南靖丘陵竹杉混交造林与裸地种竹效果分析

针对闽南丘陵生态气候特点，南靖林场在杉木迹地更新二代杉木２年后大套种毛竹与裸地种竹进行比较，结果表明竹杉混交可提高毛竹造林成活率和新竹生长率，新竹数量多、质量好、竹竹鞭生长快，容易蔓延成林。以杉木初值密度１４２５株／ｈｍ＾２的低密度套种３００株／ｈｍ＾２母竹，造林效果好。裸地种竹可在山洼下坡水湿条件好的立地条件采用。     

不同密度近熟杉木林套种毛竹生长特性研究

通过３种不同密度近熟杉木林套种毛竹及裸地种竹等试验,比较分析成活率、新竹及竹鞭生长指标,结果表明：各种经营模式中,杉木近熟林分中套种有利于提高毛竹成活率及长竹率,但发笋长竹数以裸地种竹为最多;新竹的生长以杉木密度为２２５株·ｈｍ－２的林分最好,其次为３７５株·ｈｍ－２、裸地种竹和６００株·ｈｍ－２的林分;单根竹鞭长和鞭节长随林分郁闭度增大而增加,而总鞭长、竹鞭数及竹鞭断梢率则相反;近熟杉木林套种毛竹以密度为２２５株·ｈｍ－２的较理想。     

杉木成林林间套种毛竹更新造林方式浅析

杉木成林林间套种毛竹更新造林的主要方法是：在即将达到成熟林的杉木近熟林分内通过成林疏伐，在疏伐后的空地上套种一定数量的毛竹，使之形成短期的杉、竹混交林。在杉木进行全面主伐后，很快形成毛竹的有林地林分。     

南靖丘陵竹杉混交造林与裸地种竹效果分析

针对闽南丘陵生态气候特点，南靖林场在杉木迹地更新二代杉木2年后套种毛竹与裸地种竹进行比较，结果表明，竹杉混交可提高毛竹造林成活率和新竹生长率，新竹数量多、质量好、竹鞭生长快，容易蔓延成林．以杉木初植密度1425株／hm~2的低密度套种300株／hm~2母竹，造林效果较好．裸地种竹可在山洼、中下坡水湿条件较好的立地采用．     

毛竹杉木混交造林技术

杉木林采伐迹地在留养部分杉木萌条的同时,栽种毛竹形成杉竹混交林,比单一营造毛竹林节约造林成本,又可使采伐迹地提前恢复森林环境.皖南山区杉木商品林采伐迹地面积较大的地区,采用杉竹混交,迹地更新,在生产上是较为适用的营林方式.     

不同生境、造林模式闽楠人工林生长及林分分化

利用福建省三明市和建瓯市不同生境、造林模式闽楠人工林的24块代表性样地材料,对其生长及林分分化进行系统研究。结果表明:45龄闽楠人工纯林北坡、东坡林分树高均值明显高于西坡、南坡,而南坡、东坡林分平均胸径显著较北坡、西坡大,中坡、下坡生长明显优于上坡;45龄不同混交类型闽楠人工林中,与杉木混交效果较好,显著优于分别与福建柏、毛竹、木荷混交的林分;8 10龄弱光环境下闽楠林分在马尾松冠下和杉萌套种模式时生长较好,其树高、胸径显著大于杉木冠下闽楠林分;相同坡向、坡位、混交林及马尾松冠下闽楠人工林树高、胸径变异较小,而冠幅变异较大。不同微环境和造林模式的闽楠人工林径阶分布采用Weibull分布函数拟合,效果较好,各坡向、坡位闽楠人工纯林、与毛竹混交的林分及弱光条件下闽楠幼林均为倒"J"型分布,即其林分结构相对稳定、竞争较合理,而分别与杉木、福建柏和木荷混交的林分径阶呈单峰左偏山状分布,表明其处于竞争的自然稀疏后期;不同生境、造林模式闽楠林分林木分级显示,除杉萌套种和杉木冠下林分各级林木所占比例相对分散外,其他调查林分Ⅱ级木、Ⅲ级木占主导地位。因此,营建闽楠人工林应依据不同培育目标进行立地、混交模式及微环境选择,其人工林分宜选偏阳、半阳坡、中下坡,造林时尽可能选庇荫微环境,至中龄期可逐步移除冠层树种;杉木为其较理想伴生树种,与杉木混交林分的生长后期或杉萌套种闽楠林分郁闭期,建议间伐伴生树种;而弱光微环境应首选立地较好的马尾松冠下。     

基于单木位置的杉木林分空间竞争关系研究

研究林木竞争关系,有助于了解林木生长规律,帮助制定科学有效的营林措施。本文基于树冠因子的林木竞争指数,提出了一种顾及林分地形因子的树冠竞争指数,并把这两种指数与基于交角的林木竞争指数以及简单竞争指数在不同林分中的适应性进行对比。同时用这四种指数计算不同树种组成的林分以及杉木林中不同龄组、坡向、坡度的林分中单木受到的平均竞争。结果表明四种指数中简单竞争指数的相关性最高,顾及地形的树冠竞争指数次之,基于交角的林木竞争指数相关性最低;在不同树种组成的林分中马褂木样地单木受到的平均竞争最大,马褂木杉木混交林最小,其它两种林分次之;在杉木林分中,中龄林单木受到平均竞争要大于成熟林,阴坡样地中单木受到平均竞争要大于阳坡,单木受到的平均竞争随坡度增大而增大。因此四种指数中简单竞争指数的适用性最好;在杉木林经营中,中龄林需要及时间伐;在造林过程中阴坡的林地造林密度要适当小于阳坡、坡度级大的林地要小于坡度级小的林地。     

毛竹林前期混交营造技术初探

通过对毛竹与杉木、泡桐或樟树的混交造林实践,结果表明:新造毛竹林同时套种杉木、泡桐或樟树,可以使林地空间前期得到充分利用,林分得到提早郁闭,造林成本早日收回。只要适时伐除混交树种,毛竹林便满园成林,可以实现成功混交。     

闽南丘陵山地毛竹与肉桂混交造林效果

毛竹与肉桂混交造林和裸地种竹对比试验表明两种造林模式的母竹成活率均在80%以上;混交林母竹成活率、母竹当年出新竹的频率分别比裸地种竹高8%、9.7%;新竹发生株数、高度、冠幅、枝盘数、平均竹鞭数、竹鞭长度、平均鞭径、平均鞭幅等混交造林明显大于裸地种竹,而1 m长竹鞭节数、竹鞭分布深度则是混交造林小于裸地种竹;同时混交后,肉桂第3年树高就达到1.74 m,胸径3.2 cm,优于肉桂纯林.     

武夷山不同毛竹林类型毛竹生长与土壤养分研究

调查分析了武夷山不同毛竹林类型的毛竹生长效果和土壤养分状况。结果表明,毛竹混交林对培肥土壤、增加有机质、控制病虫害以及维护毛竹林分长期的生产力具有效果。竹杉林、竹阔林的林分密度较毛竹纯林明显增大,分别增长48.9%、54.3%,毛竹+杉木的混交方式对促进毛竹生长效果为最好,其林分立竹量、平均胸径、新竹产量最大,而毛竹+阔叶树的林分由于乔木所占比重稍大,影响了毛竹行鞭发笋和胸径生长,但其毛竹生物量最高,比毛竹纯林增加了20%。竹阔林土壤的有机质含量高于竹杉林、毛竹纯林,全N含量也相应增大,但磷素明显缺乏。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.