Determination of Amylose Content and Its Relationship with RVA Profile Within Genetically Similar Cultivars of Rice （Oryza safiva L. ssp. japonica）

Anther culture pure lines with antisense Wx gene were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation followed by anther culture in transgenic rice （Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica）. The antisense Wx transgenic pure lines were used to analyze the differences and the relationship between RVA eigenvalues among the lines with different amylose contents. 77 pure lines of anther culture having antisense Wx gene were studied for the amylose content of its offspring cultivar, Wuyunjing 7. It was found that levels ofamylose content were similar to the control in 19 lines （16.0%）; 1-5% lower than control in 50 lines, of which, within 11.0-13.9% in 40 lines; and 3.1-4.0% in 8 lines. The effect of the amylose content on RVA eigenvalue was analyzed through the RVA profile graphic comparison and test of significance for RVA eigenvalues. The analysis of RVA profiles with different amylose contents indicated that there were two kinds of RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content were distinctly different from other lines and conventional glutinous rice. The comparison of the similarity curve of RVA profile of the lines with different amylose contents showed that the lines with lower amylose content had a distinguished RVA profile with the curve increasing gradually, but not exceeding the first apex. The test of significance for eigenvalues of the RVA profile in the lines with different amylose contents indicated that there were five eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content compared with other two groups. Further, there were three eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 11.0-13.5% of amylose content compared with control group. An optimized mathematical model, which characterizes the relationships between the amylose content and RVA eigenvalue, has been established in this study. From this model, it was clearly indicated that the parameters PeT and SBV were more related to amylose content. It was concluded that the differences in amylose content not only affected the eigenvalues of RVA but also caused different RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The introduction of antisense Wx gene could lead to reduce the amylose content and lay theoretical foundation for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.     

Study of the Protective Effects in PEPC Transgenic Rice

The diurnal course of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter and active oxygen metabolism of flag leaves in PEPC transgenic and untransformed rice Kitaake were studied. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate under high light intensity has been increased by 50% and photoinhibition of photosynthesis in PEPC transgenic was alleviated after the introduction of PEPC gene from maize into rice. It was demonstrated that the increment of photosynthesis in PEPC transgenic was related to the introduction of PEPC gene using specific inhibitor of PEPC. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in different genotypes exists at noon under natural condition. PEPC transgenic rice exhibited a less decrease in Fv/Fm, a less photoinhibition and a higher efficiency of light energy conversion to chemical energy and lower thermal energy dissipation.These results provided the physiological basis on the mechanism of tolerance to photoinhibition and rice breeding with high photosynthetic efficiency.     

Arabidopsis LOS5 Gene Enhances Chilling and Salt Stress Tolerance in Cucumber

Low temperature and high salinity are the major abiotic stresses that restrict cucumber growth and production,breeding materials with multiple abiotic resistance are in greatly need.Here we investigated the effect of introducing the LOS5 gene,a key regulator of ABA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana,under the stress-responsive RD29A promoter into cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.cv.S516).We found that T 1 RD29A-LOS5 transgenic lines have enhanced tolerance to cold and salt stresses.Specifically,transgenic lines exhibited dwarf phenotypes with reduced leaf number,shorter internode,decreased length of the biggest leaf,fewer female flowers,shorter fruit neck and lower vitamin C(Vc).The increased cold tolerance can be reflected from the significantly decreased cold index,the reduced electrolyte leakage index and the MDA content upon cold treatment as compared to those in the control.This may result from the accumulation of internal ABA,soluble sugars and proline,and the enhanced activities of protective enzymes superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) in the transgenic lines.Under salt treatment,the transgenic lines exhibited increased germination index,vigor index,more lateral roots and increased root fresh weight.Moreover,RD29A-LOS5 transgenic plants displayed quicker responses in salt stress than that in low-temperature stress.     

Breeding of Selectable Marker-Free Transgenic Rice Lines Containing AP1 Gene with Enhanced Disease Resistance

In order to obtain marker-free transgenic rice with improved disease resistance, the AP1 gene of Capsicum annuum and hygromycin-resistance gene （HPT） were cloned into the two separate T-DNA regions of the binary vector pSB130, respectively, and introduced into the calli derived from the immature seeds of two elite japonica rice varieties, Guangling Xiangjing and Wuxiangjing 9, mediated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Many cotransgenic rice lines containing both the AP1 gene and the marker gene were regenerated and the integration of both transgenes in the transgenic rice plants was confirmed by either PCR or Southern blotting technique. Several selectable marker-free transgenic rice plants were subsequently obtained from the progeny of the cotransformants, and confirmed by both PCR and Southern blotting analysis. These transgenic rice lines were tested in the field and their resistance to disease was carefully investigated, the results showed that after inoculation the resistance to either bacterial blight or sheath blight of the selected transgenic lines was improved when compared with those of wild type.     

