江西省蜡梅属（Chimonanthus）种质资源及利用

江西省蜡梅属植物有蜡梅、亮叶蜡梅、柳叶蜡梅和突托蜡梅4种。本文概述其资源分布和利用现状,并提出开发利用建议。     

柳叶蜡梅的繁育技术与利用

柳叶蜡梅（Chimonamhus Salicifolius Hu）又名毛山茶、山蜡梅、秋蜡梅、香风茶，为蜡梅科（Calycanthaceae）半常绿灌木。因叶片近似河柳叶片形状，而得名柳叶蜡梅。柳叶腊梅观赏价值高，还可药用。笔者对其进行了繁育与栽培试验。现介绍如后。     

柳叶蜡梅的播种繁殖

柳叶蜡梅,为蜡梅科蜡梅属半常绿灌木,在安徽南部、浙江、江西、湖南东部及湖北东部均有分布。柳叶蜡梅具较高观赏价值,花黄白色,中部花被片长椭圆形、卵状披针形至线状披针形,内花被片无紫纹,果托坛形或钟形,长2～4cm,瘦果长椭圆形,长1～2cm,花期12月至次年2月,果期4～7月,为优     

香风茶——柳叶蜡梅

<正>柳叶蜡梅(Chimonanthus salic-ifolius S.Y.Hu.)系蜡梅科半常绿灌木,因其拉丁学名的种加词Salicifolius为柳叶之意,故中文名为柳叶蜡梅,民间俗名"伤风草"(专治伤风感冒的草药)、"茅山茶"(叶可代茶,生于荒山之意)。在中国四大道教圣地之一安徽黄山市境内的齐云山和江西婺源,柳叶蜡梅一直被称为"香风茶"、"香风草"或"山蜡梅",常见于山坡、旷野、溪沟边、次生林间及林缘。     

柳叶蜡梅的种子处理及播种育苗

柳叶蜡梅(Chimonanthus salicifolius S.Y.Hu.)系蜡梅科蜡梅属半常绿灌木,树高约2～3 m,聚合瘦果着生于壶状果托内.花期9～12月,果实翌年5～7月间成熟,常宿存枝上;生长于山坡、旷野、溪沟边、次生林间及阔叶林边缘.在中国四大道教圣地之一齐云山(安徽省黄山市休宁县境内)和江西省婺源县,柳叶蜡梅被称作"香风茶"、"香风草"或"山蜡梅",是休宁山区一大特产,目前已开展人工栽培.现将柳叶蜡梅的种子处理及播种育苗方法介绍如下.     

HS-SPME-GC-MS联用测定蜡梅属植物花的挥发性成分

【目的】比较蜡梅属5种植物花中挥发性成分组成的差异,探讨5种植物之间的亲缘关系和系统分类意义,为蜡梅属植物的资源利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)方法处理样品,并优化前处理条件,结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定蜡梅属5种植物干花中的挥发性成分,比较5种植物花中的成分差异,并应用SIMCA-P+11.0软件进行主成分分析,通过得分图直观地表达蜡梅属5种植物间的相互关系。【结果】通过优化样品处理得出HS-SPME最佳的萃取条件为:样品用量1.2 g,加热温度70℃,吸附时间45 min,解吸时间3 min。通过GC-MS测定并定性分析,从蜡梅属5种植物干花中共鉴定46种挥发性物质,其中蜡梅37种、突托蜡梅41种、山蜡梅41种、浙江蜡梅36种和柳叶蜡梅43种,且5种植物花中的共有成分达到24种;从鉴定的成分来看,蜡梅属植物花的挥发性成分主要以萜类成分为主,包括萜烯、萜醇、萜酯等含氧衍生物及少数脂肪族化合物。蜡梅花中主要含有乙酸芳樟酯、黑蚁素及石竹烯氧化物等挥发性成分;柳叶蜡梅、浙江蜡梅和山蜡梅中主要挥发性成分有α-月桂烯、桉叶素和四甲基环癸二烯甲醇;突托蜡梅花中桉叶素、黑蚁素和异香橙烯环氧化物等成分含量较大。通过主成分分析,蜡梅属5种植物明显被划分为3类,其中浙江蜡梅、山蜡梅和柳叶蜡梅3种植物挥发性物质组成相似,归为一类;而蜡梅和突托蜡梅分别与另外3种植物花的挥发性成分的组成差别较大,各自聚为一类。主成分分析结果与蜡梅属5种植物的系统分类学研究结果一致。【结论】蜡梅属5种植物花的挥发性成分主要以萜类成分为主,且成分组成差异较大,其中柳叶蜡梅、浙江蜡梅及山蜡梅花的挥发性成分相似,具有相同的资源利用性;蜡梅及突托蜡梅花香气各异,挥发性成分组成明显不同于另外3种植物,在资源利用上可区别对待。本研究结果可为蜡梅属植物的分类学研究提供基础理论依据,也为蜡梅属花资源的开发利用提供理论参考。     

