the unharvested landscape. Harvesting sustainably at an optimum stand age will sequester more carbon in the combined products, wood energy, and forest than harvesting sustainably at other ages.  相似文献   

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