Effects of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis,chloroplast ultrastructure,ROS, and antioxidant activities in maize (Zea mays L.)

Potassium(K)deficiency significantly decreases photosynthesis due to leaf chlorosis induced by accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).But,the physiological mechanism for adjusting antioxidative defense system to protect leaf function in maize(Zea mays L.)is unknown.In the present study,four maize inbred lines(K-tolerant,90-21-3 and 099;K-sensitive,D937 and 835)were used to analyze leaf photosynthesis,anatomical structure,chloroplast ultrastructure,ROS,and antioxidant activities.The results showed that the chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(G_s),photochemical quenching(q_P),and electron transport rate of PSII(ETR)in 90-21-3 and 099 were higher than those in D937 and 835 under K deficiency treatment.Parameters of leaf anatomical structure in D937 that were significantly changed under K deficiency treatment include smaller thickness of leaf,lower epidermis cells,and vascular bundle area,whereas the vascular bundle area,xylem vessel number,and area in 90-21-3 were significantly larger or higher.D937 also had seriously damaged chloroplasts and PSII reaction centers along with increased superoxide anion(O_2~-·)and hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2).Activities of antioxidants,like superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and ascorbate peroxidase(APX),were significantly stimulated in 90-21-3 resulting in lower levels of O_2~-·and H_2O_2.These results indicated that the K-tolerant maize promoted antioxidant enzyme activities to maintain ROS homeostasis and suffered less oxidative damage on the photosynthetic apparatus,thereby maintaining regular photosynthesis under K deficiency stress.     

Influence of water potential and soil type on conventional japonica super rice yield and soil enzyme activities

We carried out a pool culture experiment to determine the optimal water treatment depth in loam and clay soils during the late growth stage of super rice. Three controlled water depth treatments of 0–5, 0–10 and 0–15 cm below the soil surface were established using alternate wetting and drying irrigation, and the soil water potential(0 to –25 k Pa) was measured at 5, 10 and 15 cm. A2-cm water layer was used as the control. We measured soil enzyme activities, root antioxidant enzyme activities, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and rice yield. The results showed that the 0–5-cm water depth treatment significantly increased root antioxidant enzyme activities in loam soil compared with the control, whereas soil enzyme activities, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and yield did not differ from those of the control. The 0–10-and 0–15-cm water depth treatments also increased root antioxidant enzyme activities, whereas soil enzyme activities, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and yield decreased. In clay soil, the soil enzyme activities, root antioxidant enzyme activities, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and yield did not change with the 0–5-cm water treatment, whereas the 0–10-and 0–15-cm water treatments improved these parameters. Therefore, the appropriate depths for soil water during the late growth period of rice with a 0 to –25 k Pa water potential were 5 cm in loam and 15 cm in clay soil.     

Physiological changes and expression characteristics of ZIP family genes under zinc def iciency in navel orange(Citrus sinensis)

Zinc(Zn)deficiency is widespread among citrus plants,but information about the mechanisms for Zn deficiency response in these plants is scarce.In the present study,different navel orange(Citrus sinensis(L.)Osbeck)leaves with various yellowing levels were sampled in our experimental orchard,and upon estimation of nutrient contents,Zn deficiencies were diagnosed as mild,moderate,and severe.Further analysis of chlorophyll content,photosynthetic characteristics,antioxidant enzyme activities,and expression levels of Zn/lron-regulated transporter-like protein(ZIP)family genes were conducted in the sampled Zn-deficient leaves.The results showed that chlorophyll contents and net photosynthetic rate(P_n)seemed to decrease with reduced Zn contents.In addition,comparison of severe Zn-deficient and normal leaves revealed that activities of peroxidase(POD)and cataiase(CAT)increased significantly,whereas that of Zn-containing enzymes such as Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase(Cu/Zn-SOD)significantly reduced with decreasing Zn contents.As expected,expression of the ZIP family genes,ZIP1,ZIP3,and ZIP4,was induced by Zn deficiencies.These results deepen our understanding of Zn deficiency in citrus plants as well as provide useful preliminary information for further research.     

