浙江楠实生苗种子园母树生长与结实性状评价

选择优良家系及单株作为营建浙江楠种子园的亲本以及现有种子园管理依据,可以实现种子园高产稳产,提高种子园遗传品质以及遗传增益.通过对庆元县实验林场营建浙江楠实生苗种子园8年生43个家系的生长性状和结实性状调查,经方差分析、遗传力估算及聚类分析表明,43个家系的各性状在家系间均存在显著或极显著差异,各性状平均变异系数为8....     

油松单亲本子代测定和优良家系选择的研究

笔者对24年生油松单亲本子代测定林进行研究,以算术平均数加n倍标准差作为评价个体家系优劣的划分标准,从参试的81个家系中选择生长表现优良、遗传稳定性高的优良家系,并对其生长性状做了遗传增益的估算。结果表明:参试的81个家系的树高性状差异明显;确定了其优良家系为双36,双42,孝70;81个家系树高遗传增益为14.72%,胸径遗传增益为10.65%.对提高油松初级种子园良种繁育的成效及建立升级换代种子园具有重要意义。     

8年生杉木第2代种子园半同胞子代测定林分析

在福建省沙县官庄国有林场开展杉木第2代种子园半同胞子代测定,结果表明:试验林生长优良,8年生时平均树高、胸径、材积分别为7.49 m、10.8 cm、0.0462 m3;杉木第2代种子园家系间生长差异极显著,生长性状在家系水平上受到中度偏弱的遗传控制,在单株水平上受到弱的遗传控制;以8年生材积为指标选择出12个优良家系和7株优良单株,入选优良家系材积平均遗传增益为11.93%,入选单株材积平均遗传增益为24.36%,选择效果明显。     

陇县八渡二代油松无性系种子园子代测定苗期试验

对陇县八渡二代油松无性系种子园31个家系2年生子代苗主要生长性状苗高和地径进行测定,通过方差分析、遗传变异分析和多重比较等多种统计方法分析,表明油松优良家系苗在苗高、地径性状上的差异均达极显著水平,苗高和地径均值分别大于对照10.26%和11.53%,遗传增益分别达到了9.68%和9.12%。验证了二代无性系种子园建设的合理性和可靠性。通过对优良家系的初步综合评价,选出了B56、C1、C14、B37、81-69-66、B25、81-77-29、G1和B63等9个苗期生长表现较优的优良家系作为进一步遗传改良材料,选择效果显著。     

18年生马尾松种子园自由授粉子代测定及选择

通过对18年生马尾松种子园自由授粉子代测定林生长性状的调查分析,进行优良家系及单株的选择。结果表明,马尾松种子园自由授粉子代在树高、胸径、材积性状上存在显著的遗传变异;利用30%和15%的入选率对参试的2个测定组进行选择,选择出20个速生优良家系,平均材积遗传增益为11.31%;选择出38株优良单株,平均材积遗传增益81.89%。     

闽西马尾松优树自由授粉子代遗传分析与选择

对14年生的闽西马尾松优树自由授粉子代测定林调查分析,结果表明:139个参试家系在树高、胸径、材积性状上存在极显著差异。树高、胸径、材积家系遗传力分别为31.04%、60.73%、55.3%。以材积遗传增益大于10%为指标,选择36个优良家系,平均材积遗传增益达16.5%。入选的优良家系可为马尾松遗传改良和种子园营建提供优质的种质资源材料。     

闽西马尾松实生种子园高产家系选择研究

对闽西马尾松实生种子园143个选优家系子代测定林调查分析表明,家系间结实量存在极显著差异,经过多重极差检验分析,我们筛选出与对照漳平五一林场种子园种子有极显著差异以上的最优高产家系42个,进一步比较结果表明,既高产又速生的优良家系26个,其结实量平均遗传增益为40.41%,材积平均遗传增益为26.36%,这26个优良家系可供建下一代马尾松种子园的最好建园材料。     

青海云杉半同胞家系遗传变异及二代优树选择

对甘肃省小陇山沙坝试验基地9年生40个青海云杉家系子代测定林树高、新梢、冠幅进行了测定和分析。结果表明,青海云杉家系间各性状差异均达显著水平。青海云杉各性状中家系遗传力均大于单株遗传力,各家系间树高、新梢、冠幅三者之间表型相关均为极显著相关。以家系树高育种值为选择指标,共选出8个优良家系。采用配合选择最佳线性预测(BLUP)估算单株育种值,选出来自21个家系的102个优良单株,其树高比群体均值高出36.25%,期望遗传增益是27.97%。说明配合选择具有兼顾高遗传增益和广遗传基础的优点。这些优良家系和单株可作为营建青海云杉二代种子园试验林的材料。     

