In Vitro Activity of Lawsonia inermis （Henna） on Some Pathogenic Fungi

The present study was conducted to investigate antifungal activity ofLawsonia inermis （Henna plant）. Leaf samples of the plants were collected from Eastern Nile of Khartoum state, Sudan. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts in various concentrations were obtained by maceration （cold method）. The extracts were bioassay in vitro to know their bioactivity to inhibit the growth of tested fungi. The cup plate agar diffusion method was adopted to assess the antifungal activity of the extracts against tested yeasts while agar incorporated method was used for other molds. Both extracts revealed anti fungal activity against all yeast strains except Pichiafabianii which was found resistant to both ethanol and ether extracts. The results displayed antifungal activity against tested fungi. Minimum mould concentration （MMC） of the extracts was determined. The obtained results revealed antifungal activity of henna leaves extracts which support the traditional use of the Henna in therapy of fungal infections. The possibility of therapeutic use of Sudanese henna as antifungal agents is recommended.     

两种中药提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制活性研究

[目的]研究白术和白头翁2种中药提取物的杀菌活性,为其在植物源农药上的开发利用奠定基础。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法,研究了白术和白头翁2种植物提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抗菌活性。[结果]供试2种中药提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌均具有较好的抗菌活性,其中白头翁提取物的抗菌活性最好,72h白头翁正丁醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制率达80.25%;白术石油醚提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的抗菌活性较好,EC50为5.31mg/ml,白头翁正丁醇提取物的抗菌活性较强,EC50为2.93mg/ml。[结论]白头翁提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制活性较好,值得进一步研究。     

2种中药提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制活性研究

[目的]研究白术和白头翁2种中药提取物的杀菌活性,为其在植物源农药上的开发利用奠定基础。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法,研究了白术和白头翁2种植物提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抗菌活性。[结果]供试2种中药提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌均具有较好的抗菌活性,其中白头翁提取物的抗菌活性最好,在供试提取物质量吸度为10 mg/ml时,72 h白头翁正丁醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制率达80.25%,白术石油醚提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的抗菌活性较好,抑制率为71.36%,且提取物的抗菌活性随着吸度的增大而增强,白头翁正丁醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的EC50为2.93 mg/ml,白术石油醚提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的EC50为5.31 mg/ml。[结论]白头翁提取物对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制活性较好,值得进一步研究。     

仿生杀菌剂20%BMOC WP的配方研制及抑菌毒力测定

为了将仿生杀菌活性化合物BMOC开发为一种新型农用杀菌剂,开展了BMOC可湿性粉剂研制,并用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对5种植物病原真菌的抑制作用。确定配方为BMOC原药20%,载体(A+高岭土,1∶4)70%,润湿剂(B+JFC,1∶1)5%,扩散剂NNO 4%,阿拉伯树胶1%,经检测,润湿时间小于1 min,悬浮率大于70%,各项指标均达到可湿性粉剂的要求。生测结果表明,20%BMOC可湿性粉剂对葡萄黑痘病菌和白菜黑斑病菌的抑菌作用高于75%的百菌清可湿性粉剂,对葡萄白腐病的EC50为7.427 mg/L。     

贵州省烟草赤星病菌生物学特性研究

烟草赤星病是发生较严重的一种常见烟草病害,为了模拟室外不同的气象条件下烟草赤星病的最适发生环境,对贵州省烟草赤星病菌的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,温度为25℃、湿度达到100%、黑暗的条件最适合烟草赤星病菌生存;ZA培养基最适宜赤星菌菌丝生长,而OA培养基最适宜赤星菌产孢。赤星病菌的生长随温度、湿度的增加而增加,在到达一定数值后逐渐下降。利用SPSS软件建立了温度和湿度对烟草赤星病菌落平均直径增长量的的回归方程,分别为:y=0.015x2+0.0158x-0.04,y=-0.001x2+0.213x-4.666。     

