Effects of salt and nitrogen on physiological indices and carbon isotope discrimination of wheat cultivars in the northeast of Iran

In order to study the effects of different levels of salt stress and nitrogen(N) on physiological mechanisms,carbon isotope discrimination(△~(13)C),and yield of two wheat cultivars(cv.),a two-year field experiment was carried out during 2013-2015.The treatments included three levels of salt stress(1.3,5.2,and 10.5 dS m~(-1)),three levels of N(50,100,and 150 kg N ha~(-1)),and two wheat cultivars,Bam and Toos.Under salt stress,N application(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1)) produced a significant effect on both cultivars with respect to physiological traits,i.e.,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(g_s),chlorophyll index(Cl),Na~+/K~+ratio as well as the grain yield(GY).The salt-tolerant and-sensitive cultivars exhibited the maximum values of physio-biochemical and yield attributes at 100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1),respectively.The results of △~(13)C showed a significant difference(P0.001) between wheat cultivars under the control and salt stress.According to our result,salt-tolerant cultivar Bam seems to be more efficient in terms of higher GY,P_n,g_s,Cl,and lower Na~+/K~+ratio as well as higher △~(13)C as compared with salt-sensitive cultivar Toos,under salt stress.Therefore,a significant positive correlation that observed between △~(13)C and GY,indicated that △~(13)C may be an effective index for indirect selection of yield potential in wheat under irrigation regimes with saline water.     

Gas exchange and water relations of young potted loquat cv. Algerie under progressive drought conditions

Relationships between plant water status and gas exchange parameters at increasing levels of water stress were determined in Algerie loquats which grown in 50 I pots. Changes in soil water content and stem water potential and their effects on stomatal conductance(G_s) and net photosynthesis(P_n) rate were followed in control plants and in plants without irrigation until the latter reached near permanent wilting point and some leaf abscission took place. Then, the irrigation was restarted and the comparison repeated. Soil water content and stem water potential gradually diminished in response to drought reaching the minimum values of 0.9 mm and –5.0 MPa, respectively, 9 days after watering suspension. Compromised plant water status had drastic effects on G_s values that dropped by 97% in the last day of the drought period. P_n was diminished by 80% at the end of the drought period. The increasing levels of water stress did not cause a steady increase in leaf temperature in non-irrigated plants. Non-irrigated plants wilted and lost some leaves due to the severity of the water stress. However, all non-irrigated plants survived and reached similar P_n than control plants just a week after the irrigation was restarted, confirming drought tolerance of loquat and suggesting that photosynthesis machinery remained intact.     

Nitrogen Deficiency Limited the Improvement of Photosynthesis in Maize by Elevated CO2 Under Drought

Global environmental change affects plant physiological and ecosystem processes. The interaction of elevated CO₂, drought and nitrogen (N) deficiency result in complex responses of C₄ species photosynthetic process that challenge our current understanding. An experiment of maize (Zea mays L.) involving CO₂ concentrations (380 or 750 µmol mol⁻¹, climate chamber), osmotic stresses (10% PEG-6000, −0.32 MPa) and nitrogen constraints (N deficiency treated since the 144th drought hour) was carried out to investigate its photosynthesis capacity and leaf nitrogen use efficiency. Elevated CO₂ could alleviate drought-induced photosynthetic limitation through increasing capacity of PEPC carboxylation (V_pmax) and decreasing stomatal limitations (SL). The N deficiency exacerbated drought-induced photosynthesis limitations in ambient CO₂. Elevated CO₂ partially alleviated the limitation induced by drought and N deficiency through improving the capacity of Rubisco carboxylation (V_max) and decreasing SL. Plants with N deficiency transported more N to their leaves at elevated CO₂, leading to a high photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency but low whole-plant nitrogen-use efficiency. The stress mitigation by elevated CO₂ under N deficiency conditions was not enough to improving plant N use efficiency and biomass accumulation. The study demonstrated that elevated CO₂ could alleviate drought-induced photosynthesis limitation, but the alleviation varied with N supplies.     

温室番茄营养生长期叶片蒸腾速率的模拟模型研究

建立节水条件下作物叶片的蒸腾速率模拟模型将为温室作物节水灌溉提供理论依据。本研究以温室盆栽番茄营养生长期叶片为研究对象,在温室内进行了不同定植期和水分处理试验。以光合速率光响应曲线模拟值为基础,建立了不同水分条件下的气孔导度模型以及基于气孔导度模型的Penman-Monteith叶片蒸腾速率模型,并采用不同播期试验下的试验数据对建立的模型进行检验。结果表明,气孔导度模型模拟番茄叶片气孔导度的均方根误差(RMSE)和相对回归估计标准误差(rRMSE)分别为0.0109mol/(m2·s)(H2O)和12.83%,叶片蒸腾速率模型的RMSE和rRMSE分别为0.18mmol/(m2·s)(H2O)和15.55%。建立的番茄叶片蒸腾速率模型实现了通过基本温室气象参数和土壤水分参数模拟叶片蒸腾速率,模拟精度较高,参数便于获取,是对短时间尺度蒸腾速率模拟研究的有益探索,具有一定的理论意义和良好的应用前景。     

不同温型小麦叶片气体交换特性研究

通过多年田间试验,系统研究和分析了不同温型小麦叶片的气体交换等生理学特性。结果表明,不同温型小麦品种抽穗后叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理特性表现出较明显的差异。其中冷型小麦品种的旗叶、倒二叶和倒三叶的平均净光合速率比暖型小麦品种分别高２７．６３％,４０．１２％和７０．７０％,平均蒸腾速率分别高２１．０１％,３１．５４％及２６．５０％,平均气孔导度分别高２１．０９％,３３．００％及１９．３８％．     

