巢湖、瓦埠湖沉积物中氮赋存形态研究(英文)

Composition and distribution of nitrogen in Chaohu Lake and Wabu Lake sediments were studied.The results showed that the mean total nitrogen content in Chaohu Lake and Wabu Lake was 0.533 g/kg and 0.265 g/kg respectively,and the primary composition of nitrogen was organic nitrogen(94%).The organic index indicated that the organic pollution degree of Wabu Lake was lower than that of Chaohu Lake.     

Study on Nitrogen Forms in Chaohu Lake and Wabu Lake Sediments

Composition and distribution of nitrogen in Chaohu Lake and Wabu Lake sediments were studied.The results showed that the mean total nitrogen content in Chaohu Lake and Wabu Lake was 0.533 g/kg and 0.265 g/kg respectively,and the primary composition of nitrogen was organic nitrogen(94%).The organic index indicated that the organic pollution degree of Wabu Lake was lower than that of Chaohu Lake.     

环境因子对巢湖沉积物中NH4+释放的影响（英文）

[Objective] The aim of the research was to reveal the influence mechanism of sediment-water exchange of nutrients in Chaohu Lake. [Method] The effects of environmental factors （overlying water, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration） on NH₄⁺ release in sediment from Chaohu Lake were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. [Results] With the rising of temperature and the decrease of NH₄⁺ concentration in overlying water, NH₄⁺ released from sediment increased significantly. pH had a great effect on NH₄⁺ release with a complicated mechanism. The largest release amount of NH₄⁺ under anaerobic condition was about 6 times as much as that under aerobic condition. [Conclusion] This research would provide theoretical support for environmental management of Chaohu Lake in the project of leading water from the Yangtze River to Chaohu Lake.     

Nitrogen Management Evaluated by Models Combined with GIS - A Case Study of Jiangsu Croplands, China, in 2000

The objective of this study is to provide scientific guidance for optimizing agricultural field nitrogen management that is based on the evaluation of current nitrogen application practice in Jiangsu Province, China, in 2000. The agricultural nitrogen models, consist of the soil mineralization model, the organic manure nitrogen releasing model, and the nitrogenous fertilizer use efficiency model. These models combined with the geographic information system technique were used to describe the spatial variability of nitrogen released from soil and organic manure and to identify its contributing factors. The comparison of the nitrogen fertilizer amount required by croplands, which was simulated by the models with the actual nitrogen fertilizer applied rate, was used to evaluate the current nitrogen application. The results showed that nitrogen was excessively applied in 71.8% croplands, given that the actual crop yield was desired. The excessive nitrogen amounted to 760 kiloton, accounting for 41.5% of the total nitrogen applied. Given that the actual highest yield was desired, nitrogen was reduced in 64.3% croplands. The total shortage of nitrogen was about 800 kiloton. Low use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer was found in Taihu Lake area, Nanjing-Zhenjiang hilly area, and Xuzhou area, whereas the east beach area of Jiangsu showed an obvious deficiency of nitrogen fertilizer inputs. A balance of nitrogen fertilizer in Jiangsu croplands between excessive and deficient application areas would greatly benefit economic and environmental advantages.     

Validation and Scenario Analysis of a Soil Organic Carbon Model

A model developed by the authors was validated against independent data sets. The data sets were obtained from field experiments of crop residue decomposition and a 7-year soil improvement in Yixing City, Jiangsu Province. Model validation indicated that soil organic carbon dynamics can be simulated from the weather variables of temperature, sunlight and precipitation, soil clay content and bulk density, grain yield of previous crops, qualities and quantities of the added organic matter. Model simulation in general agreed with the measurements. The comparison between computed and measured resulted in correlation coefficient γ2 values of 0.9291 * * * (n = 48) and 0. 6431 * * (n = 65) for the two experiments, respectively. Model prediction under three scenarios of no additional organic matter input, with an annual incorporation of rice and wheat straw at rates of 6.75t/ha and 9.0t/ha suggested that the soil organic carbon in Wanshi Township of Yixing City would be from an initial value of 7.85g/kg in 1983 to 6.30g/kg, 11.42g/kg and 13g/kg in 2014, respectively. Consequently, total nitrogen content of the soil was predicted to be respectively 0.49g/kg,0.89g/kg and 1.01g/kg under the three scenarios.     

