Clonal variations in nutritional components of Pinus koreansis seeds collected from seed orchards in Northeastern China

From four Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)orchards, 60 clones were selected and analyzed for the fatty acid and amino acid components of the seeds to reveal the variations and correlations of the seed characteristics among the clonal source orchards and clones. The nutritional components of the seeds of the P. koraiensis trees exhibited rich genetic variation; the variation coefficient of the fatty acids was 2.24–66.83 %, while the variation coefficient of the amino acids was 14.70–38.88 %. Relatively high genetic-improvement potential exists for the nutritional components of the seeds. The phenotypic differentiation of the fatty acid and amino acid components reveals that variation within the population(85.18 %) was the primary source for the variation of the fatty acid components; variation among the orchards(63.08 %) was the primary source of the variation of the amino acid components. Data drawn from various clonal source orchards all showed that the seed characteristics were highly controlled by heritability(h2[ 80 %), and the seed characteristics of the P. koraiensis trees exhibited a similar genetic gain trend. The principal components were analyzed to obtain the comprehensive principal component value for each clonal seed orchard. Twelve clones were selected based on a clonal selection rate of 20 %. Correlation and multiple stepwise-regression analyses were conducted, considering different location conditions, to reveal the stable correlations between the seed characteristics to facilitate improvements of the seed yield of P.koraiensis trees and the clonal selection. Species of real characteristics in P. koraiensis were controlled by higher heritability. Genetic gain was obtained by selecting of superior clones.     

Structural characteristics and eco-adaptability of heteromorphic leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis>

The microstructural and ultrastructural traits of three kinds of typical leaves ofPopulus euphratica Olive, including lanceolate, broad-ovate and dentate broad-ovate leaves, were studied by using electron microscope and optical microscope. The resuits showed that with the leaves changing from lanceolate shape to dentate broad-ovate shape, their structure obviously tended to be xeromorph: developed palisade tissue, undeveloped spongy tissue, thick cutin layer and sunken stomas. The amount of mitochondria tended to be increased, and the shape of chloroplasts varied from regular spindle to irregular rotundity or oval. The leaves were covered with wax without cilium, and the stomas on the upper and lower epidermis of the leaves opened unevenly. The stomas on the lower epidermis were deeper than those on the upper epidermis under the scanning electron microscope. The results implied that the structural characteristics of the diversiform-leaves ofP euphratica are related to its eco-adaptability.     

Effects of tallowtree seed coat on seed germination

We measured physiological parameters including water uptake, in-vitro embryo germination ratio, and seed coat structure observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the influence of seed coat on the germination of seeds of tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (Linn) Roxb.). Tallow tree seeds had good water permeability. We found that germination of cabbage seeds was inhibited when cabbage seeds were soaked in extracted solutions from tallow tree seed coat. Seed coat structure at the side of the radicle appeared to be a barrier to seed germination. We tested methods to break tallow tree seed dormancy. Dormancy of tallow tree seeds was overcome by soaking the seeds in 500 mg·L-1 or 1000 mg·L-1 GA3, followed by 100 days of cold stratification.     

Seed and wasp production in the mutualism of figs and fig wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries(near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no competition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator‘s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps ineluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.     

Maturity indices of Indian horse-chestnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aesculus indica</Emphasis> Colebr.) seeds under temperate Kashmir conditions

Our study on maturity indices of Aesculus indica Colebr.seeds was conducted under temperate Kashmir conditions in 2006.Seed collection was started from 15 July and continued until the maturation of seeds in December.The seeds were harvested fortnightly from identified trees and on each collection date maturity indices,viz.seed color,seed weight,moisture content,seed dimension,specific gravity and germination percentage were recorded.The study revealed that at the time of maturity (Nov.–Dec.) the seed color ...     

Characteristics of soil seed bank in plantation forest in the rocky mountain region of Beijing, China

We investigated characteristics (scales and composition) of soil seed banks at eight study sites in the rocky mountain region of Beijing by seed identification and germination monitoring. We also surveyed the vegetation communities at the eight study sites to explore the role of soil seed banks in vegetation restoration. The storage capacity of soil seed banks at the eight sites ranked from 766.26 to 2461.92 seeds·m -2 . A total of 23 plant species were found in soil seed banks, of which 63 80% of seeds were herbs in various soil layers and 60% of seeds were located in the soil layer at 0 5cm depth. Biodiversity indices indicated clear differences in species diversity of soil seed banks among different plant communities. The species composition of aboveground vegetation showed low similarity with that based on soil seed banks. In the above- ground plant community, the afforestation tree species showed high importance values. The plant species originating from soil seed banks represented natural regeneration, which also showed relatively high importance values. This study suggests that in the rocky mountain region of Beijing the soil seed banks played a key role in the transformation from pure plantation forest to near-natural forest, promoting natural ecological processes, and the role of the seed banks in vegetation restoration was important to the improvement of ecological restoration methods.     

