我国四个自然保护区森林土壤中苏云金芽孢杆菌的分布

从我国四个不同立地带——长白山、百花山、鼎湖山、尖峰岭自然保护区,采集到林下0～5cm土层土壤样品75个,分离到苏云金芽孢杆菌39株。其中芽孢杆菌的总数量和苏云金芽孢杆菌的出土率和分离率有所差异,pH偏中性和含水量稍高的土壤,菌数较高;而与所测的各种土壤养分无明显相关。对39株苏云金芽孢杆菌的鉴定:17株属库尔斯塔亚种,6株属松蠋亚种,16株未定名。毒力测定表明:对杨扇舟蛾和马尾松毛虫幼虫的致死率在50％以上的菌株约占70％;对榆蓝叶甲和黄粉甲幼虫均无明显杀虫活性。     

中国八个自然保护区森林土壤中苏云金芽孢杆菌的分布

从大兴安岭根河潮查、带岭、千佛山、崂山、黄山、紫金山、武夷山和西双版纳八个自然保护区采集到０—５ｃｍ土层林下土壤样品１２９个，从中分离出大量的苏云金芽孢杆菌。研究表明：不同立地带森林土壤中芽孢杆菌的总数量、苏云金芽孢杆菌的出土率及占所分离芽孢杆菌的分离率间具有一定的差异，但它们与土壤含水量、ｐＨ、单一养分间无明显的相关性。我们还对所分离的苏云金芽孢杆菌所属亚种进行了初步鉴定，对六种有害昆虫进行了毒力测定。     

我国西北干旱地区森林土壤中苏云金芽孢杆菌生态分布

对地处我国西北干旱地区新疆、甘肃、宁夏三省（区）内的１１个自然保护区－－哈纳斯、小叶白蜡、天山云杉、野核桃、塔里木、东大山 山、六盘山、崆洞山、兴隆山、莲花山等自然保护区采集的２６０个森林土壤样品,进行了生态因子调查：分析了土壤ＰＨ、含水量、水解Ｎ、有效、速效Ｋ、全Ｎ、有机质;研究了芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌数量和种类生态分布。共分离苏云金芽孢杆菌４２株,其出土率和分离率分别为１１．５３％和２．１８     

苏云金芽孢杆菌菌种保藏

采用砂土管和滤纸片两种保藏方法，对分属３１个亚种的６１株有代表性的苏云金芽孢杆菌经过１－２３年保存后的菌体存活情况，形态特征及对林业主要害虫舞毒蛾幼虫的杀虫活性进行了试验，并对苏云金芽孢杆菌５个亚种的标准菌株和保存不同年限后的１１项生理生化特性及酯酶型进行了测定。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌的细胞接合——质粒和染色体转移

<正> 关于通过细胞接合使苏云金芽抱杆菌的一些质粒进行转移的现象,首先是Gonzalez 等报道的,他们曾发现了一个高频率的质粒转移,特别是含有50 MDa 前毒素基因的质粒可以从苏云金芽孢杆菌Kurstaki 亚种HD_(73)转移到腊状芽孢杆菌(形成品体的HD_(73)的衍生物)或苏云金芽孢杆菌thuringiensis 亚种HD_(200)同时也发现了从Kurstaki 亚种菌株(HD_(263—1))     

我国不同森林立地带土壤中苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因资源研究

利用PCR－RFLP鉴定体系和SDS－PAGE表达蛋白的分析方法，分析了来自我国不同森林立地带（寒温带，中温带，暖温带，北亚热带，中亚热带，南亚热带，高原亚热带，热带）自然保护区森林土壤中分离的72株苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry 1，cry 2，cry 3，cry 4，cry 5，cry 8，cry 9，cry 10，cry 11，cry 1I杀虫晶体蛋白基因类型，表达蛋白和杀虫活性的生物测定。研究表明：同时含有cry 1，cry 2，cry 1I3类 有21株菌，6株菌含有cry 1，cry 2类基因，4株菌含有cry 1和cry 1I基因，只含有cry 1基因的1株，cry 2基因的4株，36株菌不含所鉴定的10类基因。同时证明：绝大多数含有cry1基因的菌株表达了130kD蛋白，含有cry2基因的菌株表达了60kD的蛋白。对不同农，林害虫棉铃虫，杨扇舟蛾，舞毒蛾，马尾松毛虫，黄粉甲，榆兰叶甲，落叶松叶蜂等幼虫的杀虫活性进行了生物测定。进一步证明了苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因，表达蛋白及杀虫活性三者的相关性。为生产和科研提供了生物治虫，抗虫育种的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因资源。     

