蒙古栎间伐林分和未间伐林分生长模型研究

以Richards和Schumacher模型为原型,利用地位级指数代替地位指数来反映林分的立地质量,通过选取不同的密度指标,分别拟合蒙古栎间伐、未间伐林分的断面积、蓄积量生长模型。结果表明:选用不同的密度指标直接影响着模型的预估效果,林分断面积生长模型选用林分密度指数作为密度指标时预估效果更好,且Schumacher模型要优于Richards模型;林分蓄积量生长模型选用林分断面积作为密度指标时预估效果更好,当认为模型中的渐近值参数只与立地质量相关、而与密度无关时,选用林分断面积作为密度指标的Richards模型要优于Schumacher模型,而在Schumacher模型渐近值参数中引入密度指标后,对林分蓄积量的预估精度又要略优于Richards模型。建议在研究蒙古栎断面积、蓄积量生长模型时,分别选用林分密度指数和林分断面积作为密度指标较好。     

日本落叶松人工林密度调控技术研究

以日本落叶松中幼林抚育间伐样地监测数据，利用树冠竞争因子（CCF）、林分密度指数、单位断面积生长过程等指标，分析了抚育间伐对断面积和蓄积两方面的影响，结果表明：间伐林分的断面积和蓄积有相同的生长过程，即林分在一定间伐强度范围内（强度小于50％）间伐强度越大，年均生长率越大；用树冠竞争因子描述日本落叶松人工林断面积的生长过程，未间伐林分的立木度接近稳定状态，而间伐林分降低了林分的CCF值，随着林龄的增加，CCF值不断增加，逐渐向未间伐林分靠近。总的来说间伐林分在间伐初期要小于未间伐林分，但随着林龄的增大及林木竞争的加剧，间伐林分逐渐向未间伐林分靠近。     

利用树冠竞争因子确定同龄间伐林分的断面积生长过程

断面积生长预估是林分生长和收获预估体系中的核心因子和基础。本文选用了包含林分密度指标、年龄和立地质量指标的Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ 模型作为断面积生长模型。利用树冠竞争因子（ ＣＣＦ） 能稳定反映林分竞争水平的特性,建立了ＣＣＦ 与林分密度指数和单位面积林木株数之间的函数关系式,并对长白落叶松和杉木得出：（１） ＣＣＦ＜ ２００ ,林分为等株数生长;（２）２００ ≤ＣＣＦ≤３００ 时,为等株数生长向自然稀疏生长的过渡期,该期间林分密度指数的变化可用等株数生长和自然稀疏生长的线性组合来表达;（３） ＣＣＦ＞ ３００ 时,林分为完全的自然稀疏生长     

林分断面积生长模拟理论与技术研究

林分断面积是众多测树因子中的核心因子。文中对林分断面积生长规律及其模拟技术研究进展进行了综述, 分析了自然生长林分与间伐林分断面积生长的异同, 并重点从生长方程的选取、断面积模型的分类研制、研制途径及间伐指标、林分自变量及密度指标以及单木竞争指标等5个方面探讨了林分断面积模拟研究进展, 指出林分断面积生长模拟理论与技术领域存在的问题及未来研究重点, 以期为相关研究提供借鉴与参考。     

湿地松林分间伐对材种结构的影响研究

根据间伐8年后的湿地松林分生长和主伐造材调查结果，建立了胸径和断面积等与林分保留密度及本底断面积的回归关系，分析比较了不同间伐强度对林木径阶分布和造材材种结构的影响效果。研究结果表明，间伐后林分保留密度对林木胸径和断面积生长以及材种结构等均产生显著影响；尾径20cm及以上规格的材种出材率随间伐强度增大而增大，而14cm及以下规格的材种出材率则随间伐强度的增大而减小。不同伐对照总的出材量虽比间伐的大，但增加的部分主要为较小规格的材种。     

长白落叶松人工林生长模型的研究

根据黑龙江省孟家岗林场、江山娇林场的固定标准地及吉林省松江河地工的团状枝解析样地调查数据，基于Ｋｏｒｆ生长方程，导出了落叶松人工林分自然稀疏模型和断面积生长 此为核心构造了满足相窝必蝗树高曲线预估模型、林分收获预估模型落地松人工林生长模型系统，用由这４个模型构成的模型系统可模型不同林分的平均胸径、每公顷株数、林分断面积及林分蓄积的生长过程，并与实际林分很接近     

