卵巢线虫(Contortylenchus genitalicola)在中国松褐天牛上的分布与作用研究

[目的]日本学者Kosaka与Ogura发现松褐天牛成虫除携带松材线虫外,雌成虫卵巢内还携带有另一种线虫,他们将其命名为卵巢线虫,并认为这种线虫是松褐天牛成虫的寄生性线虫。我国对该种线虫的研究迄今未见报道。为了证明这种线虫在我国是否存在和分布,开展了本项研究。[方法]分期分批捕获刚羽化的松褐天牛雌雄成虫,采用解剖松褐天牛成虫松树木质部及感病的松褐天牛幼虫等方法,调查卵巢线虫的存在与分布。[结果]通过调查研究,发现我国的松褐天牛成虫体内有该卵巢线虫存在,分布于松褐天牛成虫、幼虫体内和松树木质部3个部位;在松褐天牛成虫体内的卵巢线虫通过松褐天牛雌成虫产卵而接种、进入寄主树木木质部中。同时,木质部的卵巢线虫也有一部分进入松褐天牛幼虫体内寄生,另一部分仍在木质部生活,当松褐天牛幼虫再次发育为成虫时,在木质部中的卵巢线虫和已被寄生的松褐天牛幼虫体内的卵巢线虫再次进入松褐天牛成虫体内,完成循环。卵巢线虫在松褐天牛雌、雄虫体内均有分布,携带率为44.4%,其中松褐天牛雌成虫携带率为43.8%,松褐天牛雄成虫携带率为45.0%,两者间无显著差异;每头松褐天牛成虫平均携带卵巢线虫574条,其中雌成虫平均携带816条,雄成虫平均携带308条,具显著差异。初步研究表明,卵巢线虫在松褐天牛成虫体内只能完成产卵到1~4龄的幼虫阶段,不能完成一个完整的世代;在松褐天牛幼虫体内寄生和在木质部生活的卵巢线虫能完成一个完整世代,但具体过程尚不清楚;调查中未观察到卵巢线虫对松褐天牛成虫有寄生致病或致死的现象,但对松褐天牛幼虫有寄生致死的能力;卵巢线虫常与松材线虫同时存在,而且侵入松树及离开松树的方式与松材线虫相同。[结论]我国松褐天牛体内也发现有卵巢线虫存在;目前尚不能证明该线虫对松褐天牛成虫具有寄生致死性,但对松褐天牛幼虫具有一定的寄生致死性;卵巢线虫的生活史与松材线虫相似,是否与松材线虫一样对松树具有危害性以及其病理作用还有待于进一步研究。     

Contact,fumigant, and cytotoxic activities of thyme and lemongrass essential oils against larvae and an ovarian cell line of the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni

The chemical composition of a plant essential oil can be affected by many environmental and biological factors. Understanding the role of individual constituents as well as their interactions to the overall insecticidal bioactivity is prerequisite to the use of essential oils as an alternative to conventional insecticides. In the present study, the chemical compositions of plant essential oils obtained from Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of individual constituents were evaluated against third instar larvae and an ovarian cell line of Trichoplusia ni. Thymol was the most abundant compound in thyme oil and the primary active constituent in contact and cytotoxicity tests, whereas p-cymene was the most effective compound for fumigant toxicity. In lemongrass oil, citral was identified as the major active and most abundant constituent. A weak correlation between insecticidal activity and cytotoxicity was observed, indicating limitation of the latter as a screening tool for novel insecticides. Although the evaporation of thymol was enhanced at higher temperatures, its contribution to fumigant activity was limited.     