High potassium to magnesium ratio affected the growth and magnesium uptake of three tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars

Potassium(K) and magnesium(Mg) levels and their balances are two factors affecting the growth of plant. However, the responses of different crop cultivars to K/Mg ratios are less clear. This study was aimed at assessing the different responses of tomato(Solanum Lycopersicum L.) cultivars to the different K/Mg supply ratios. Three tomato cultivars(Zhongza 9(ZZ), Gailiangmaofen(MF), and Jinpengchaoguan(JP)) were grown in pots with three different K~+/Mg~(2+) ratios(4:0, 4:1 and 8:1, represented by K/Mg_(4:0), K/Mg_(4:1), and K/Mg_(8:1), respectively). Compared with K/Mg_(4:1) treatment, the leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and total biomass of tomato seedlings under K/Mg_(4:0) treatments were decreased by 69.7, 89.1, and 53.1%, respectively. The Mg deficiency symptoms were observed when the Mg content in shoot became lower than 4 mg g~(–1) DW. Compared with K/Mg_(4:1) treatment, total biomass of tomato seedlings of K/Mg_(8:1) treatment was decreased by 21.6%; the shoot and root Mg contents were decreased by 10.4 and 21.8%, respectively; and Mg uptake of tomato was reduced by 34.1%. There were significant differences in biomass and Mg uptake for the three cultivars between the different K~+/Mg~(2+) treatments. The Mg uptake of the three different cultivars ranked as ZZJPMF under Mg deficiency and high K condition. In conclusion, the growth and Mg uptake and allocation of tomato were influenced significantly by imbalance K and Mg supply. JP and ZZ were the cultivars with the highest efficiency in Mg uptake.     

Constitutive expression of feedback-insensitive cystathionine γ-synthase increases methionine levels in soybean leaves and seeds

Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) is a major crop that provides plant-origin protein and oil for humans and livestock.Although the soybean vegetative tissues and seeds provide a major source of high-quality protein,they suffer from low concentration of an essential sulfur-containing amino acid,methionine,which significantly limits their nutritional quality.The level of methionine is mainly controlled by the first unique enzyme of methionine synthesis,cystathione γ-synthase(CGS).Aiming to elevate methionine level in vegetative tissues and seeds,we constitutively over-expressed a feedback-insensitive Arabidopsis CGS(At D-CGS) in soybean cultivars,Zigongdongdou(ZD) and Jilinxiaoli 1(JX).The levels of soluble methionine increased remarkably in leaves of transgenic soybeans compared to wild-type plants(6.6-and 7.3-fold in two transgenic ZD lines,and 3.7-fold in one transgenic JX line).Furthermore,the total methionine contents were significantly increased in seeds of the transgenic ZD lines(1.5-to 4.8-fold increase) and the transgenic JX lines(1.3-to 2.3-fold increase) than in the wild type.The protein contents of the transgenic soybean seeds were significantly elevated compared to the wild type,suggesting that the scarcity of methionine in soybeans may limit protein accumulation in soybean seeds.The increased protein content did not alter the profile of major storage proteins in the seeds.Generally,this study provides a promising strategy to increase the levels of methionine and protein in soybean through the breeding programs.     

Performance of autoregulatory Senescence-inhibition Gene in Rice

The Performance of autoregulatory senescence - inhibition gene PSAG12 - IPT in rice has been investigated in the study. 422 transgenic plants from 134 independent resistant calli were ohmined from 4 rice varieties through Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. Among them, 233 were positive PSAG12 - IPT transgenic plants identified by GUS histochemical assay and PCR analysis.Southern analysis shorted the transgene was randomly integrated into rice genome, of which 42.29% was single copy. Investigations on photmynthesis function and agronomic characters R1 generation shorted that chlorophy Ⅱ content and photmynthesis rate of flag leaves in transgenic plants, were 41.23% and 50.24% higher than the control wild-type rice, respectively. The growth duration and plant height of the transgenic plants were similar to the control. Variations of other characters were dependent on the varieties. For the variety Millin with significant aging phenomenon in China, its total grains per hill, its seed setting rate and 1000-grain wdght were increased by 40.44%, 8.05% and 8.32% respectively. The results indicated that after leaf senesomce of varieties liable to age was delayed, the seed setting rate and the filling degree of seeds were improved, which finally resulted in significantly increased seed yield and biomass per hill. The new variety Wuyujing 2 without serious aging problem, was also increased in the panicles per hill, the totslgrains per hill, the seed yidd per hill and biomass in different degrees.     