北亚热带高山区日本落叶松自由授粉家系遗传测定与二代优树选择

分析日本落叶松自由授粉家系子代测定林(5块试验林,119个家系,1962个单株)生长性状的遗传变异,旨在开展二代优树选择,为在湖北等北亚热带高山区建立第2代种子园提供种质资源。研究结果表明:各遗传测定林生长性状在家系间差异显著。胸径、树高及材积性状的单株遗传力分别为0.18～0.73,0.17～0.59和0.19～0.78,家系遗传力为0.34～0.80,0.42～0.79和0.18～0.81,单株遗传力一般低于家系遗传力。利用最佳线性预测(BLP)估算单株育种值。对比配合选择和家系/家系内选择2种选择方法表明,配合选择得到的二代优树群体遗传多样性高于由家系/家系内选择得到的二代优树群体,2种方法所得到的预期遗传增益相似。基于兼顾高遗传增益和广泛遗传基础的原则,认为配合选择方法选出的二代优树更适合用于日本落叶松高世代种子园的建立。最终采用配合选择方法选出来自49个家系的二代优树137株;5块子代测定林入选二代优树的材积期望遗传增益分别为26%,98.3%,42.9%,24%和56.4%。     

马尾松2个世代种子园6年生家系生长的遗传变异与增益比较

【目的】研究与评价马尾松一代、二代无性系种子园的遗传增益及改良效果,指导马尾松良种选育、生产及应用。【方法】利用营建在浙江省淳安县燕山林场和福建省邵武市卫闽林场的6年生马尾松一代和二代自由授粉家系遗传测定林,分析不同世代种子园子代生长性状的遗传变异,并进行家系育种值估算及生长评价。【结果】马尾松不同世代的种子园子代生长差异很大,其树高、胸径和单株材积等生长量显著大于马尾松优良天然林分的混系子代,其中一代种子园子代各家系单株材积表型值和育种值分别大于优良天然林分混系55.78%~84.62%和40.66%~71.39%,二代其值分别大于优良天然林分混系58.96%~108.97%和42.97%~91.89%,二代种子园子代的平均生长量和遗传稳定性总体上高于一代种子园子代。树高、胸径和单株材积等主要生长性状在世代内家系间的生长差异均达极显著水平,在一代种子园子代中最优家系的树高、胸径和单株材积分别大于最差家系21.94%、30.72%和97.75%,在二代种子园子代中最优家系的树高、胸径和单株材积分别大于最差家系23.42%、29.60%和90.09%,说明种子园中对亲本材料的再选择非常重要。依据子代的单株材积育种值在两测定点的位次及其变幅大小,将38个家系分成速生型、较速生稳定型、较速生不稳定型和慢生型4类,各类所占家系数分别有23.68%、26.32%、21.05%和28.95%,其中速生型和较速生稳定型家系所对应的亲本无性系可作为新建马尾松二代无性系种子园的优良建园材料。种子园子代主要生长性状的地点×家系、区组×家系的互作效应极显著,说明各家系在不同立地环境中生长表现不一致。【结论】马尾松无性系种子园良种效益显著,二代增益大于一代。通过选择速生型和较速生稳定型家系将有助于种子园建园亲本的再选择、现有种子园的留优去劣疏伐和重建新的种子园。鉴于子代主要生长性状的基因型与环境互作使各家系在不同立地环境中生长表现不同,建议对子代生长表现突出、结实量较多的无性系进行单系采种利用。     

马尾松种源加密实生种子园子代测定的初步研究

经15年的经营和观测马尾松种源加密实生种子园,摸清并掌握了5大种子区18个种源270个家系的遗传变异特性。为进一步揭示子代的变异,进行了子代苗和子代林的测定研究,结果表明,子代苗在不施肥的情况下,中亚热带15个种源的苗高、地径的生长优势明显,80%～90%达到Ⅰ级标准,而安徽省3个种源(对照)只有40%～50%能达到Ⅰ级标准,差异竟达1倍。6年生子代测定林,其17个种源的平均材积生长量比潜山对照种源增益73.5%,可见生长指标连续稳定变异的优势明显;同时,树干通直度I级木平均达到55.3%,而潜山对照I级木平均为25%,可见形质指标差异极其明显,将为选择改良提供可靠的依据。     