芦荟不同溶剂提取物对白菜黑斑病菌的抑菌活性研究

用甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、苯、石油醚、正己烷8种溶剂对库拉索芦荟的抗菌活性物质进行提取,提取产率随溶剂极性的增强而提高.以白菜黑斑病菌为测试菌,用生长速率法测定芦荟各种溶剂粗提物的抑菌活性,当提取物浓度为10mg/mL时,各种溶剂粗提物均表现一定的抑菌效果,其中以石油醚、正己烷和乙酸乙酯的粗提物抑菌效果最好,分别为71.4 %、71.3 %和62.4 %.从抑菌效果及提取产率两方面考虑,乙酸乙酯为提取芦荟抑菌活性物质的最佳溶剂.通过测定甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯4种溶剂1 %～10 %系列浓度对白菜黑斑病菌的抑制作用及甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯3种溶剂对各种芦荟粗提物的溶解性,确立用乙酸乙酯-水(7∶ 3,v/v)溶解各种粗提物进行生物测定,既能较好地溶解各种粗提物,又对测试菌的抑制作用相对较小.试验研究还筛选了2 ‰～1 %吐温20作表面活性剂乳化乙酸乙酯使其与所溶解的粗提物能均匀分布到PDA培养基中,保证了测定结果的准确性与稳定性.通过测定库拉索芦荟等7种芦荟水浸提物的抑菌活性,认为树芦荟、库拉索芦荟的抑菌效果最好.     

无花果内生真菌的研究Ⅰ.抗植物病原真菌活性的筛选

以白菜黑斑病菌（Alternaria brassicae）、番茄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）、辣椒疫霉病菌（Phytophthora capsici）、苹果腐烂病菌（Valsa mali）、西瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f．sp．niveum）、烟草赤星病菌（Alternaria alternata）为指示菌种，对从无花果（Ficuscarice）中分离获得到的64株内生真菌进行抗真菌活性试验，结果表明18株内生真菌具有抗菌活性，占总内生真菌的28．1％，将具有抗菌活性的菌株进行分类鉴定，分属于2目、4科、8属。     

Essential Oil from Inula britannica Extraction with SF-CO2 and Its Antifungal Activity

The aim of this study was to determine the extraction technique of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide(SF-CO 2) for the essential oil from Inula britannica flowers and its antifungal activities against plant pathogenic fungi for its potential application as botanical fungicide.The effects of factors,including extraction temperature,extraction pressure,SF-CO 2 flow rate,flower powder size,and time on the essential oil yield were studied using the single factor experiment.An orthogonal experiment was conducted to determine the best operating conditions for the maximum extraction oil yield.Adopting the optimum conditions,the maximum yield reached 10.01% at 40°C temperature,30 MPa pressure,60 mesh flower powder size,20 L h-1SF-CO 2 flow rate,and 90 min extraction time.The antifungal activities of I.britannica essential oil using the SF-CO 2 against the most important plant pathogenic fungi were also examined through in vitro and in vivo tests.Sixteen plant pathogenic fungi were inhibited to varying degrees at 1 mg mL-1concentration of the essential oil.The mycelial growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici was completely inhibited.The radial growths of Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium monilifome were also inhibited by 83.76 and 64.69%,respectively.In addition,the essential oil can inhibit the spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum,Phytophthora capsici,Colletotrichum orbiculare,and Pyricularia grisea,and the corresponding inhibition rates were 98.26,96.54,87.89,and 87.35% respectively.The present study has demonstrated that the essential oil of I.britannica flowers extracted through the SF-CO 2 technique is one potential and promising antifungal agent that can be used as botanical fungicide to protect crops.     

枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-916胞外抗菌蛋白质的生物功能分析

采用AKTA-epxlore层析系统,利用DEAE sepharose fast flow、Phenyl sepharose 6 F.F.和羟基磷石灰石柱层析后,分离纯化获得枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-916抗菌蛋白质Bacisubin.该蛋白质对水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、水稻稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisease)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、白菜黑斑病菌(Alternaria oleracea)、甘蓝黑斑病菌(A. Brassicae)、灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、辣椒炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum capsici (syd.) Butl.)和水稻恶苗病菌(Fusarium moniliforme Sheld)均有抑菌活性,尤其对Alternaria属的病原菌具有较高的毒力.枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-916胞外抗菌蛋白质的抑菌机制是造成病原菌菌丝营养吸收困难,致使菌丝顶端膨大,分支增加,胞壁加厚、断裂,从而抑制了病原菌的生长.研究发现抗菌蛋白具有凝集素活性和核糖核酸酶活性,无蛋白酶活性和蛋白酶抑制活性.     