光肩星天牛卵管分泌物对树体卵室作用机制研究

通过光肩星天牛产卵、产卵管分泌物携带真菌以及卵室变化的研究,揭示了天牛繁育后代最重要的保护措施是建造卵室和产生卵管分泌物。卵室韧皮组织的存活与否决定天牛卵和幼虫的死与活。在非抗性树种中,分泌物与真菌抑制韧皮和木质部树液流出并杀死韧皮组织,天牛才能顺利存活。通过研究产卵管分泌物对韧皮部卵室的作用机制,确定了产卵管分泌物是决定天牛存活的先决条件。这一特性的发现对天牛诱导非抗树种产生抗性成为可能。     

Effects of genistein on ovarian follicular development and ovarian life span in rats

Recently, studies reported that neonatal genistein treatment inhibited breakdown of oocyte nests and increased oocyte survival, resulting in multi-oocyte survival in adult mice. However, whether the inhibition effect in ovarian follicular development exists also in other stages during ovarian development (e.g. adult or climacteric) is unknown. So far, few studies have investigated the effect of genistein in adult or pre-menopausal ovarian follicular development and follicular reserves. We investigated ovarian follicular development in 4-month and 15-month-old rats after 4 weeks and 4 months treatment with genistein in a dose of 160 mg/kg d. Genistein-treated rats obtained a higher percentage of primordial follicles by 4 months of age and a greater number of surviving follicles at 15 months of age compared to a control group (P < 0.05). In addition, vaginal cytology showed that age-dependent cessation of regular estrus was delayed for 2 months in the genistein-treated group than control group. These results suggest that genistein alters rat ovarian follicular development and increases the number of surviving follicles, which may prolong ovarian reproductive life.     

光周期对异色瓢虫卵巢和脂肪体发育的影响

为探究光周期在异色瓢虫雌虫卵巢和脂肪体发育过程中的作用以及明确二者之间关系,研究了20℃条件下异色瓢虫雌虫在13个光周期组合下卵巢和脂肪体发育情况,结果表明:在光照时间多于14h(包括14h)时,76%以上的雌虫卵巢发育集中在Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级,全部脂肪体发育为1级或2级,此时卵巢管长度为962.42~1 095.76μm,显著长于短光照下的卵巢管长度;在光周期为10L∶14D时,94.12%雌虫卵巢发育为Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级,卵巢管长度最短,为213.33μm,88.2%的脂肪体发育等级为3级,脂肪体发育水平最高;在光周期为2L∶22D、4L∶20D、6L∶18D、8L∶16D、12L∶12D时,卵巢的5个发育等级同时出现,且发育为Ⅲ级的个体占到了总体的40%;卡方检验显示,异色瓢虫雌虫卵巢与脂肪体发育呈负相关。     

木本药用植物红豆杉研究的新进展

红豆杉是当今十分重要的一种木本药用植物,从中提取出的二萜类抗癌化合物紫杉醇在全世界已广泛应用于卵巢癌、乳腺癌、非小细胞肺癌等癌症的临床治疗,效果显著.近年来,人们还发现紫杉醇在其它疾病的治疗中也具有很好的作用.本文综述了近年来国内外在红豆杉人工栽培、紫杉醇化学半合成、红豆杉细胞培养、产紫杉醇内生真菌培养、代谢工程方面的最新研究进展,对当前工作中存在的问题进行了探讨,并对有关研究的发展前景进行了展望.     

Facultative and obligate diapause phenotypes in populations of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus

The bark beetle Ips typographus is the most destructive insect pest in Norway spruce-dominated forests. Its potential to establish multiple generations per year (multivoltinism) is one major trait that makes this beetle a severe pest. Ips typographus enters diapause to adjust its life cycle to seasonally changing environments. Diapause is characterized by developmental and reproductive arrest; it prolongs generation time and thus affects voltinism. In I. typographus a facultative, photoperiod-regulated diapause in the adult stage has been described. In addition, the presence of an obligate, photoperiod-independent, diapause has been hypothesized. The diapause phenotype has important implications for I. typographus voltinism, as populations with obligate diapausing individuals would be univoltine. To test for the presence of different I. typographus diapause phenotypes, we exposed Central and Northern European individuals to a set of photoperiodic treatments. We used two ovarian traits (egg number and vitellarium size) that are associated with gonad development, to infer reproductive arrest and thus diapause. We found a distinct effect of photoperiod on ovarian development, with variable responses in Central and Northern European beetles. We observed obligate diapausing (independent of photoperiod) individuals in Northern Europe, and both facultative (photoperiod-regulated) as well as obligate diapausing individuals in Central Europe. Our results show within-species variation for diapause induction, an adaptation to match life cycles with seasonally fluctuating environmental conditions. As the diapause phenotype affects the potential number of generations per season, our data are the basis for assessing the risk of outbreaks of this destructive bark beetle.