苏芸金芽孢杆菌孢子囊超微结构的研究

用电子显微镜观察了分属于苏芸金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)23个 H-血清型的30个亚种和3株新分离菌株孢子囊超薄切片的超微结构。结果表明苏芸金杆菌30个亚种的芽孢和伴孢晶体在孢子囊中形成的部位、形状及数量有所不同。大部分亚种的伴孢晶体位于孢子囊的一端,以单个晶体存在于孢外膜之外,只有幕虫亚种(Subsp.finitimus)的伴孢晶体位于孢外膜之内。在孢子囊中晶体的形状分别为菱形、方形、圆形、不规则形。其数量大多数为一个。从不同森林土壤中分离到的87052、85020、85040三株菌,其中87052菌株伴孢晶体为圆形,与已知圆形伴孢晶体的亚种形态特征相似,其它两株菌在形态特征上与已知 30个亚种在孢子囊的超微结构上有着一定的差异。     

杨树烂皮病菌颉颃菌株的初步筛选与分子鉴定

对杨树烂皮病菌的平板对峙试验结果表明,6种颉颃真菌中木霉的抑菌率最高为51%,而颉颃细菌4个菌株的抑菌率均在60%左右,说明颉颃细菌的抑菌效果明显高于颉颃真菌;对B137等4株颉颃细菌的分子鉴定认为,1株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),2株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),还有1株为苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt);解淀粉芽孢杆菌和苏云金杆菌对杨树烂皮病菌有较好的颉颃效果。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌七个亚种酌DNA的G+C克分子百分数的测定

苏云金芽孢杆菌在害虫的生物防治以及植物抗虫育种中的作用日益扩大。该类细菌资源的开发和利用越来越被重视,而正确的分类鉴定方法是进行该项研究的基础。目前苏云金芽孢杆菌的分类鉴定是根据形态特征、生理生化特性、鞭毛抗原(H)的血清型以及营养细胞的酯酶型等,将其分为31个亚种。随着分子生物学和遗传学的高速发展,     

蓝莓根腐病生防细菌的筛选与鉴定

为了利用生物防治技术控制蓝莓根腐病的发生与流行,采用平板对峙法测定从蓝莓根围土壤中分离的纯化菌株对蓝莓根腐病原菌尖孢镰刀菌Fusariun oxysporun的抑菌活性。筛选出10株有拮抗作用的细菌;B6,B7,B9菌株对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制率依次为83.89%,82.44%,79.39%;选择抑菌率较高的B6,B7,B10菌株在温室内盆栽蓝莓幼苗上测定其抑菌作用,B6菌株抑菌效果最好,发病率仅为13.3%;结合形态特征和16S r DNA序列分析进行拮抗细菌的鉴定,10株拮抗细菌均属于芽孢杆菌属Bacillus。B2、B10为解淀粉芽孢杆菌B.amyloliquefaciens,B3为解淀粉芽孢杆菌亚种B.amyloliquefaciens subsp.,B4为枯草芽孢杆菌B.subtilis,B5、B6为暹罗芽孢杆菌B.siamensis,B7为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌B.velezensis,B8为特基拉芽孢杆菌B.tequilensis,B9为枯草芽孢杆菌亚种B.subtilis subsp.。     

Bio-efficacy of two bacterial insecticide strains ofBacillus thuringiensis as a biological control agent in comparison with a nematicide,nemacur, on certain parasitic nematoda

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the possibility use of commercial bacterial pathogen insecticide,Bacillus thuringiensis, as biocontrol agent againstMeloidogyne javanica andTylenchulus semipenetrans nematodes.The obtained results indicate that the two strains ofB. thuringiensis suppressed the total nematode populations and eggmasses of the two nematode genera. Also, the two strains ofBacillus remarkably reduced the percentages of hatchability of eggs of the two nematode genera. SAN 415Bacillus strain was highly effective than Dipel strain and surpassed it in this respect, but it was approximately similar to the standard nematicide Nemacur.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Gewächshaus-Versuch durchgeführt zur Untersuchung der Möglichkeit,Meloidogyne javanica undTylenchus semipenetrans (Nematoda) mittelsBac. thuringiensis biologisch zu bekämpfen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daßB. thuringiensis die Eigelege und die Populationsdichte beider Nematoden stark reduzierte. Auch wurde die Schlüpflähigkeit der Eier beider Nematodenarten durch Anwendung der zweiBacillus-Präparate deutlich verringert. Der SANBacillus-Stamm zeigte höhere, Wirkung als Dipel und entsprach etwa dem Standard-Nematizid Nemacur.