Seasonal Variation of Major Elements in South Lake Cyohoha,Rwanda

The paper analyzed the seasonal variation of the concentrations of Cr,Mn,Al,N,P,As,Ba,Ca,Cu,Fe,Mg,and K in South Lake Cyohoha water using spectroscopic technique.Water samples were taken monthly at Ngenda,Karehe and Nyamabuye stations from January 2009 to December 2010.The results showed that the concentrations of aluminum,nitrogen,potassium,arsenic,phosphorous,manganese,chromium,barium and copper were high during the raining season and low during the dry season,while calcium,iron and magnesium varied independently with seasonal change.The results of conductivity and pH also confirmed the effects of seasonal change on the quality of water in the South Lake Cyohoha since the highest value of conductivity was found during the raining season,while the smallest was observed during the dry season,for pH the highest number was noticed during the dry season and the lowest during the raining season.     

External Costs and Optimum Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer Based on the Balance of Economic and Ecological Benefits in the Paddy Field System of the Dongting Lake Area, China

The external costs and the optimum use of nitrogen fertilizer based on the balance of economic and ecological benefits was studied with the paddy field system of Dongting Lake area, one of the main food production regions in China. The environmental impact was economically evaluated using methods of the environmental impact economical evaluation.The optimum use of nitrogen fertilizer was calculated based on the exterior diseconomy theory and by using the production function model. Both ecological benefits and farmers' economic benefits were considered. It was calculated on the data from 2002 that the losses caused by inappropriate utilization of nitrogen fertilizer in the process of food production were fishery, 0.1 × 107 RMB yuan; water treatment, 1.02 × 108 RMB yuan; tour business, 0.11 × 108 RMB yuan, and habitation environment, 0.3 × 107 RMB yuan, totally equivalent to 0.41 RMB yuan kg-1 N. The economically satisfactory and the ecological agronomic nitrogen fertilizer dose for current production was 138 and 137 kg ha-1, respectively. The research showed that the actual nitrogen fertilizer application amount in the paddy field system of the Dongting Lake area already reached or exceeded the farmers' economic satisfaction and the ecological agronomic nitrogen fertilizer dose for current production. An environmental tax is suggested to impose on over-use of nitrogen fertilizer.     

洞庭黄鲶胚胎发育观察(英文)

[Objective] The research aimed to provide technical basis for fry rearing of Silnrus asotus in Dongting Lake.[Method] The induced spawning medicine was used in the experiment to conduct artificial induced spawning and fertilization for obtaining round green fertilized eggs.According to embryonic development,the morphological characteristics of embryo at different developmental stages were recorded detailedly through microscope.[Result] The embryonic development of Silnrus asotus in Dongting Lake was divided into 7 stages,namely, blastoderm stage,cleavage stage, blastula stage, gastrula stage,neurula stage,organogenesis stage and pre-hatching stage.After hatched for 37 h 20 min in water at 22-24 ℃, fries were come out.[Conclusion] The time sequence of Silnrus asotus in Dongting Lake was basically similar to that of other catfish,while its hatching time was shorter than that of other fish in Siluriformes.     