光皮桦种子千粒重、寿命及生命力研究

The thousand-seed weight, germination rate and vitality of seeds for Betula luminifera were studied. The results showed that the thousand-seed weight was different in various habitats, and varied with the age and the part of crown and fruit. The seed had a longevity of 32—37 days in general and with a characteristic of the rapid germination. The seed had a high germination rate during the early stage or perk stage of seed dispersal, and a lower germination rate during the end stage. The germination rate and vitality of mature seed reduced with the increase of the storing time, the change in seed ger-mination was significantly different at the various ages and habitats.     

Enhancement of seed germination in Macaranga peltata for use in tropical forest restoration

We used pre-sowing treatments v/z., soaking seeds in concen- trated sulphudc acid （CSA）, gibberellic acid （GA）, combined treatment of CSA ＋ GA and mechanical scarification to overcome seed dormancy and enhance synchronous germination of Macaranga peltata seeds. We analysed percent seed germination data by logistic regression and con- finned that except in GA treatment, time and acid concentration together were crucial for enhancing germination. The combination treatment of CSA and GA resulted in higher percent germination （up to 74%） than either treatment used separately, but produced defective seedlings （26%）. Mechanical scarification of seed coat had the greatest impact in enhanc- ing germination （78%） and reducing imbibition time （6 days） against the control （0%）. Germination studies and SEM analysis confirmed that seed germination in M. peltata was inhibited by seed coat dormancy.     

ORGANIC SUBSTANCE METABOLISM DURING SEED GERMINATION OF PINUS BUNGEANA

The metabolism of fats,proteins and carbohydrates and change of enzyme ofseeds of pinus bungeana during the germination were conducted by the methods of gas-—liquid chromatography,flow injection,colorimetric analysis of spectrophotometer,toprovide theoretical basis for seeds dormancy,germination and storage of seeds of foresttree.The results indicate that(1)carbohydrates were first utilized during germination ofseed of pinus bungeana;(2)stored substances in seeds began to decompose quickly afterradicale broke through seed coats;(3)the activity of enzymes in the seeds does not alwayscoincides with the increase or decrease in quantity of its responsible substance duringgermination of the seed.Changes in stored substance relate to metabalism of othermetabolism of other materials and the use of hydrolysates.     

Effect of seed mass on emergence and seedling development in Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

We investigated the effect of seed mass on emergence, seedling survival and growth ofPterocarpus marsupium Roxb., a medium to large, commercially valuable and deciduous tree species. Among the three size classes viz. small （10-12 mm）, medium （13-15 mm） and large （16-17 mm）, the maximum proportion, of seed by number （54.12%） and dry weight （51.87%） was recorded, in the medium size seed class. Seed length and seed width were greatest in the large seed class （16.50 mm, 7.33 mm） followed by medium （13.50 mm, 5.60 mm） and small （11.37 ram, 3.66 mm）. Similarly, hundred seed weight （100 sw） varied from a maximum of 12.92 g in the large seed class to intermediate 10.95 g in the medium seed class and minimum of 7.02 g in the small seed class. The large seed size showed maximum emergence and shoot length over the medium and small seed class. After six months of growth, significant variations due to seed size were also observed for the growth and dry weight of P. marsupium seedlings. Seedling vigour, expressed in terms of height, collar diameter, number of leaves and dry biomass, was sig- nificantly affected by seed class. Seedlings that emerged from large seeds showed better growth and produced heavier seedlings as compared to medium and small seeds.     