The removal of nitrate reductase phosphorylation enhances tolerance to ammonium nitrogen deficiency in rice

Nitrate reductase (NR) is a key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation in plants, and its activity is regulated by posttranslational phosphorylation. To investigate the effects of dephosphorylation of the NIA1 protein on the growth and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice under different forms of nitrogen supplies, the phenotypes, nitrogen metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism were measured in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines (S532D and S532A), an OsNia1 over-expression line (OE) and Kitaake (wild type, WT). Compared with WT and OE, S532D and S532A have stronger nitrogen assimilation capacities. When ammonium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the plant heights, dry weights of shoots and chlorophyll (Chl) contents of S532D and S532A were lower than those of the WT and OE, whereas hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite contents were higher. When potassium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the plant heights, dry weights of shoots and Chl contents of S532D and S532A were higher than those of the WT and OE, there were no significant differences in the contents of H₂O₂ and MDA in the leaves of the test materials, and the difference in nitrite contents among different lines decreased. When ammonium sulfate served as the nitrogen source, there were no significant differences in the physiological indexes of the test materials, except NR activity. Compared with ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, the content of NH₄⁺-N in the leaves of each plant was lower when potassium nitrate was used as the nitrogen source. The qPCR results showed that OsGS and OsNGS1 were negatively regulated by downstream metabolites, and OsNrt2.2 was induced by nitrate. In summary, when ammonium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the weak growth of NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines was due to the toxicity caused by the excessive accumulation of nitrite. When potassium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the assimilation rates of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium salt were accelerated in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines, which could provide more nitrogen nutrition and improve the tolerance of rice to ammonium nitrogen deficiency. These results could provide a possible method to improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in rice under low-nitrogen conditions.     

喷施不同纳米材料对水稻幼苗磷含量的影响

为探究喷施不同纳米材料对水稻幼苗生物量和磷含量的影响,将水稻幼苗培养在不同含磷浓度营养液中,对水稻幼苗叶片喷施不同浓度的不同纳米材料,即粒径40 nm的羟基磷灰石(nHA)、三氧化二铁(nFe2O3)、零价铁(nFe)、二氧化铈(nCeO2)和甲壳素[CH,(C8H13NO5)n]悬浊液,测定水稻地上部和根部含磷量。结果表明:在正常供磷条件下,喷施nHA、nFe2O3、nFe处理,浓度分别在200、100 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1时,地上部生物量达到最大,根部生物量则在150、100 mg·L^-1和100 mg·L^-1处理时达到最高;但大部分处理不会显著提高水稻幼苗磷含量。在供磷1/2条件下,各处理均可不同程度促进水稻幼苗对磷的吸收;喷施nHA、nFe2O3、nFe、nCeO2和CH处理,分别在50、100、100、100 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1的浓度处理时生物量达到最大;nHA、nFe2O3、nFe处理均可显著促进地上部磷含量,地上部磷含量分别在150、100 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1处理时达到最高。研究表明:在不同浓度磷供应条件下,喷施粒径40 nm的nHA、nFe2O3、nFe、nCeO2和CH均可不同程度促进水稻幼苗生长。不缺磷条件下,nHA、nFe处理促进生物量增加明显;缺磷条件下,nHA、nFe2O3、nFe促进磷吸收效果更明显。     