Soil phosphorus dynamic,balance and critical P values in longterm fertilization experiment in Taihu Lake region,China

Phosphorus(P) is an important macronutrient for plant but can also cause potential environmental risk. In this paper, we studied the long-term fertilizer experiment(started 1980) to assess the soil P dynamic, balance, critical P value and the crop yield response in Taihu Lake region, China. To avoid the effect of nitrogen(N) and potassium(K), only the following treatments were chosen for subsequent discussion, including: C0(control treatment without any fertilizer or organic manure), CNK treatment(mineral N and K only), CNPK(balanced fertilization with mineral N, P and K), MNK(integrated organic manure and mineral N and K), and MNPK(organic manure plus balanced fertilization). The results revealed that the response of wheat yield was more sensitive than rice, and no significant differences of crop yield had been detected among MNK, CNPK and MNPK until 2013. Dynamic and balance of soil total P(TP) and Olsen-P showed soil TP pool was enlarged significantly over consistent fertilization. However, the diminishing marginal utility of soil Olsen-P was also found, indicating that high-level P application in the present condition could not increase soil Olsen-P contents anymore. Linear-linear and Mitscherlich models were used to estimate the critical value of Olsen-P for crops. The average critical P value for rice and wheat was 3.40 and 4.08 mg kg~(–1), respectively. The smaller critical P value than in uplands indicated a stronger ability of P supply for crops in this paddy soil. We concluded that no more mineral P should be applied in rice-wheat system in Taihu Lake region if soil Olsen-P is higher than the critical P value. The agricultural technique and management referring to activate the plant-available P pool are also considerable, such as integrated use of low-P organic manure with mineral N and K.     

Effects of Nitrogen Forms on Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation in Tomato Seedling

Utilization of organic nitrogen （N） is an important aspect of plant N assimilation and has potential application in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the plant growth, C and N accumulation in leaves and roots of tomato seedlings in response to inorganic （NH4^＋-N, NO3^-N） and organic nitrogen （Gly-N）. Different forms of nitrogen （NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N, Gly-N） were supplied to two tomato cultivars （Shenfen 918 and Huying 932） using a hydroponics system. The plant dry biomass, chlorophyll content, root activity, total carbon and nitrogen content in roots and leaves, and total N absorption, etc. were assayed during the cultivation. Our results showed that no significant differences in plant height, dry biomass, and total N content were found within the first 16 d among three treatments; however, significant differences in treatments on 24 d and 32 d were observed, and the order was NO3^--N 〉 Gly-N 〉 NH4^＋-N. Significant differences were also observed between the two tomato cultivars. Chlorophyll contents in the two cultivars were significantly increased by the Gly-N treatment, and root activity showed a significant decrease in NHa^＋-N treatment. Tomato leaf total carbon content was slightly affected by different N forms; however, total carbon in root and total nitrogen in root and leaf were promoted significantly by inorganic and organic N. Among the applied N forms, the increasing effects of the NH4^＋-N treatment were larger than that of the Gly-N. In a word, different N resources resulted in different physiological effects in tomatoes. Organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） can be a proper resource of plant N nutrition. Tomatoes of different genotypes had different responses under organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） supplies.     

巢湖·瓦埠湖沉积物中氮赋存形态研究

该试验研究了巢湖和瓦埠湖沉积物中氮的组成和分布特征。结果表明,巢湖、瓦埠湖总氮的平均含量分别为0.533和0.265g/kg,氮的主要组成均为有机氮(94%);有机指数显示,瓦埠湖遭受的有机污染程度低于巢湖。     

串联植物塘净化巢湖湖水的中试研究及启示

利用串联式水生植物塘净化巢湖水,考察中试阶段对氮磷的去除效果及富营养化湖水流经各级植物塘时其他水质指标的变化情况。结果表明,总氮和总磷的去除率分别为42.1%和24.8%,COD的去除率为36.7%,出水温度下降0.32℃;黑藻的存活率最低,但其对有机物和营养盐的去除效果均好于其他两种水生植物,值得做进一步研究。并结合中试运行中出现的问题和巢湖环境特征,指出巢湖目前环境较适于挺水植物的栽种和生长,认为在对巢湖进行生态恢复或生物修复时可考虑从栽种挺水植物入手。     