7种药用植物提取物抑菌活性测定

用生长速率法测定了7种药用植物的水提液和醇提液在浓度为0.1 g/ml时对3种植物病原真菌的抑制作用。结果表明:博落回的水提液对大葱紫斑病菌、乌桕的水提液对西瓜枯萎病菌的菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,抑制率高于60%;乌桕的2种提取液对西瓜枯萎病菌、博落回的2种提取液对大葱紫斑病菌、黄精的醇提液对3种病原菌都有较明显的抑制作用。利用乌桕、博落回和黄精作为植物源杀菌剂值得进一步研究。     

狭叶坡垒枝叶粗提物抑菌活性研究

采用菌丝生长速率法,以西瓜枯萎菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schl.f.sp.cucumerirum Owen)、烟草赤星菌[Alternaria longipes(Ell.et Eu)Tisdale et Wadk]、香蕉大灰斑菌[Curvularia lunata(Wakker)Boedijin]、烟草灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers)和水稻纹枯菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn)为靶标,对采自广西十万大山的16种植物的甲醇粗提物进行了生物活性筛选,结果表明,狭叶坡垒(Hopea chinensis Hand.Mass)、水茄(Solanum touvum Swartz)等7种植物粗提物对5种供试真菌均有活性,其中狭叶坡垒抑菌活性最为显著;进一步测定了狭叶坡垒石油醚萃取层、乙酸乙酯萃取层及水萃取层对玉米大斑菌(Helminthosporium turcicum Pass)、稻胡麻叶斑菌(Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan)和西瓜枯萎菌(F.oxysporum Schl.f.sp)等21种供试植物病原真菌的生物活性,结果表明,5 mg/mL狭叶坡垒乙酸乙酯萃取物的抑菌活性最强,对水稻恶苗菌[Gibberella fujikuroi(Saw)Wollenw]、香蕉黑条叶斑菌(Mycosphaerella fijiensis Marelet)和香蕉褐缘灰斑菌(Cercospora musae Zimm)等18种植物病原菌均有一定抑制作用,其中对烟草黑胫病菌(Phytophthora nicotianae Breda)的抑制率达100%,对香蕉叶缘枯菌(Alternaria musae Bour.et Bat)、香蕉大灰斑菌[Curvalaria lunata(Wakker)Boedijin]、甘蔗凤梨病菌[Ceratocystis paradoxa(Dade)Moreau]、甘蓝黑斑菌[Alternaria brassicola(Schw.)Wiltshire]和水稻纹枯菌(R.solani)的抑制率分别为89.00%、94.12%、90.35%、89.93%和85.13%。对烟草黑胫病菌(C.nicotianae)、香蕉叶缘枯菌(A.musae)、香蕉大灰斑菌(C.lunata)、甘蔗凤梨病菌(C.paradoxa)、甘蓝黑斑菌(A.brassicola)和水稻纹枯菌(R.solani)的EC50分别为:0.475 8,2.642 9,0.614 7,0.467 4,0.977 7,3.463 7 mg/mL。对甘蔗凤梨病菌(C.paradoxa)、甘蓝黑斑菌(A.brassicola)进行孢子萌发实验,其EC50分别为0.716 6 mg/mL、1.784 4 mg/mL。研究结果为进一步研究狭叶坡垒枝叶中的抑菌活性成分提供了基础数据。     

几种蕨类植物抑菌活性的初步研究

[目的]探究几种蕨类植物的抑菌活性,为发现植物源农药提供线索。[方法]以小麦纹枯病菌、番茄灰霉病菌2种植物病原真菌为供试菌,对采自江西省吉安市的3种植物提取物的抑菌活性进行测定。[结果]乙酸乙酯相萃取物的质量浓度为1 mg/ml时,狗脊蕨的抑制效果最好,对小麦纹枯病菌和番茄灰霉病菌2种菌的抑制率分别为88.8%和100%,海金沙抑菌效果次之,对2种病原菌抑制率分别为73%和76.8%。但这3种供试植物的石油醚相和水相萃取物对2种病原真菌的抑制效果均不强。[结论]3种植物萃取物中,乙酸乙酯相萃取物对供试菌种表现出较明显的抑制作用。狗脊蕨和海金沙的提取物作为植物源杀菌剂值得进一步研究。     

Isolation and Purification of Bovine Colostrum slgA and IgG

To further utilize bioactive substance such as bovine colostrum sIgA and IgG, sIgA and IgG were isolated and purified simultaneously by salting out, ultrafiltration and gel chromatography, etc. The analysis of results were showed quantitatively by nonhydrogenized SDS-PAGE, and quanlities of sIgA and IgG were respectively detected by Western Blot. The results showed that the purity and yield of bovine colostrum sIgA were 85.3% and 42.8%, respectively, while the purity and yield of bovine colostrum IgG were respectively 97.2% and 64.4%. This preparative method provides theoretical and experimental foundation for sIgA industrial production.     

