东莞银瓶山森林公园浙江润楠群落的基本特征

应用样方调查法研究了广东省东莞市银瓶山森林公园浙江润楠群落物种组成及优势种群的空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)浙江润楠群落以樟科、山矾科及茜草科等热带和亚热带植物类群为优势,浙江润楠是群落的优势种群;(2)群落垂直结构分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物亦较丰富。从群落物种多样性上来分析,Simpson多样性指数以灌木层的最大,乔木层和草本层相当;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数的大小顺序均为:灌木层﹥乔木层﹥草本层;Pielou均匀度指数的大小顺序则为:乔木层﹥灌木层﹥草本层;(3)种群中浙江润楠幼苗个体较少,中龄级立木较多,幼龄期个体呈聚集分布,成年期立木趋于随机分布。     

西双版纳石灰山季雨林四数木-闭花木-多花白头树群落动态研究

基于1995年和2011年固定样地调查数据探讨西双版纳四数木一闭花木一多花白头树群落种类组成、群落结构及优势种群个体数量方面的变化。分析显示,群落内高等植物种数净减5种（新增4种,消失9种）,热带分布型科、属比率分别上升7．3％和2％;A、B、C、D4层原有乔木（DBH≥5em）个体死亡率分别为0％、44．4％、16．3％和60％;A、132层乔木个体比例下降2．5％。乔木种群的频度分布格局和构造种群比例维持不变;群落乔木立木级结构保持正金字塔型,优势种群的立木级分布格局无明显变化。研究表明,该群落发育处于较为成熟阶段;15年来群落乔木的优势成分保持不变,群落总体结构稳定,草本层和层间植物的种类和个体数量减少明显;优势树种中,四数木和多花白头树2个种群趋于衰退,油朴有取代四数木或多花白头树在林冠层优势地位的趋势。     

石垟林场常绿阔叶林优势种群结构与分布格局研究

应用植物种群生态学的研究方法,对文成县石垟林场常绿阔叶林优势种群的种群结构和分布格局进行了研究,结果表明:青冈栎、短尾柯、木荷和红楠种群的年龄结构为增长型;甜槠种群的年龄结构为稳定型;虎皮楠种群为间隙型;亮叶水青冈、钩栗种群为衰退型,整个群落处于进展演替阶段;各优势种的分布格局均为集群分布,但集群强度存在差异;群落中,各优势种群均出现了Ⅲ级小树个体数异常减少甚至缺失现象,原因不明。     

雷公山水青冈林乔木层主要植物种群空间分布格局

应用立木大小级对水青冈群落中的水青冈(Fagus longipetiolata)和青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)两个优势种群径级结构进行了对比分析,同时采用方差/均值的t检验法、Morisita指数Iq的F检验法、丛生指数I、负二项式指数K、平均拥挤系数m*和聚块性指数m*/m判定并检验了两种优势种群的分布格局,并按径级分样地进行了格局类型及强度的比较。结果表明,在分布格局上,水青冈种群V级占优势,在3个样地中分别达到52%,49.1%,49.4%,Ⅰ级没有,Ⅱ级较少,表现为衰退种群;青冈栎种群Ⅳ级较多,Ⅰ、V级在个体数量比水青冈种群多;群落中两优势种群均呈集群分布。分析径级结构得出,随径级增大,水青冈种群由随机分布向集群分布过渡,而青冈栎种群则由集群分布向随机分布过渡。     

湖北省宜都野生楠木资源调查

【目的】了解湖北省宜都市的野生楠木资源分布状况、种群结构及其群落特征。【方法】采用样方法分别在宜都市的王家畈镇、聂家河镇和潘家湾乡对楠木资源分布集中地段进行野外实地调查,并记录其生境条件和群落特征。【结果】调查区内发现野生楠木类植物计264株,楠属植物3种,分别为竹叶楠Phoebe faberi、桢楠P.zhennan、湘楠P.hunanensis;润楠属植物4种,分别为润楠Machilus pingii、宜昌润楠M.ichangensis、华润楠M.chinensis、刨花润楠M.pauhoi,其中华润楠、刨花润楠初步确定为宜都市新分布记录种。楠木较多分布在山地比较潮湿的阴坡,坡度为30°~40°,坡位为中坡位和下坡位,海拔在710 m左右,群落类型为常绿或落叶阔叶林的生境条件下,其楠木类植物群落的维管束植物共有71种,隶属41科60属,以樟科和蔷薇科植物比较多,被子植物中双子叶植物占有绝对的优势,高位芽植物在群落中的比重最大。【结论】该调查区内的润楠属植物种群年龄结构相比楠属更合理,大致呈稳定型,而楠属植物种群年龄结构大致呈衰退型。探讨了样地野生楠木数量及群落结构特征,为其天然林保护及种质资源保存提供理论依据,同时对城市景观树种的配置有着重要意义。     