杉木人工林收获模型系统的研究*

利用优势木高生长与密度关系相对较小，并且是立地和年龄的函数这一特性以及直径生长的多因子效应等生物学规律，将优势高作为独立变量引入其它相关模型构建了杉木人工林收获模型系统。解决了杉木工林自然生长和伐后生长模拟，建立了标准树高曲线和直径与断面积相容性预估模型以及间伐模拟系统，推导出了由于间伐而引起的非生长性增长的计算公式。     

日本落叶松林分生长和收获预估模型的研究

本文根据影响林分生长的主要因子，林龄、地位指数和林分密度，以多因子综合描述的方法，采用Ｈ优１．３＋ｂ１ＳＩｂ２（１－ｅ－ｂ３Ａｔ）ｂ４ＳＩｂ５＋ε、ＳＩ＝ｂ１Ｈ优ｂ２（１－ｅ－ｂ３Ａｔ）ｂ４Ｈ优－ｂ５＋ε和增加密度指标的Ｙ＝ｂ１ＳＩｂ２（１－ｅ－ｂ３Ｎｂ４ｔ）ｂ５；收获预估采用布伦德和科拉特的ｌｏｇＣＶ＝ｂ１＋ｂ２ＳＩ＋ｂ３（１／Ａ２）＋ｂ４（１－Ａ１／Ａ２）＋ｂ５（ｌｏｇＢ）（Ａ１／Ａ２），建立日本落叶松林分生长和收获预估模型。精度验证该组模型基本满足要求。同时又据辽宁省栽培的日本落叶松早期生长受冻干危害的特点，引入了胸高年龄的概念，提高了模型的精度。     

抚育间伐对人工落叶松断面积和蓄积生长的影响

以汪清林业局的20块人工落叶松为例,对间伐林分的断面积和蓄积进行生长趋势分析,用普雷斯勒公式计算林分的平均生长率,分析不同间伐强度对林分断面积和蓄积的影响,结果表明:间伐林分在间伐初期的断面积和蓄积小于未间伐林分,但随着林龄的增大,间伐林分断面积和蓄积向未间伐林分渐近;间伐强度越大,年平均生长率越大;方差分析表明,不同的间伐强度对林分断面积和蓄积生长的影响差异显著。     

间伐林分的断面积生长模型研究

利用Richards和Schumacher模型对人工落叶松和杉木林分进行断面积模型的拟合,结果表明:两种模型在同时选择单位面积株数或同时选择林分密度指数作为自变量时,Schumacher式都比Richards式拟合和预估效果好。Richards式用林分密度指数比用单位面积株数的拟合和预估效果明显要好,Schumacher式用林分密度指数比用单位面积株数拟合效果略好。在生产实践中,由于单位面积株数容易测定,而Schumacher形式比较简单,建议用来预估林分的断面积,并可作为间伐和未间伐林分的兼容模型。     

杉木密度间伐试验林林分断面积生长效应

通过对26年生杉木密度试验林进行多次间伐后的结果进行比较研究,结果表明:(1)只要人工林立地条件相同,经过足够长的时间,林分断面积最终趋于一致,与是否间伐无关;(2)随间伐次数增加,获得的木材径阶也逐渐增大,未被间伐的保留木则多为大径材;(3)对于立地指数大于16的杉木宜林地,宜采用高密度造林、多次间伐的经营模式,以生产不同规格用材满足木材市场需求,还可提高林分累积断面积的生长量;对于立地指数小于14的杉木宜林地,应该采用稀植造林,以生产小、中径材为主;(4)应在立地条件好、低密度造林条件下培育大径材林木;(5)在立地指数小于14的杉木宜林地,间伐在促进林分断面积生长方面的贡献并不明显,对林分断面积生长起主要作用的因素是立地质量。     

Impacts of thinning on structure,growth and risk of crown fire in a Pinus sylvestris L. plantation in northern Spain