Effects of Elemental Sulphur and Farmyard Manure on pH and Salinity of Calcareous Sandy Loam Soil and Some Nutrient Elements in Tomato Plant

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur （S） and farmyard manure on soil pH, EC and N, S, P concentrations of tomato grown in a calcareous sandy loam soil. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions. Sulphur was applied at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 mg kg~ and farmyard manure at 0, 3 ton da^-1 to the soil. Three weeks after applications, tomato seedlings were planted and 8 weeks later, the plants were harvested to determine N, S, P concentrations and dry matter yield. Soil pH and EC were determined in the soil samples taken at 3 different periods. Effects of sulphur and farmyard manure applications were not significant on N, P concentrations and dry matter yield of tomato plant. S concentration of tomato plant was increased by sulphur alone. Soil pH was decreased and soil EC was increased in both 2^nd and 3^rd soil sampling period by the sulphur applications. As a result of farmyard manure application, soil pH decreased in the 2^nd soil sampling period but increased in the 3^rd soil sampling period. Also, soil EC was significantly increased in 1^st and 3^rd soil sampling period. Farmyard manure had no significant effect on S supply to tomato plant. The N：S ratio of tomato plant was decreased by sulphur alone. However, the sulphur with farmyard manure applications decreased N：S ratio in lesser extend compared to the S applications.     

牛蒡子提取物体外抑菌作用的研究

用体积分数为70%的乙醇溶液提取牛蒡子,然后用滤纸片法测定提取液对病原菌的抑制作用,用二倍稀释法确定提取液的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并进一步研究提取液的热稳定性。结果表明,牛蒡子乙醇提取液对柞蚕链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、番茄早疫病菌和小麦赤霉病菌等有比较明显的抑制效果,而对玉米小斑病菌和玉米弯孢病菌没有抑制作用。提取液对柞蚕链球菌的最低抑菌浓度为0.125g/L,蜡质芽孢杆菌为0.250g/L,苏云金芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为0.500g/L,乳酸菌为1.000g/L,大肠杆菌、番茄早疫病菌为2.000g/L,小麦赤霉病菌、柞蚕白僵病菌、葡萄白腐病菌、谷子白发病菌、烟草赤星病菌、毛霉以及水稻恶苗病菌为4.000g/L。热处理对提取物的抑菌效果无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity and Antioxidant Components in Lettuce,Onion and Tomato Obtained with Different Levels and Forms of Nitrogen Fertilization

The effect of N levels and sources on the antioxidant components in vegetable is not completely understood. Therefore, greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the changes in antioxidant capacity diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） and ferric reducing antioxidant power （FRAP）, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, total carotene and lycopene contents in edible portions of lettuce, onion and tomato due to different nitrogen levels and sources. The experiment included three N levels （20, 40 and 60 kg/ha for lettuce trial and 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha for either onion or tomato） and four nitrogen sources （calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea）. The antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in lettuce was enhanced under low nitrogen level, while the antioxidant capacities, phenolics, carotenoids and lycopene in tomato fruits were not significantly affected by the nitrogen dose applied. Application of calcium nitrate caused 50% increase in DPPH and 20% in FRAP of lettuce compared to other nitrogen forms. Tomato treated with calcium nitrate or ammonium sulphate had higher phenolic and ascorbic acid contents than treated plants with ammonium nitrate or urea. Antioxidant tested parameters of onion were not significantly affected by the nitrogen treatments. Nitrogen concentration in tomato fruits significantly correlated with FRAP antioxidant capacity, phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotene and lycopene contents.     

Comparing the Impact of a Neonicotinoid and Biorational Agroneem on Herbivorous and Beneficial Arthropods on Cowpea and Tomato

Cowpea （Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.） and tomato （Lycopersicum esculentum L. Karst） are attacked by a wide range of insect pests worldwide. In many cases, pesticides are used to control the pests. In 2010 and 2011, we conducted field experiments to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a biorational （Agroneem~） and conventional pesticide （imidacloprid or thiamethoxam） on insect pests of these crops. In the first year, two varieties of cowpea （Mississippi Silver and Pinkeye Purple Hull） and two of tomato （Mariana and German Johnson） were used; in the second year, the better performing of each group （Mississippi Silver and Mariana） were used for the study. A split-plot design with four replications in Year 1, and a randomized complete block design with six treatment combinations in Year 2. In the first year, both pesticide groups were applied following manufacturer＇s recommendation （10-14 d cycles）; and in the second year, the application of the pesticides was driven by economic thresholds level （ETL） of insect pests. The most prevalent species of insects recorded in both crops were in the families： Chrysomelidae, Pentatomidae, Cicadellidae, Vespidae, Sarcophagidae, Thripidae and Sphingidae. In both years, the diversity of insects on cowpea was greater than on tomato and more insects were observed in the second year compared to the first, despite the absence of significant difference （P 〉 0.05） between varieties in the treated plots. The yield of cowpea and tomato was comparable in all sprayed plots.     