粤北次生常绿阔叶林优势种群结构及分布格局研究

对粤北典型次生常绿阔叶林的乔木优势种群结构及分布格局进行了研究,结果表明:(1)乔木层物种46科78属119种,林下植被77科141属227种.根据重要值＞5％,群落的乔木优势种为木荷Schima superba,虎皮楠Daphniphyllum oldhami,刨花润楠Machilus pauhoi,华润楠Machi...     

鄂西南亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势种群的结构与动态特征

【目的】分析鄂西南森林动态样地内优势种群的结构及动态特征,为进一步深入研究亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的更新动态及生物多样性维持机制奠定基础。【方法】参照热带森林科学中心森林动态监测样地(大样地)建设与监测技术规范,于2014年在湖北木林子国家级自然保护区的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林中建立15 hm~2大样地,调查并鉴定胸径大于1 cm的所有木本植物,分析其种群结构及动态特征。【结果】在垂直结构上,物种丰富度和个体多度都随着树木高度层次的降低而升高;在径级结构上,物种丰富度和个体多度都随着径级增大而降低,呈倒"J"形分布趋势;按所分布的径级数量不同可将群落内的物种分为10类,多数物种主要分布于小径级范围,但优势种群则集中分布于某个径级或均匀分布于各径级,表明优势种群可能有集中更新和连续更新2种方式;在胸径小于10 cm的径级内翅柃最占优势,而在其他径级内壳斗科物种占主要优势;群落中大部分种群有超过60%个体分布在最低的2个垂直层次内,且有超过85%的个体胸径小于10 cm,表明其具有良好的更新趋势,群落总体上处于进展演替中;对群落中径级和高度级上都占优势的25个种群的动态分析表明,16种属进展种群,3种属近期处于稳定状态但远期将趋于衰退状态,2种属衰退状态,4种属进展期与衰退期相间出现及个体数量存在波动的种群。【结论】鄂西南亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落树体较小,大径级和高度级树木种类及个体较少,绝大多数优势种群及群落总体均处于进展演替阶段,群落具有良好的自然更新。     

镶黄旗黄花山天然杜松林群落结构与种群分布格局研究

在内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟镶黄旗黄花山天然杜松林内,设置4个有代表性的标准样地,应用相邻格子法获得野外调查数据,分析天然杜松林群落结构及乔木层和灌木层优势种种群空间分布格局。结果表明:1)天然杜松林群落内,杜松地径较小,个体高峰值分布范围较为集中,径级结构变化明显;旱榆多以幼苗的形式存在,地径范围在2.5cm以下。群落存在明显的径阶缺陷,属于不稳定型。2)乔木层高度级较低,而灌木层高度级较好。3)乔木层杜松种群主要以聚集分布格局为主,伴有均匀分布格局,旱榆种群则为聚集分布格局;灌木层优势种群小叶鼠李和土庄绣线菊的空间分布格局都为聚集分布。群落处于不稳定的恢复发展阶段,人为和自然干扰以及种群生物学特性共同造成这种空间分布格局。     

铜鼓岭自然保护区热带常绿季雨矮林的群落结构特征

应用植物群落学方法,调查分析了铜鼓岭热带常绿季雨矮林的群落结构特征。结果表明,该群落优势树种为黄椿木姜(Litsea variabilis)、海南大风子(Hydnocarpus hainanensis)、滨木患(Arytera littoralis)、无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)和禾串树(Bridelia balansae)等。立木胸径及树高结构分析表明,该群落中2.5～7.5 cm胸径级的个体占有相当高的比例,树高2～8 m各级分布较均匀,整个群落处于稳定发展当中。分别运用y=aD+b和ω=aD+b对优势树种的胸径与树高和冠幅之间的关系进行拟合,显著性检验结果显示,除禾串种群外,各直线方程均存在极显著的相关性,因此今后的调查中可用胸径来估测树高和冠幅。     