     

江汉平原水杉、池杉、落羽杉物理力学性能比较研究

对江汉平原水杉、池杉、落羽杉人工林物理力学性能进行了研究,结果表明:落羽杉的密度和硬度最大;落羽杉、水杉、池杉的抗弯强度差异不大;水杉的弹性模量最大,约为落羽杉的2.3倍,落羽杉的弹性模量与池杉的比较接近。南北方向对水杉、池杉、落羽杉的密度、顺纹抗压强度在5%水平上差异均不显著,对池杉、水杉抗弯强度在5%水平上差异不显著,对落羽杉抗弯强度在1%水平上差异显著,对落羽杉、池杉的弹性模量在1%水平上差异显著,对水杉的弹性模量在5%水平上差异不显著。三杉南北面近树皮处木材的密度、抗弯强度、弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度均大于髓心处。对水杉、池杉、落羽杉物理力学性能比较研究,旨在为其培育及合理利用提供依据。     

管氏肿腿蜂寄生对松墨天牛幼虫体质量和营养物质含量的影响

管氏肿腿蜂是多种林木钻蛀性害虫的抑性寄生蜂,雌蜂通过蜇刺抑制寄主氧化反应。为明确肿腿蜂寄生后寄主体内营养物质含量的变化,运用考马斯亮蓝法、蒽酮比色法和残余法,对蜇刺后第0日(初始组)、第2日(寄主初麻痹时)、第14日(子代幼蜂初孵时)处理组和对照组的松墨天牛幼虫体质量、蛋白质、总糖和脂质含量进行测定。结果表明:管氏肿腿蜂寄生后,寄主体质量持续下降;体内蛋白质含量在寄主麻痹初期极显著升高,而在幼蜂初孵时则极显著下降;脂质含量在寄主初麻痹时未见显著变化,而幼蜂孵化前升高显著;但寄主体内的总糖含量变化不显著。研究结果说明,管氏肿腿蜂雌蜂寄生寄主,对寄主体内蛋白质、糖类、脂质代谢产生了影响。     

16种城市绿化树种叶片中铁锰铜锌元素的含量特征

于2003年对昆明、思茅、丽江3市不同程度污染地段、不同季节16个绿化树种叶片中的铁、锰、铜、锌4种重金属元素的含量进行了测定。依据其结果进行分析,此16个城市绿化树种对Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn 4种重金属元素的吸收能力不同,叶片中Fe含量最高的树种是冬樱花;叶片中Mn含量最高的树种是咕山含笑;叶片中Cu含量最高的树种是冬樱花;叶片中Zn含量最高的树种是咕山含笑。4种元素总含量最高的树种是咕山含笑,为1 125.64 mg/kg;最低的是栾树,为324.05 mg/kg,相差达3.47倍。叶片中Fe和Cu含量的相关性达到极显著的水平,其他元素之间相关性均不显著。在石楠、麻栗坡含笑、滇润楠、天竺桂、云南拟单性木兰、杜英、山玉兰、冬樱花8个绿化树种中,有的树种叶片中Fe、Cu的含量与空气中可吸入颗粒物污染指数间有显著或极显著的正相关性,可做为监测树种;而此8个树种叶片中Mn、Zn的含量与污染指数间的相关性显著。     

长三角公园与经济、人口、建设用地变化的时空演变

基于城市"公园与财、人、地"相互作用的关系视角,文章选取长三角61个城市为研究区域,构建计量回归模型,综合探究1996-2016年公园面积、GDP、城市人口、建设用地面积相互作用的演变特征。研究结果表明:1)相互关系上,公园与三要素均呈显著的正向线性关系,且影响密切度为经济>建设用地>人口;2)影响演变上,人口与公园的交互影响日益上升,但存在一定的滞后性;经济、建设用地作为主要支撑力量,与公园的作用力度持续减弱,脱钩发展态势日趋明显。为此,以人口为焦点,合理发展经济与建设用地,引导公园与多要素协同调控,是优化新型城镇化联动改革的新思路。     