Effect of Season,Location, Cultivar and Spacing on Yield and Quality of Sugarcane in Western Kenya

In Kenya almost all sugarcane grown is under rainfall conditions that are planted in different locations during both long and short rainy seasons. Effect of season, location, cultivar and spacing on yield and quality of sugarcane is not clearly understood. The research was conducted at Kibos and Mumias to determine if the yields and quality of three sugarcane cultivars were affected by season, location and row spacing. Cultivars CO 945, EAK 73-335 and KEN 83-737 were manually planted during June and September in 2011. The trial was laid out as split-split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design （RCBD） replicated three times. Data collected at harvest, 17 months after planting （MAP） including cane yields, cane yield components and cane quality. The results revealed that cane length differed significantly between June and September. Stalk population and cane yields were significantly more at Mumias compared to Kibos. Cultivar EAK 73-335 showed significantly more cane yield （t/ha） than KEN 83-737 and CO 945. Both row spacing 1.2 m and 1.5 m did not affect cane yields. Brix%, Sucrose% and Purity% differed significantly between cultivars. The relationship between cane yield and stalk population was positive and significant, which indicated stalk population is a strong determinant of cane yield. The results showed that cane yield was significantly affected by location and cane quality by cultivars. Therefore Mumias is a better zone for sugarcane cultivation for both June and September seasons compared to Kibos.     

Evaluation of Essential Oils from Rosemary, Orange, Lavandula and False Yellowhead on Hatching and Motility of Root-Knot Nematode

Essential oils （EOs） from Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis （Lamiaceae）, Orange, Citrus sinensis （Rutaceae）, Lavandula, Lavandula angustifolia （Lamiaceae）, False Yellowhead, Dittrichia viscosa （Asteraceae） and their major components were evaluated against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogynejavanica. Second stage juveniles＇ （J2） paralysis and egg hatch inhibition were studied, while pulverized plant parts were tested for nematodes biological cycle arrest. All EOs paralyzed J2 and M. incognita were found more sensitive than M javanica with the EC50/4 days calculated at 250, 3,650 and 4,260 12g/mL for 1）. viscosa, L. angustifolia and R. officinalis, respectively. Similarly, all EOs inhibited nematodes egg hatch and D. viscosa exhibited the highest inhibition on egg hatch （100% inhibition at 5 μg/mL）. A significant influence of constituent terpenes （limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, camphor, L-borneol, caryophyllene oxide, β-eudesmol） dose and exposure time was indicated on egg hatch inhibition （56% to 100% at 500 μg/mL and 1,000 μg/mL）, while only β-eudesmol achieved paralysis of J2 and specifically against M. incognita （EC50/1d = 50μg/mL）. Interestingly, the most active botanical species arresting Meloidogyne spp. biological cycle in soil was C. sinensis （EC50 = 2 mg/g） and the most sensitive nematode species was M. javanica. The larvicidal and egg hatch inhibition activity holds promise towards the optimization of artificial terpene mixtures as novel and effective natural nematicides. Complex interactions of primary compounds and subsequent decomposition derivates compose efficacy profile of soil amendments.     

Distribution and Identification of Ixodid Tick Species on Livestock in Northern Pakistan

Identification of lxodid tick species on livestock in two districts, viz., D.I. Khan and Lakki Marwat of Northern Pakistan were made during the period from March to November 2009 through animals＇ survey and questionnaire. The main tick species were Amblyomma （14.3%）, Boophilus microplus （l 8.5%） and Hyalomma anatolicum and H. dromedarii （67.2%）. Out of 3009 collected ticks, the highest number of female （88.7%） and the lowest of males （ l 1.3%） belong to Boophilus; the lowest number of female （92.4%） and the highest of males （77.5%） belong to Amblyomma. However, cows were more susceptible than buffaloes and camels ranked third to ticks infestation. Moreover, cows, buffalos, goats and sheep harbored mixed infestation （had more than one type of ticks）, however, camels and donkey harbored single infestation （had only one type of tick）. An emerging ethno-veterinary or traditional remedy is poultry keeping for ticks＇ elimination in Lakki Marwat. The results of this research will be helped in taking appropriate measures to reduce tick infestation and to improve management practices. Hence, it will help to increase farm productivity and farmers income.