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With 2 tables     

Effects of differences in forest floor and canopy vegetation on ectomycorrhizas ofBetula platyphylla var.japonica: A test using seedlings planted into soils taken from various sites

Effects of different forest floor vegetation types in secondary forest and of conversion to plantation on the quality and quantity of ectomycorrhizas are mostly unknown.Betula platyphylla var.japonica seedlings were used for bioassays of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum using soils from four 50-year-oldB. platyphylla var.japonica forests that had different types of forest floor vegetation: two with shrub types, one with aSasa type, and one with a grass type. Seedlings were also grown in soil from a nearby monospecific plantation ofChamaecyparis obtusa. Ectomycorrhizas formed 13 to 26% of root length of seedlings grown in soil from the five different sites. The maximum percentage of ectomycorrhizal formation was obtained from the grass-type forest. The dominant type of ectomycorrhiza in the two shrub-type forest soils was the same as that in theSasa-type forest soil. The dominant types of ectomycorrhizas in the grass-type forest soil and in theC. obtusa plantation soil were different from that in the two shrub-type forest soils and in theSasa-type forest soil. The results of this investigation suggest that the type of forest floor vegetation, accompanied with changes in thickness of the A₀ horizon, might affect the ectomycorrhizal fungi in the soils ofB. platyphylla var.japonica forests. Establishment of artificial plantations ofC. obtusa might change the ectomycorrhizal fungi that could associate withB. platyphylla var.japonica seedlings in soil.     

The use ofBacillus thuringiensis on Forest Integrated Pest Management

Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors give a brief summary ofBacillus thuringiensis used on the integrated pest management in forestry. The derivatives of Bt strain HD1 subspkurstaki have been widely used to control the forest pests such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha). Some progresses of transferring and expressing Bt toxin gene in forest trees are offered with a discussion on the limits and future prospects of using Bt products in forestry. Biography: Li Gui-ming (1967-), male, engineer in Pingshan Forestry Chemicals Insecticides Factory, Harbin 150324, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Antifungal activity and identification of active compounds of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum against Botryosphaeria dothidea

The canker disease caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea in China has resulted in serious damage and death to Carya cathayensis and continues to expand its range. A Bacillus strain, designated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum CGMCC 11640, was successfully screened from 103 field isolates from local soils by a plate dual‐culture method. It showed inhibition zones between B. dothidea and CGMCC 11640 in vitro. From a methyl alcohol extract of the filtrate, the antifungal compounds were identified as a series of lipopeptides by HPLC, namely fengycins, surfactins and iturins, with fengycins being the dominant component. The fengycin s were further identified by LC–MS to be a mixture of C15, C16, C17 and C18 fengycin A and their isomers (normal, iso and anteiso). The strong anti‐B. dothidea activity indicated that the B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum CGMCC 11640 and its bioactive components might provide an alternative bioresource for the biocontrol of C. cathayensis canker.     

Insecticidal activity and antifeedant effect of a new type biocide GCSC-BtA against Plutella xylostella L. (Lep., Plutellidae)

Insecticidal activity and antifeedant effect of a new type biocide GCSC-BtA and its two reactants Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) crystal and Abamectin against third instar larvae of Plutella xylostella L. (Lep., Plutellidae) were investigated using bioassays. GCSC-BtA showed significantly higher toxicity to P. xylostella with LC₅₀ of 0.021 mg/ml than B.t. crystal with 0.060 mg/ml and Abamectin with 0.139 mg/ml in leaf-dip bioassay. Net leaf-dip test gave LC₅₀s of 0.073, 0.071 and 0.670 mg/ml for GCSC-BtA, B.t. crystal and Abamectin, respectively. The significant differences of the biocide toxicities between leaf-dip and net leaf-dip methods showed the potential of net leaf-dip method for separating ingestion and contact poisons. Variation in toxicity of the biocide and two reactants in net leaf-dip method and in mortality in topical application bioassay showed that GCSC-BtA possessed a combination of strong stomach as well as contact poison property higher than B.t. or Abamectin. GCSC-BtA indicated no fumigant and systemic toxicities, which the two reactants lacked. In the antifeedant bioassay, GCSC-BtA acted as a strong antifeedant to the larvae of P. xylostella. Leaf consumption by the larvae after GCSC-BtA treatment was 0.04–0.60 mm² with a concentration range of 0.04–4.00 mg/ml, which was lower than 0.26–1.02 and 0.04–6.47 mm² for B.t. crystal and Abamectin, respectively. DC₅₀ (concentration resulting in a deterrence index of 50%) value for GCSC-BtA was 0.089 mg/ml, which was also significantly lower than 0.275 and 0.736 mg/ml for B.t. crystal and Abamectin, respectively.     