We studied the combined effects of thinning on stand structure, growth, and fire risk for a Scots pine thinning trial in northern Spain 4 years following treatment. The thinning treatments were: no thinning, heavy thinning (32–46% of basal area removed) and very heavy thinning (51–57% of basal area removed). Thinning was achieved via a combination of systematic and selective methods by removing every seventh row of trees and then by cutting suppressed and subdominant trees in the remaining rows (i.e., thinning from below). Four years after thinning, mean values and probability density distributions of stand structural indices showed that the heavier the thinning, the stronger the tendency towards random tree spatial positions. Height and diameter differentiation were initially low for these plantations and decreased after the 4-year period in both control and thinned plots. Mark variograms indicated low spatial autocorrelation in tree diameters at short distances. Diameter increment was significantly correlated with the inter-tree competition indices, and also with the mean directional stand structural index. Two mixed models were proposed for estimating diameter increment using a spatial index based on basal area of larger trees (BALMOD) in one model versus spatial competition index by Bella in the other model. As well, a model to estimate canopy bulk density (CBD) was developed, as this variable is important for fire risk assessment. Both heavy and very heavy thinning resulted in a decrease of crown fire risk over no thinning, because of the reduction in CBD. However, thinning had no effect on the height to crown base and thus on the flame length for torching. Overall, although thinning did not increase size differentiation between trees in the short term, the increase in diameter increment following thinning and the reduction of crown fire risks support the use of thinning. Also, thinning is a necessary first step towards converting Scots pine plantations to more natural mixed broadleaved woodlands. In particular, the very heavy thinning treatment could be considered a first step towards conversion of overstocked stands.     

Predicting and calibrating diameter distributions of Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden plantations in Zimbabwe

Diameter distribution models for even-aged Eucalyptus grandis plantations in Zimbabwe were developed using the two-parameter Weibull function. The analysis was based on data from Correlated Curve Trend (CCT) experiments replicated on four different sites. Parameters of the Weibull distribution were predicted using stand characteristics as regressors. Two sets of parameter models were estimated: a set with and one without stand basal area as a predictor. Stand variables such as dominant height, age, site index and number of stems were used in both sets. The models were further calibrated to result in a given number of stems and stand basal area simultaneously. The usability of constructed models was tested both in prediction of yield in a stand inventory situation and in simulation of growth in connection with different growth models. The results indicated that models not including stand basal area produce considerably less precise stand volume estimates compared to models including also stand basal area. Calibration improved the accuracy of diameter distribution models. In growth simulation diameter distribution models can be connected both to single tree growth models and to stand projection models. The usability of calibration in growth simulation depends on the accuracy of the prediction of stand characteristics.     

抚育间伐对辽东山区3种林型林分总断面积和总收获量的影响

利用几十年的定位观测数据,分析了抚育间伐对辽东山区红松人工林、天然次生蒙古栎林和人工诱导的阔叶红松林3种林型林分总断面积和总收获量的影响。结果表明:与对照区相比,抚育间伐没有提高红松人工林的林分断面积和蓄积总生长量,但极强度和强度间伐能提高红松人工林的林分断面积生长率。林分总断面积随着间伐强度的增加先升高后降低,各间伐强度均能提高林分总断面积,极强度间伐除外。抚育间伐能提高红松人工林林分蓄积生长率,弱度区除外;红松人工林林分总收获量随着间伐强度的增加先升高后降低,各间伐强度均能提高林分总收获量,中度间伐效果最好。抚育间伐能提高蒙古栎林林分断面积和蓄积总生长量、生长率以及林分总断面积和总收获量,各指标随着间伐强度的增加先升高后降低,中度间伐效果最好。抚育间伐能提高人工诱导的阔叶红松林林分断面积和蓄积总生长量、生长率以及林分总断面积和总收获量,林分断面积和蓄积总生长量、林分总断面积和林分总收获量随着间伐强度的增加而升高,林分断面积和蓄积生长率随着间伐强度的增加先升高后略有降低,强度间伐效果最好。可见,合理的间伐强度能够提高3种林型的林分总断面积和总收获量。     