八种蜡梅的繁殖

研究了美国蜡梅ＣａｌｙｃａｎｔｈｕｓｆｌｏｒｉｄｕｓＬ．、西美蜡梅Ｃ．ｏｃｃｉｄｅｎｔａｌｉｓＨｏｏｋ．ｅｔＡｒｎｏｔｔ．夏蜡梅Ｃ．ＣｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＣｈｅｎｇｅｔＳ．Ｙ．Ｃｈａｎｇ、蜡梅Ｃｈｉｍｏｎａｎｔｈｕｓｐｒａｅｃｏｘ（Ｌ．）Ｌｉｎｋ、西南蜡梅Ｃｈ．ＣａｍｐａｎｕｌａｔｕｓＲ．Ｈ．ＣｈａｎｇｅｔＣ．Ｓ．Ｄｉｎｇ、山蜡梅Ｃｈ．ｎｉｔｅｎｓＯｌｉｖ．、突托蜡梅Ｃｈ．ｇｒａｍｍａｔｕｓＭ．Ｃ．Ｌｉｕ、柳叶蜡梅Ｃｈ．ｓａｌｉｃｉｆｏｌｉｕｓＳ．Ｙ．Ｈｕ的种子和扦插繁殖，以及幼苗生长。气干种子千粒重顺序为１３６、１３３、２５４、２２９、７４４、２３７、１３１和３１１ｇ。种子发芽率最低３３％，最高８８％。夏季种子成熟的种类，随采随播，发芽率明显高于春播。以湿沙贮藏种子越冬，然后春播，可保持发芽率不明显下降。出苗期都在４～５月，播种可在３月上、中旬。幼苗仅一次生长高峰，分别在７、８、９月间。全年高生长量以美国蜡梅和柳叶蜡梅最大，达５０ｃｍ以上，山蜡梅最小，约２４ｃｍ。大部分种类第１年就形成较多分枝，表现灌木性状。除夏蜡梅外，全部蜡梅均可扦插繁殖，部分种类用１００×１０－６ＡＢＴ—１号生根处理可促进生根。     

夏蜡梅研究进展

夏蜡梅是蜡梅科夏蜡梅属落叶灌木,为第三纪孑遗物种,国家二级保护植物.通过文献资料的收集和整理,从夏蜡梅在分类学中的地位、起源、保育遗传学、繁殖方法、生态和群落学特性等方面归纳了前人的研究成果,提出今后应针对国内分布的夏蜡梅天然居群,研究其生物学习性和生态需求,以创造有利于其繁育生长的适合生境,扩大种群数量,保证迁地保护成功;同时要对其栽培、繁殖及园林应用等一系列技术开展研究,以扩大在城市园林绿化中的应用.     

许昌鄢陵蜡梅生产现状及产业化发展对策

对许昌鄢陵的蜡梅生产现状、存在问题进行了认真调研，结合实际，借鉴外地蜡梅产业发展经验，从蜡梅产业发展、蜡梅品牌打造、蜡梅产品开发、蜡梅文化开发等方面，提出了许昌蜡梅产业化发展对策，对蜡梅产业发展具有较强指导作用。     

四种蜡梅的习性和应用

蜡梅：喜光，略耐荫；喜温暖，有一定的抗寒性；耐旱力强，有“旱不死的蜡梅”之说；对土壤要求不严，耐瘠而喜深厚肥沃沙壤土。忌低洼粘重土。系华东、华南、西南、华中常见著名花卉，园林佳品，亦作盆栽、桩景等用。花时色、香俱美，是冬春理想木本切花，最宜与南天竹果枝插瓶。亮叶蜡梅：喜光而又耐荫；喜湿但具有一定耐旱力；喜疏松沙壤土，也可以在多种土壤中生长。四季常青，株丛紧密，花时淡黄，花朵在常绿叶丛间，相映成趣。适于长江流域以南，但尚少栽培。可孤植或丛栽于园林，亦可作基础植物用于园林建筑贴近处。柳叶蜡梅：喜温暖…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.