Carbon sink in Phoebe bournei artificial forest ecosystem

Biomass, carbon content, carbon storage and spatial distribution in the 32-year-old Phoebe bournei artificial forest were measured. The mean biomass of the forest stand was 174.33 t/hm², among which the arbor layer was 166.73 t/hm², which accounted for 95.6%. Carbon contents of stems, barks, branches, leaves, root, shrub layer, herb layer, lichen layer and litter layer were 0.5769 g C/g, 0.4654 g C/g, 0.5232 g C/g, 0.4958 g C/g, 0.4931 g C/g, 0.4989 g C/g, 0.4733 g C/g, 0.4143 g C/g, 0.3882 g C/g, respectively. The mean carbon content of soil was 0.0139 g C/g, which reduced gradually along with soil depth. Total carbon storage of the P. bournei stand ecosystem was 227.59 t/hm², among which the arbor layer accounted for 40.13% (91.33 t/hm²), the shrub layer accounted for 0.17% (0.38 t/hm²), the herb layer accounted for 0.76% (1.71 t/hm²), the lichen layer accounted for 0.28% (0.63 t/hm²), and the litter layer accounted for 0.29% (0.66 t/hm²). Carbon content (0–80 cm) of the forest soil was 58.40% (132.88 t/hm²). Spatial distribution ranking of carbon storage was: soil layer (0–80 cm) > arbor layer > herb layer > litter layer > lichen layer > shrub layer. Net production of the forest stand was 8.5706 t/(hm²·a), in which the arbor layer was 6.6691 t/(hm²·a), and it accounted for 77.82%. Net annual carbon sequestration of the P. bournei stand was 4.2536 t/(hm²·a), and the arbor layer was 3.5736 t/(hm²·a), which accounted for 84.01%. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(3): 34–39 [译自: 林业科学]     

Studies on anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing disease in two forest nurseries in Poland

Thirty‐eight isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. were isolated from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings with damping‐off symptoms, originating from two forest nurseries in central‐west Poland (Wronczyn and Jarocin) and from diseased seedlings grown in soil from Wronczyn nursery. Majority of these isolates (79%) had multinucleate cells and were identified as Rhizoctonia solani. The remaining isolates were recognized as binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. R. solani isolates were characterized using hyphal anastomosis and were divided into five anastomosis groups (AG). The most prevalent was AG5 (37% of isolates), followed by AG2‐1 (30%) and 27% of the isolates were identified as AG4. Groups AG1‐IB and AG2‐2 were only represented by single isolates. The virulence recorded as mortality (in percentage) was comparatively high for binucleate and multinucleate isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. Sequence analysis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐amplified internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region was used for phylogenetic analysis. The dendrogram showed that isolates were distinctly separated based on their AG types and there was no relationship between pathogenicity on Scots pine seedlings and the AG to which the isolates belong to. The results are discussed with respect to pathogenic potential of the various AG groups.     

林分结构调整对云南松次生林生长和土壤性质的影响

[目的]探究云南松林结构调整对林木生长和土壤性状的影响,为云南松林保护和利用提供科学依据。[方法]按照森林抚育规程对林分进行结构调整,采用典型取样法对比分析林分结构调整前后土壤性质和林木生长状况的差异。[结果]云南松林结构调整后,(1)结构调整样地单株蓄积量比对照样地提高了近60%,树高和胸径提高幅度均在15%以上,林下天然更新植株数量是对照样地的3.1倍;(2)结构调整后林内植物种类增加,林下灌木层和草本层盖度分别提高了63.3%和22.7%,灌木层和草本层平均高度分别提高了24.7%和17.9%;(3)结构调整样地现存凋落物量显著下降,与对照相比下降了20.4%,土壤表层温度、有机质含量、基础呼吸和土壤微生物生物量显著提高,土壤其他性质参数变幅相对较小。[结论]林分结构调整可显著提高云南松生长量,有利于云南松较大径级林木的培育;促进了云南松林下更新和林下植被发育,有利于林分群落结构的形成;提高了土壤微生物数量和活性,加速了土壤有机质转化,研究揭示林分结构调整促进了云南松林土壤—植物系统正反馈作用。