Selection of superior families of Pinus massoniana in southern China for large-diameter construction timber

This study addresses the increasing demand for large-diameter production timber,and considers the time and space variability of half-sib families of Pinus massoniana.Height,diameter at breast height(DBH)and timber volume of 440 open-pollinated half-sib progeny families were investigated in 14 progeny trials in different years and production regions.An evaluation of the genetic variation of all half-sib families was carried out during the sustainable rapid growth period and individual volumes were characterized as a major index.ANOVA analysis showed that there was considerable variance in the growth traits of most families in different years and on different sites.The variations caused by temporal and spatial changes of the mating system required three selection methods for analysis.The results show that there were differences among the heritabilities of different growth traits by different halfsib progenies.Average heritability values of height,DBH and volume were 0.33,0.34 and 0.36,respectively.Fortyfive superior families were selected in every progeny test,12 were selected in progeny trials by different years and five in different habitat progeny trials.Three superior families(Gui GC553A,Gui GC414A and Gui GC431A)were selected,although in different years and production regions.The genetic gains of timber volume of these selected r families ranged from 1.20 to 47.00%,which could provide a foundation for superior wood property selection and serve as material for seed improvement and extension in surrounding areas.     

杉木优良家系选择的研究

应用杉木382个半同胞家系的子代测定数据,分析主要生长性状的变异原因和规律,估算重要数量性状的遗传参数,探讨抗逆性的表达和遗传差异。 选出可在川南和川东南杉木产区推广的速生型优良家系和川西杉木产区推广的抗逆速生型优良家系共119个,材积的平均增产率约43％、遗传增益约22％。 根据杉木生长性状间的相关,树高年度相关和亲—子树高、胸径、材积的相关研究,讨论了杉木遗传改良中的一些技术问题。     

Variability in pod and seed traits of Pongamia pinnata Pierre ecotypes in North Karnataka,India

An evaluation of 30 naturally available candidate-plus trees(CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata was carried out to elucidate the genetic variability and relationship of pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits to select the best planting material with higher productivity. Significant variations were observed in pod and seed characteristics,oil content, and during the progeny trial studies. The highest values were found in 100-pod weight(410.4 gm)and 100-seed weight(195.92 gm) and the phenotypic and genotypic variance was found maximum in 100 pod weight(4364.71 and 4289.93) and 100 seed weight(813.8 and768.93), respectively. Estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variance were higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits, which depict the predominant role of the environment. Approximately 99 % of broad-sense heritability was revealed in oil content, followed by 100-pod weight(98.28 %), and canopy growth(96.93 %). Pod thickness shows the highest genetic advance of 56.61 %,followed by pod width(53.43 %) and canopy growth(49.3 %). Pod and seed traits have proven a positive correlation between each other and with progeny growth traits,except a few negative values. Hierarchical clustering by Ward's minimum variance cluster analysis showed phylogeographical patterns of genetic diversity. K-means clustering revealed that trees from different geographical regions were grouped together in a cluster where as trees from the same geographical area are placed in a different cluster. Seven Pongamia ecotypes(GRP-8, 9, 13, 14, 18,28, and 29) are found superior in traits, namely 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, oil content, germination rate,plant height, canopy growth, and collar diameter. The traits100-pod weight and 100-seed weight are highly correlated with the progeny growth traits and even have higher heritability and genetic advantages.     

马尾松半同胞家系多年度测定与早期选择

利用15年生的马尾松种子园自由授粉子代测定林多年份生长性状的观测数据,分析多年份家系间变异、家系表型、遗传相关、遗传力的变化趋势。结果表明,马尾松半同胞家系之间生长存在极显著差异,并主要由遗传所控制。马尾松家系选择从8年生开始是可行的,胸径生长是早期选择较好指标,并讨论了早期选择应用问题。     

Variability in pod and seed traits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pongamia pinnata</Emphasis> Pierre ecotypes in North Karnataka,India