北京雾灵山保护区蒙椴林空间点格局分析

根据北京雾灵山自然保护区蒙椴林样地调查资料,采用点格局分析方法,对该群落的树种组成、优势种群及不同发育阶段种群的空间分布格局及其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:1)蒙椴林中乔木层共有9个种群,种群密度差异较大,蒙椴种群的株数比例和断面积占有明显优势。2)蒙椴林优势种群的分布格局和空间关联性与空间尺度的关系密切,在研究尺度范围内,蒙椴种群和山杨种群均呈显著性聚集分布,白桦种群呈随机分布。优势种群的空间关联性以负关联为主,种间竞争激烈。3)不同发育阶段个体的空间格局随尺度的变化明显,大树在整个空间尺度上呈现随机分布,中树和幼树在中小尺度上(r<24m)呈显著性聚集分布,在较大尺度上呈随机分布。不同发育阶段种群之间空间关联性以负关联为主,当空间尺度大于临界值时,大树和中树、幼树的空间关联性减弱,而中树和幼树的负关联增强。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

qPCR quantification of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from infected butternut trees under different release treatments

The use of a molecular assay for quantifying conidia of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti‐juglandacearum, the fungal pathogen responsible of butternut canker, was investigated. Purified DNA from conidia collected on glass fibre filters of a passive rain collectors was quantified using a TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The qPCR assay could specifically discriminate the target species from all other North American known species of Ophiognomonia, and it was sensitive enough to repeatedly detect one conidium. A linear relationship between numbers of conidia and qPCR C_t values was determined, and used to assess the sporulation of the pathogen under trees that were released to promote their vigour. In total, 977 samples of field‐captured conidia from 49 trees, at two locations, and from two successive growing seasons were analysed. No significant difference of sporulation was observed under control and release treatments. However, our results demonstrated that qPCR assay was reliable for detecting and quantifying O. clavigignenti‐juglandacearum from environmental samples, which will be useful to assess further control methods for this disease.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila

Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis.Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.     

Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions

The present research dealt with the toxicity of GCSC-BtA (Germany–China Scientific Cooperation-Bacillus thuringiensis-Abamectin), a new type biocide developed by conjugating a toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) with Abamectin from Streptomyces avermitilis, on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. The results showed that GCSC-BtA possessed higher toxicity than B.t. crystal, Abamectin or Cypermethrin, with pest mortalities of 97.9, 93.7, 96.4, 82.3 and 96.7% for Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thys., Thripidae), Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lep., Gracillariidae), respectively. Toxicities of GCSC-BtA to T. cinnabarinus and P. xylostella decreased significantly at the older developmental stage with an exception that egg stage had the highest tolerance, in which LC₅₀s of GCSC-BtA were 0.0001, 0.0019 and 0.0708 mg/ml for nymph, adult and egg of T. cinnabarinus, and that 0.0399, 0.2035 and 0.9033 mg/ml for the 2nd instar larvae, 4th instar larvae and egg of P. xylostella, respectively. Also, the biocide was more effective to the lower stage of A. fabae than the higher one with LC₅₀s of 0.0023, 0.0086 and 0.0171 mg/ml against 1st instar nymph, 3rd instar nymph and adult, respectively. In general, toxicity of the new type of biocide was positively related to temperature against all the tested pests, except against T. cinnabarinus, where it was almost similar at the three temperature conditions. GCSC-BtA displayed significantly lower toxicities at 15/20°C than 20/25°C or 25/30°C against F. occidentalis, A. fabae, P. xylostella and C. ohridella. However, no significant difference was found in the toxicities against F. occidentalis, A. fabae and C. ohridella above 20°C, whereas toxicity against P. xylostella increased as temperature raised. Therefore, to achieve higher efficacy in the field, application rate and time should be devised according to these factors.