几种城市绿化树种叶片中铅砷铬镉汞元素的含量特征

2003年对昆明、思茅、丽江3个城市的16个绿化树种叶片中的铅、砷、铬、镉、汞5种重金属元素的含量进行了测定，并结合采集地的空气污染指数进行了相关分析。结果表明：麻栗坡含笑、山玉兰和杜英叶片中Pb的含量与空气污染指数间的相关性显著；石楠、云南拟单性木兰、山玉兰、冬樱花叶片中As的含量与空气污染指数间的相关性达显著或极显著水平；杜英、山玉兰、石楠、天竺桂、云南拟单性木兰叶片中Cr的含量与空气污染指数间的相关性均为显著和极显著；石楠、杜英、冬樱花叶片中Cd的含量与空气污染指数间有显著或极显著的正相关性；8个树种叶片中Hg的含量与污染指数间均没有显著的正相关性。而16个树种中，冬樱花叶片中5种重金属元素的总含量最大，为15．563mg／kg；总含量最低的树种是竹柏（0．692mg／kg）等，两者总含量的差异达14．871mg／kg。不同树种对环境中Pb、As、Cr、Cd、Hg等5种元素的吸收富集能力有较大的差异。16个树种叶片中Cd和Cr含量的相关系数为r0.05=0．582^＊，说明Cr与Cd之间有显著的互相促进作用；Cd与Hg元素含量的相关系数为r0.01=0．807^＊＊，也表明Cd与Hg间有十分显著的互相促进的作用。     

不同取样时期对杜仲、黄柏、厚朴三种皮类药材质量影响的初步研究

对贵州省林业科学研究院树木园内的杜仲林、黄皮树林、凹叶厚朴林随机分别选取6株样树，从2001年9月至2002年8月每月定日取样，用烘干法测定其含水率，用醇溶性浸出物测定法测定其萃取率。结果表明，不同取样时期杜仲、黄柏、厚朴的含水率差异显著，三种药材含水率变化相对一致，在4、5、6、7月含水率较高，9、10月含水率较低。杜仲、黄柏的最佳取皮期为6月，其萃取率分别为7．92％、6．77％；厚朴的最佳取皮期为7月，萃取率为8．93％。     

The ethnobotanical,phytochemical and pharmacological profile of the genus Pinellia

The genus Pinellia (Araceae), consisting of nine species, is mainly distributed in Eastern Asia. In traditional medicine, some Pinellia species have long been used for the treatment of various ailments, such as cough, vomiting, inflammation, epilepsy, cervical cancer and traumatic injury. Pharmacological studies revealed that Pinellia species possess a wide range of biological activities including cytotoxic, anti-tumor, antiemetic, insecticidal, antitussive, antimicrobial and anticonvulsant activities. However, some species also showed significant toxicity such as reproductive toxicity, mucosal irritation and hepatotoxicity. Most of these bioactivities and toxicity can be explained by the presence of various alkaloids and lectins. This review summarizes the ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities and toxicity of Pinellia species.     

Provenance Variation in Seed Morphometric Traits, Germination, and Seedling Growth of Cordia africana Lam

Patterns of genetic variation in Cordia africana, a tropical timber species, were evaluated at the population level. Bulk seed samples were collected from six natural populations in Ethiopia and examined for variations in seed morphometric traits, seed germination, and seedling growth at nursery stage. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among provenances in all studied attributes except root collar diameter after 4 months of growth. The provenance effect, as determined by broad sense heritability, was 71–98% for seed morphometric traits, 80% for germination capacity, 42% for germination energy, 57–58% for seedling height and 3–13% for root collar diameter. Seed weight showed a significant positive correlation with altitude and negative correlation with mean annual temperature of seed origin. Germination energy was significantly correlated with longitude and mean annual rainfall. Seedling parameters and geo-climatic variables of seed origin were fairly correlated. A significant intercharacter correlation was found between seed length and seed weight, between root collar diameter at the age of 4 months and seed length and weight, as well as between seedling height after 4 and 8 months of growth. It can be concluded that the observed patterns of variation will have implications for genetic resources conservation and tree improvement.     