樟子松种子变异与种子品质关系的研究

樟子松（ＰｉｎｕｓＳｙｌｖｅｓｔｒｉｓｖａｒｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａ）是一个变异水平较高的树种，不仅其冠型、干型、皮包型、分枝角侧枝粗普遍存在变异，而且球果大小、颜色和球果表面鳞盾形状以及种子的颜色。大小也发生变异，本文着重研究变异和种子品质的关系，并分析种子变异的原因。     

油松种子园无性系球果与种子性状变异的初步研究

研究了３２个油松无性系的球果与种子的性状变异，初步了解到种子园各无性系的种子品质，分析了球果与种子之间的性状相关性，为油松优良无性系的选择和初级种子园留优去劣疏伐提供了参考。     

朝鲜落叶松无性系种子园开花结实规律的研究

观察分析了朝鲜落叶松种子园各无性系的开花习性和结实规律，在此基础上，提出了该种子园的经营管理意见。     

陕西省油松良种基地生产能力分析

对陕西省己建成的油松良种基地现实良种生产数量和质量分析结果表明,良种的遗传品质和播种品质基本上达到了营建初级种子园的目的,但基地生产能力较低,良种数量远远满足不了造林用种的需要。并对加强良种基地管理,提高良种生产能力提出了一些看法。     

毛乌素沙地臭柏种子产量及更新的初步研究

臭柏（Ｓａｂｉｎａｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）又名叉子园柏、沙地柏等,柏科,园柏属,常绿匍匐针叶灌木。臭柏主要分布在温带大陆性干旱、半干旱区的山地、黄土丘陵及沙地上。臭柏以其适应范围广、枝叶茂密、萌芽和萌蘖能力强、枝条沙埋或触地后即可萌发不定根等特性,不断扩大...     

白皮松种子发芽习性及其种源变异的研究

我们从形态与生化组成、休眠习性以及发芽要求三方面研究了山西临汾和陵川、甘肃徽县、四川江油四个不同种源白皮松种子的变异情况,发现种子大小和千粒重以及脂肪酸与氨基酸组成在种源间存在显著差异,种源间种子休眠深浅显著不同。干冷生境种源(临汾、陵川)种子休眠较深,比湿暖生境种源(徽县、江油)种子更能抵抗水分逆境。而温度与种源没有显著交互作用,25/20和25/15均适宜各种源种子的发芽。     

油松母树林自然类型的初步调查

通过对５．３ｈａ油松母树林设标准地进行每木调查，对油松自然变异类型进行了初步划分。根据形质指标的差异制定划分标准，从变异最大的针叶长短、树皮开裂方式，以及其它性状标准，初步分为长针叶纵裂类型，长针叶片裂类型、短针叶纵裂类型和短针叶片裂类型。对各类型的生长量进行方差分析和Ｓ检验，结果表明，类型间差极显著。其中，长针叶纵裂类型生长、结果、抗性方面表现最好，短针叶纵短针叶片裂类型次之，最差的是长针叶片裂     

油松种子发芽的生态学及其与种源的关系

我们在实验室条件下研究了油松不同种源及生态型的种子发芽与温度、光照、水分逆境和层积处理的关系。温度采用了5个水平:20℃,25℃,30℃,35℃(以上为恒温)和30℃/20℃(变温)。光照分为2个水平(有光和无光)。以PEG-6000的不同浓度组成水势逆境梯度:0,-2,-4,-6(bar)。层积处理的条件是以蛭石为介质,湿度为60％,温度为3℃,层积时间37天。研究结果说明,油松种子发芽要求的最适生态条件;20—25℃,有光,水分充足。30℃特别是35℃以上的高温,无光,水势低于-2(bar)均对发芽不利。不同种源和不同生态型种子发芽的差异表现在对上述逆境条件的敏感性和休眠要求的有无上。不同生态型种子发芽对高温和水分逆境的敏感性的顺序是(从最不敏感的开始):东北型、东部型、中部型、西南型、西北型、南部型。对无光敏感性的顺序(从最不敏感的开始):东部型、西南型、中部型、东北型、西北型、南部型。经层积处理后,南部型的种子发芽率显著提高,东部型略有提高,中部型、西南型无变化,而西北型和东北型则大为降低。可见,南部型的种子有明显的休眠要求,这是原产地冬季比较温暖湿润的种群,为了避免过早萌发,所进行的自然选择。     

针叶树球果的物理力学特性及其对种子采收的影响

针叶树球果的物理力学特性是影响针叶树种子采收的重要因素，也是确定采种方式，研究和设计采种机械的重要依据。本文对油松、樟子松球果的基本物理特征、果柄的拉断阻力及果柄的切断阻力进行了试验研究，分析了球果的物理力学特性对采种的影响，并提出了一些建议。     

植物生长调节剂DA与DB在阔叶树种育苗中的应用

用植物调节剂ＤＡ和ＤＢ处理水曲柳种子的最佳浓度为５０ｍｇ／Ｌ。种子处理后可提前出苗２０天，成苗率提高８％－１０％，苗木高生长、地茎生长、主根长度和根幅均有显著提高。