广西喀斯特地区土壤多金属胁迫对水稻重金属积累及生理特性的影响

为了解喀斯特地区农田土壤中重金属复合污染对水稻生长的影响,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同重金属污染程度下,多金属胁迫对水稻植株的株高、生物量、生理指标[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和叶绿素(Chl)、丙二醛(MDA)含量]的影响及水稻对重金属的积累特征。结果表明,土壤综合污染负荷指数PLI(Pollution load index)与水稻株高、生物量呈显著负相关(P0.05),当PLI为5.96时,水稻植株在苗期逐渐枯黄并死亡。与无污染对照(CK)相比较,重金属污染程度Ⅰ~Ⅴ处理的水稻株高分别降低了32.79%、30.99%、69.14%、63.40%和73.55%,地上生物量分别减少42.89%、37.77%、93.44%、79.98%和85.88%,且差异显著(P0.05)。随PLI增加,水稻对重金属积累增加,水稻植株地下部分重金属含量大于地上部分,且重金属积累量ZnCdPbHgAs,水稻对重金属生物累积系数BCF表现为CdHgZnAsPb。PLI与叶片POD活性呈显著正相关,与SOD活性及MDA含量呈正相关,与Chl含量呈负相关。其中PLI为4.36时,水稻幼苗叶片中SOD活性达最大值235.02 U·g~(-1)FW,PLI为5.96时,水稻幼苗叶片中POD活性和MAD含量达到最大,分别为155.54 U·g~(-1)FW和41.48 nmol·g~(-1)FW。多金属胁迫下,水稻能够通过抗氧化酶系统减少植株受到的损害,但当污染负荷指数过大、影响水稻生长的时候,水稻就会死亡。     

水稻黄嘌呤脱氢酶基因OsXDH克隆及表达分析

【目的】克隆水稻黄嘌呤脱氢酶(Xanthine dehydrogenase,XDH)基因(OsXDH),分析其生物信息学特性及表达特性,为研究XDH在水稻生长发育和响应逆境胁迫中的调控机制提供理论依据。【方法】以粳稻品种日本晴为材料,采用同源克隆技术克隆OsXDH基因,应用生物信息学方法对其氨基酸序列进行分析。利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测OsXDH基因的组织表达特性及逆境胁迫下的表达情况,并对不同转基因株系乳熟期剑叶OsXDH基因表达量、XDH活性和叶绿素含量进行比较分析。【结果】克隆获得OsXDH基因的开放阅读框序列(ORF)(GenBank登录号LOC4333171),其长度为4110 bp,编码1369个氨基酸。OsXDH蛋白分子量大小为150.23 k D,理论等电点(pI)为6.54,与小麦、高粱、玉米、谷子和油菜等作物XDH蛋白氨基酸序列的相似性分别为84.54%、84.07%、81.52%、76.35%和69.22%,表明XDH蛋白氨基酸序列具有高度保守性。OsXDH基因在水稻不同组织部位均有表达,灌浆期的表达量显著高于苗期和分蘖盛期(P0.05),且受干旱、黑暗、高温和盐胁迫诱导高效表达。OsXDH过表达水稻转基因株系乳熟期剑叶的XDH活性和叶绿素含量高于野生型,OsXDH干扰转基因株系的XDH活性和叶绿素含量低于野生型。【结论】OsXDH基因受水稻生长发育和逆境胁迫因子诱导表达,推测其是调控水稻生长发育和响应逆境胁迫的关键基因。     

铝胁迫对葡萄苗铝吸收分配及抗氧化系统的影响

为了探明葡萄苗在不同浓度铝胁迫下树体的铝积累特征和生理响应,研究以‘水晶’葡萄为试材,在无土栽培条件下,用1.0~8.0 mmol·L~(-1) KAl(SO4)2处理60 d后测定树体铝含量及相关生理指标。结果表明,过量的铝在葡萄苗中的分配为细根粗根老叶树皮嫩叶木质部新枝,2.0 mmol·L~(-1)铝处理后植株生长旺盛,生物量最大,单株铝积累总量最高,5.0 mmol·L~(-1)铝处理后植株生长较弱,生物量较小,单株铝含量最低;铝浓度超过3.0 mmol·L~(-1)时显著降低葡萄苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b的含量,铝浓度超过4.0 mmol·L~(-1)显著降低葡萄苗类胡萝卜素含量;随着铝浓度的增大,葡萄叶片和根系的脯氨酸含量逐渐升高且显著高于CK;铝浓度达到3.0mmol·L~(-1)时,各处理叶片和根系的丙二醛含量均显著高于CK;铝处理提高了葡萄叶片和根系中的氧自由基产生速率和过氧化氢含量;铝胁迫下,葡萄苗叶片和根系的POD活性高于CK;铝浓度低于4.0 mmol·L~(-1)时,SOD活性高于CK,而浓度达到4.0 mmol·L~(-1)时则显著低于CK。可见,低于3.0 mmol·L~(-1)铝对葡萄苗的伤害较小,甚至还能促进其生长,但超过3.0 mmol·L~(-1)铝将对葡萄苗造成不同程度的伤害。     