瓦埠湖底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子之间的关系

[目的]明确瓦埠湖底栖动物生态学。[方法]于2012年对瓦埠湖底栖动物群落结构及时空分布进行调查,并对获得的底栖动物数据和环境因子数据进行典范对应分析。[结果]共发现底栖动物37种,其中水生昆虫类、寡毛类、软体动物和其他类群分别为15种(占总物种数的40.54%)、12种(32.43%)、6种(16.22%)和4种(10.81%);优势种(Y≥0.02)为寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys obigobranchia)、摇蚊(Compteromesa sp.)和苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)。底栖动物年平均密度为428.2个/m2,年平均生物量为39.6 g/m2,不同季节底栖动物的平均生物量和平均密度存在显著差异。 Shannon-Wiener指数均值为(0.765±0.499)~(1.181±0.590);Margalef指数均值为(0.518±0.192)~(0.740±0.448);Pielou指数(0.501±0.339)~(0.763±0.197),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef物种丰富度指数在季节上呈现为夏季>秋季>冬季>春季的变化趋势;Pielou均匀度指数表现为冬季>夏季>秋季>春季。水温、透明度、硝氮、溶解氧是影响瓦埠湖大型底栖动物的主要环境因子。[结论]研究结果为瓦埠湖水质保护与治理提供了理论依据。     

巢湖水质现状及浮游生物群落结构特征

[目的]了解巢湖浮游生物群落结构特征。[方法]以巢湖为研究对象,分析巢湖全湖水体生源要素空间分布特征,监测巢湖浮游植物和浮游动物群落组成特征及多样性。[结果]巢湖氮磷比仍较适宜蓝藻生长,巢湖水域共鉴定出7门42属93种浮游植物,其中绿藻门为优势种(50种),浮游植物密度在1.48×10~7~17.44×10~7cells/L,且浮游植物群落结构不稳定,易受外界环境影响;浮游动物4门35属70种,其中轮虫种类数最多,占浮游动物总种类的45.71%,巢湖浮游动物多样性比较丰富,群落结构稳定性好。[结论]研究结果为巢湖生态恢复提供了基础数据。     

巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流无机氮形态特征及影响研究(英文)

[目的]对我国巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流无机氮的形态特征及其影响进行研究。[方法]研究巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流溶解性无机氮(DIN)的形态组成和分布特征,并探讨它们对水质的影响。[结果]NH3-N、NO2--N平均浓度在汛期较高,非汛期较低,NO3--N正好相反;双桥河口NH3-N浓度远高于其他各点,污染最为严重。柘皋河口、小柘皋河口DIN主要为生活污水及工业废水污染所致;双桥河口地表径流、船舶污染等对DIN含量贡献较大。[结论]该研究为巢湖富营养化控制和治理提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流无机氮形态特征及影响研究

[目的]对我国巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流无机氮的形态特征及其影响进行研究。[方法]研究巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流溶解性无机氮(DIN)的形态组成和分布特征,并探讨它们对水质的影响。[结果]NH3-N、NO2--N平均浓度在汛期较高,非汛期较低,NO3--N正好相反;双桥河口NH3-N浓度远高于其他各点,污染最为严重。柘皋河口、小柘皋河口DIN主要为生活污水及工业废水污染所致;双桥河口地表径流、船舶污染等对DIN含量贡献较大。[结论]该研究为巢湖富营养化控制和治理提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

巢湖生态系统的变化和修复措施

巢湖水域面积减小,大量湿地萎缩,水位高度由自然节律变为人工控制的常年高水位,巢湖水体自然净化能力大幅降低.水土流失和点、面源污染严重造成巢湖底泥、湖水严重富营养化,浮水植物藻类化,鱼类趋向小型化.研究结果表明,巢湖生态系统正经历巨大变化.提出了内、外源性营养物质的控制等生态修复措施恢复巢湖生态平衡.     

巢湖生态历史变迁考论

在梳理巢湖自然生态和人文生态变迁的基础上,提出并且论述了巢湖成湖的历史年代、与长江的辩证关系、巢湖名称与当地人文活动的关系,进而提出退边还湖、吸纳长江洪水养湖的思考。