抚育间伐对人工红松林生长效应的影响

利用不同间伐强度后40 a的人工红松林,连续抚育3次的长期定位观测资料,分析了抚育间伐对人工红松单木胸径和材积、林分断面积和蓄积、林分枯损和总收获量的影响。研究结果表明:间伐可以增加单木平均胸径和材积的生长率,且不同间伐强度表现为相同的规律,即中度(33.2%)强度(43.4%)弱度(23.1%)对照(0.0%);间伐后林分的断面积和蓄积生长率,具有相似的自然规律,间伐样地的生长率均高于对照;林木枯损率随间伐强度的增加而降低;间伐后的林分总收获量平均增加11.6%,间伐林分之间差别不明显。在整个研究阶段,不同的抚育阶段表现不同的规律,抚育间伐可以延缓单木胸径和材积生长速度的降幅;而不同抚育阶段内,林分断面积和蓄积生长率均为增长,也就是说,在一定阶段内间伐可以有效地提高林分平均断面积和蓄积生长率;从林分枯损状况来看,应该减少间伐间隔期。     

全林整体模型在林分间伐模拟中的效果评定

使用江西大岗山实验局杉木资料,验证了以断面积生长模型为基础的全林分模型系统,得到以下结论：断面积生长模型不仅适用于自然生长状态的林分,也适用于间伐林分;可以用全林分模型系统对林分进行模拟预测,特别是间伐预测,从而为指导林业生产实践提供有益的参考;ＣＣＦ反映了林分的竞争状况,以此可以判断林分的生长状态。     

Modelling stand basal area growth for radiata pine plantations in Northwestern Spain using the GADA

A stand basal area growth system for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations in Galicia (Northwestern Spain) was developed from data corresponding to 247 plots measured between one and five times. Six dynamic equations were considered for analysis and both numerical and graphical methods were used to compare alternative models. The equation that best described the data was a dynamic equation derived from the Korf growth function by the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) and by considering two parameters as site-specific. This equation was fitted in one stage by the base-age-invariant dummy variables method. The system also incorporated an equation for predicting initial stand basal area, expressed as a function of stand age, site index, and the number of trees per hectare. This information can be used to establish the starting point for the projection equation when no inventory data are available. The effect of thinning on stand basal area growth was also analyzed and the results showed that the same projection equation can be used to obtain reliable predictions of unit-area basal area development in thinned and unthinned stands.     

A state-space approach to stand growth modelling of European beech

Static models of forest growth, such as yield tables or cumulative growth functions, generally fail to recognize that forest stands are dynamic systems, subject to changes in growth dynamics due to silvicultural interventions or natural dynamics. Based on experimental data, covering a wide range of initial spacings and thinning practises, we developed a dynamic stand growth model of European beech in Denmark. The model entailed three equations for predicting dominant height growth, basal area growth, and mortality. The signs of the parameter estimates generally corroborated the anticipated growth paths of dominant height and basal area. Although statistical tests indicated significant systematic deviations between observed and predicted values, the deviations were small and of little practical importance. Cross validation procedures indicated that the model may be applied across a wide range of growth conditions and thinning practises without significant loss of precision.     

Individual tree growth response to variable-density thinning in coastal Pacific Northwest forests

We examined 5-year basal area growth of nearly 2600 trees in stem-mapped plots at five locations differing in site characteristics, species composition, and management history on the Olympic Peninsula in Western Washington, USA. Our objectives were to determine if internal edges, the boundaries within the stand between components of the variable-density thinning, influenced individual tree growth, and whether incorporation of individual tree local competition indices in growth prediction models could account for treatment and edge effects. Treatment significantly affected tree growth at all sites, with trees in the thinned matrix displaying on average over 25% greater basal area growth than trees in unthinned patches. Proximity to canopy gaps created as part of the variable-density thinning increased basal area growth of trees in the thinned matrix by nearly 11%. In addition, growth of trees close to skid trails was 11% greater than trees located away from the trails. Past thinning history, and its effect on initial stocking rate, appeared to affect the magnitude of the edge effects. Blocks that had received earlier commercial thinnings, and thus had lower stocking at the onset of the study, displayed lower growth responses than previously unthinned blocks. Including local competition indices in the models generally reduced growth prediction error; however, the indices examined did not fully account for treatment or edge effects. Our results suggest that not accounting for internal edges in spatially complex stands could result in errors in projected growth of trees, although these edge effects are highly variable. Failure to account for the effects of internal edges could affect not just estimates of future stand yield, but also projections of future stand structure.