An evaluation of 30 naturally available candidate-plus trees (CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata was carried out to elucidate the genetic variability and relationship of pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits to select the best planting material with higher productivity. Significant variations were observed in pod and seed characteristics, oil content, and during the progeny trial studies. The highest values were found in 100-pod weight (410.4 gm) and 100-seed weight (195.92 gm) and the phenotypic and genotypic variance was found maximum in 100 pod weight (4364.71 and 4289.93) and 100 seed weight (813.8 and 768.93), respectively. Estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variance were higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits, which depict the predominant role of the environment. Approximately 99 % of broad-sense heritability was revealed in oil content, followed by 100-pod weight (98.28 %), and canopy growth (96.93 %). Pod thickness shows the highest genetic advance of 56.61 %, followed by pod width (53.43 %) and canopy growth (49.3 %). Pod and seed traits have proven a positive correlation between each other and with progeny growth traits, except a few negative values. Hierarchical clustering by Ward’s minimum variance cluster analysis showed phylogeographical patterns of genetic diversity. K-means clustering revealed that trees from different geographical regions were grouped together in a cluster where as trees from the same geographical area are placed in a different cluster. Seven Pongamia ecotypes (GRP-8, 9, 13, 14, 18, 28, and 29) are found superior in traits, namely 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, oil content, germination rate, plant height, canopy growth, and collar diameter. The traits 100-pod weight and 100-seed weight are highly correlated with the progeny growth traits and even have higher heritability and genetic advantages.     

罗田垂枝杉种子园子代形态遗传研究

罗田垂枝杉是湖北省特有的速生优质用材树种,为大面积推广应用,并保证子代优良性状遗传的稳定性,笔者通过对湖北省红安县老君山林场罗田垂枝杉种子园的子代林遗传特性和遗传增益的研究,结果表明:罗田垂枝杉初级无性系种子园子代林所具有的冠幅小、生长快、干形通直圆满等优良特性都能够稳定遗传;罗田垂枝杉适宜较高密度造林,单位面积产量明显提升,增益效果显著。     

22年生柳杉双列杂交子代生长量遗传分析及选择

对22年生柳杉双列杂交子代生长性状的遗传变异规律和相关性进行研究,结果表明:树高、胸径和材积等主要生长性状在杂交组合间的差异随林龄的增大而增大,22年生时达1%极显著水平;生长性状年度间相关性均达5%显著水平或1%极显著水平,相关系数值逐渐增大,林龄大于7年生时,相关系数值大多超过0.50;树高、胸径和材积的一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差均达5%显著水平或1%极显著水平;加性方差在总方差分量所占比率较大,生长性状主要受加性遗传控制,同时,生长性状受立地条件影响较大,优良杂交组合在比较适合的立地条件更能发挥其速生潜能;选出优良杂交组合9个,22年生树高、胸径和材积的平均值分别为9.54 m、14.62 cm和0.08297 m3,树高、胸径和材积的平均遗传增益分别为3.07%、3.77%和9.22%。所选优良材料可用于柳杉第2代种子园建设。     

马尾松优树子代家系生产力评价的研究

对６片１３年生马尾松优树子代家系测定林的研究结果表明，５～１３年生时其高、径和材积生长性状具有丰富的遗传变异，受中度以上遗传控制。年度间相关分析表明，对８年生以上马尾松优树子代测定林进行选择是可行的。利用材积指标作为丰产性测度对马尾松优树子代家系的生产力水平进行评价，从参试的２２９个家系中评选出１０３个材积大于群体平均值的家系，可作为一代种子园疏伐时留优去劣的依据；６０个材积大于群体平均值１５．０％的优良家系，利用其亲本无性系开展杂交育种工作；３４个材积大于群体平均值２５．０％的优良家系，可以直接在一代种子园中进行单系采种、造林，提高马尾松的经营效益。     

Genetic variation in the natural pollen cloud of pinus sylvestris: a study based on progeny testing

Seeds from open pollination of individual female stroboli on different days in June 1990 in a coastal clone archive of Pinus sylvestris (L.) in northern Sweden (latitude 63°39’ N) were used for a short‐term progeny experiment to study differences over time in the genetic composition of the background pollen. Analysis of progeny growth and cold acclimatization in artificial whole‐plant freezing tests suggested no genetic differences in the fertilizing pollen between pollination days. A clinal variation with the latitude of pollen origin was observed for reference progenies from fertilization with pollen of known geographical origin. Comparisons between open‐pollinated progenies and reference progenies indicate that the pollen cloud originated from approximately 1° latitude (based on height growth) or 1.5° latitude (based on freezing injury) north of the pollination site.