营林措施及环境与森林凋落物分解的相互关系研究进展

森林凋落物分解是生态系统养分循环中的重要过程, 通过分解向土壤释放植物所需养分, 且产生大量CO₂, 对森林土壤肥力的维持及提高森林生产力有着重要的作用, 并影响着陆地碳循环。文中评述了栽培密度、农林复合、混交林等营林措施及环境污染、温室气体、化感作用等环境问题与凋落物分解的相互关系, 为深入研究凋落物分解规律及其在森林生态系统养分循环中的作用提供参考。     

Development of heartwood,sapwood,bark,pith and specific gravity of teak(Tectona grandis)in fast-growing plantations in Costa Rica

To elucidate the development of heartwood,bark,sapwood,pith and specific gravity of wood in fastgrowing teak(Tectona grandis)plantations in Costa Rica,we sampled three trees in each of 55 plantations and modelled each variable with age,site and different tree heights.Age and stand density of plantations were significant correlated with stem diameter at breast height and total height of the tree.Formation of heartwood was initiated at the age of 4-year-old and increased in direct proportion with age.The age of plantation had a significant relationship with stem diameter at breast height,heartwood percentage,sapwood thickness,sapwood percentage,percentage of bark,pith diameter and percentage,and specify gravity.The model for these tree parameters was model with these parameters as dependent variable and in relation to age as independent variable.     

Effects of heat treatment and impregnation with zinc-oxide nanoparticles on physical,mechanical, and biological properties of beech wood

Effects of zinc-oxide nanoparticles on physical and mechanical properties, as well as biological resistance of untreated and heat-treated beech wood were investigated in this study. Test specimens were prepared from sapwood and impregnated with a 5,000-ppm nano-zinc-oxide (NZ) suspension with a size ranging from 10 to 80 nm at 2.5 bars of pressure and using the Rueping process for 20 min. Control (C) and nano-zinc-oxide-impregnated specimens after (NZA) and before (NZB) heat treatment were divided into four subgroups of unheated (C and CNZ), heated at 50, 145 and 185 °C. Heat treatment resulted in a significant decrease in mechanical strength at temperatures of 145 and 185 °C. Heat-treated specimens showed less dimensional instability and fungal degradation. Impregnation with nano-zinc resulted in a slight and significant increase in weight loss and biological resistance against Trametes versicolor. The results showed that the impregnation significantly decreased the water absorption of the specimens. Impregnation before heat treatment showed considerable effect on the properties of wood compared to that of untreated ones.     

Studies on pre-treatment by compression for wood impregnation I: effects of compression ratio,compression direction,compression speed and compression-unloading place on the liquid impregnation of wood

To improve the impregnation of wood, the pre-treatment by compression was systematically studied in terms of effects of compression ratio, compression direction, compression speed and compression-unloading place on the liquid impregnation in poplar and Chinese fir. The results showed: the impregnation increased 0.0065 or 0.0074 g/cm³ for every 1% increase of compression ratio when the compression ratio was lower or equal to 50 and 40% for poplar and Chinese fir, respectively; it continued to increase afterwards while the variation was quite big. There existed a significant difference of the impregnation of wood compressed at different directions in Chinese fir, but not in poplar. There existed a significant difference of the impregnation of wood compressed at different speed in both species. The impregnation of wood is likely to be in favor of radial compression in terms of the amount of impregnation. 5 and 10 mm/min were recommended as a compromise of impregnation and pre-treatment efficiency. The impregnation of wood that the compression unloaded in water was about 18.2 (poplar) and 9.2% (Chinese fir) higher in amount and was much quicker in speed than that the compression unloaded in air, and the difference between them was significant, suggesting that compression unloaded in water is significant to improve the impregnation.