Overexpression of a Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase Gene,OsAPX2, Increases Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Alfalfa

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage crop in the world and it is of great significance for the improvement of its salt tolerance. To improve salt tolerance in alfalfa, a rice ascorbate peroxidase gene (OsAPX2) was introduced into alfalfa using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with marker gene bar. The different T-DNA insertions in T₁ transgenic alfalfa were identified by Southern hybridization. Three independent T₂ transgenic lines were selected for stress analysis and the results showed that all of them were salt tolerant compared with wild-type plants. The transgenic plants had low levels of H₂O₂, malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity under salt and drought stresses. Moreover, the contents of chlorophyll and proline, and APX activity were high in transgenic plants under salt and drought stresses. Taken together, the overexpression of OsAPX2 enhances salt tolerance in alfalfa through scavenging reactive oxygen species.     

海桐(Pittosporum tobira)对污染土壤中镉的耐受和吸收特征

通过盆栽实验研究了海桐对土壤中镉(Cd)的耐受和吸收特征。动态取样研究结果表明,当土壤中Cd含量为9.6 mg·kg-1时可对海桐生长产生促进作用,当Cd含量为24.6 mg·kg-1时对海桐产生抑制作用;海桐对污染土壤中Cd有一定吸收能力,吸收量随土壤中Cd含量增加而增加。培养154 d后,与对照处理(土壤Cd含量为3.6 mg·kg-1)相比,当土壤中Cd含量为9.6 mg·kg-1时,海桐根、茎、叶干重,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量及丙二醛含量没有明显变化;当Cd含量达到24.6 mg·kg-1时,海桐根、茎、叶干重分别降低了38.7%、5.2%和52.5%,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素含量分别是对照处理的71.3%、68.2%和75%,丙二醛含量为对照处理的1.52倍。研究表明,海桐可作为Cd污染土壤修复的备选植物,在修复土壤的同时改善环境景观。     

大气臭氧胁迫对稻季土壤Cd生物有效性的影响

为明确大气O_3浓度升高对稻季土壤Cd生物有效性的影响,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)设置正常大气和臭氧浓度升高(比周围大气高40 nmol·mol-1)处理,土壤设置外源加入0、5、50 mg·kg~(-1)Cd处理,研究水稻生长期间不同深度土壤Cd含量的动态变化以及成熟期植株生物量和体内Cd含量的变化情况。在水稻分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期分别采集耕层0~5、5~10、10~15 cm深度土样,同时利用BCR连续提取法和DTPA提取法评价盆栽水稻土壤Cd生物有效性。结果表明,臭氧熏蒸显著降低了无污染土壤处理水稻籽粒生物量,降幅达2.92%,但却有增加植株各器官Cd含量的趋势,中度和重度污染土壤处理水稻的籽粒Cd含量较对照分别增加了20.20%和6.67%,差异不显著;臭氧熏蒸加剧了水稻生长对残渣态Cd的活化,营养生长时期更加明显,臭氧熏蒸不利于水稻的生长,在Cd污染土壤上会加剧Cd对作物的毒害,可能增加其通过生物富集进入食物链的风险。     

硼调控干旱胁迫下马铃薯生长发育及抗性的生理机制

为了探讨叶面喷施硼（Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O溶液）对马铃薯植株在干旱胁迫下生长发育及抗性的影响及其生理机制,在甘肃省景泰县条山集团马铃薯种植基地,对中度干旱和轻度干旱处理的两垄地,每隔3 m进行一个硼浓度（Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O）喷施处理,浓度依次为0、10、20、30、40、60 g·L^-1,每个浓度（3 m长）的喷施量为166.7 ml。结果表明：叶面喷施硼相对增加了干旱胁迫下马铃薯的块茎产量及生物量,使干旱胁迫下叶片含水量和色素含量下降幅度减小;叶面喷施硼还从整体上表现为抗氧化酶活性的提高,并抑制了超氧阴离子产生速率的增加。通过去花与不去花植株生长发育的比较,发现去花后马铃薯植株地上部分重和地下部分重均有所下降,但施硼相对提高了块茎产量及地下部分重。可见,叶面喷施硼能促进马铃薯植株在干旱胁迫下的生长发育,提高其抗旱性及块茎产量,且这种变化可能与其促进光合产物向地下部分输送密切相关。