Responses of leaf stomatal and mesophyll conductance to abiotic stress factors

Plant photosynthesis assimilates CO₂ from the atmosphere, and CO₂ diffusion efficiency is mainly constrained by stomatal and mesophyll resistance. The stomatal and mesophyll conductance of plants are sensitive to abiotic stress factors, which affect the CO₂ concentrations at carboxylation sites to control photosynthetic rates. Early studies conducted relevant reviews on the responses of stomatal conductance to the environment and the limitations of mesophyll conductance by internal structure and biochemical factors. However, reviews on the abiotic stress factors that systematically regulate plant CO₂ diffusion are rare. Therefore, in this review, the rapid and long-term responses of stomatal and mesophyll conductance to abiotic stress factors (such as light intensity, drought, CO₂ concentration and temperature) and their physiological mechanisms are summarized. Finally, future research trends are also investigated.     

双氢茉莉酸丙酯对不同小麦品种气体交换性状的影响

应用水培方法进行培养,对3种小麦的气体交换参数进行研究。结果发现,面对类似激素双氢茉莉酸丙酯(PDJ)调控下的不同品种小麦适应与调节存在差异,从而导致光合和水分利用等气体交换参数的表现也存在差异;两种春小麦(金春1号、1608)和一种冬小麦(小偃22)之间对PDJ的反应没有明显的冬春性间的差别;对不同品种、不同参数,PDJ起到作用的浓度不同,但无论如何PDJ都有相同的作用,当这种激素达到一定的浓度后,就会增强小麦的光合速率(Pn)和水分利用率(WUE),增加气孔限制值(Ls),降低叶片的蒸腾速率(T)和气孔导度(Cond),从而在外界条件变化时保持体内水分、延缓气孔关闭,维持体内正常的生理活动。     

Some Physiological Processes Related to Water Use Efficiency of Higher Plants

Water use efficiency （WUE） of higher plants is of vital importance in the dry-land agricultural ecosystem in terms of the development of water-saving agriculture. Of all the approaches used to improve WUE, the intrinsic water use efficiency （WUET, the ratio of CO2 assimilation rate to transpiration rate） can be a right index, as the variation of WUET is correlated with the physiological and biochemical processes of higher plants. The measurements of leaf gas exchange and carbon isotope discrimination （D^13C） are the two ways to detect the variation in WUEr. This article reviewed some physiological processes related to WUEv, including the relationship between CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance and WUET and water absorption. The relationship between WUE and aquaporin and the yield are discussed as well.     

甘蔗近缘种蔗茅(Erianthus fulvus)光合气体交换特性的差异分析

【目的】研究蔗茅无性系气体交换特性,筛选高光效种质资源,为开展高光效品种培育等相关研究奠定基础。【方法】在自然条件下,利用Li-6400便携式光合仪测定36份蔗茅种质资源的光合气体交换参数,如叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率、叶片饱和水汽压亏缺、蒸腾效率、叶片瞬时水分利用效率。【结果】36份蔗茅种质资源平均净光合速率为17.61μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),倍数变化为2.28;平均气孔导度为0.15 mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),倍数变化为2.88;平均胞间CO_2浓度为163.49μmol·mol~(-1),倍数变化为2.29;平均蒸腾速率为2.17 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),倍数变化为1.96;平均叶片饱和水汽压亏缺为1.38 MPa,倍数变化为1.60;平均蒸腾效率为124.43μmol CO_2·mol~(-1)H_2O,倍数变化为1.93;平均叶片瞬时水分利用效率为8.12μmol CO_2·mmol~(-1)H_2O,倍数变化为1.75。36份蔗茅无性系光合气体交换参数变异系数范围为11.79%—26.79%,其中,气孔导度变异系数最高(26.79%),净光合速率次之(21.48%),叶片瞬时利用效率最低(11.79%),36份蔗茅无性系光合气体交换参数间存在较大差异。净光合速率与蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶片瞬时水分利用效率呈显著正相关,与叶片饱和水汽压亏缺呈显著负相关;气孔导度与胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,与叶片饱和水汽压亏缺、蒸腾效率呈显著负相关。环境因子相关分析表明,叶片饱和水汽压亏缺与经度呈正相关,与海拔、纬度呈负相关,依据海拔划分为高海拔和低海拔,高海拔拥有相对较高的光合速率。进一步利用主成分分析选出2个主成分,方差累计贡献率达到89.79%,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率即光合效率作为第一主成分的主导因子;胞间CO_2浓度、叶片瞬时水分利用效率、蒸腾效率即水分利用效率因子作为第二主成分的主要因子。36份蔗茅无性系材料可划分为五类,分别划分为光合效率高、较高、中、低、较低和水分利用效率高、较高、中、低、较低类5个类群。在聚类基础上进行逐步判别分析,7个光合气体交换参数有5个进入判别函数,建立了5个判别能力较高的判别模型,回判的准确率达97.22%。【结论】第Ⅳ大类群具有较高光合效率和较高水分利用效率,材料丰富,拥有较好的育种应用前景。     

Effects of sodium benzoate on growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedlings under compound heavy metal stress

In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous sodium benzoate on wheat seedlings(Yangmai 16) grown under heavy metal stress. The results showed that 2.4 mmol kg~(–1) of heavy metals significantly inhibited growth and delayed emergence of wheat seedlings. Under compound heavy metal stress, application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate significantly increased(P0.01) chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters F_v/F_m and F_v/F_o of wheat, compared to the control(water treatment). Further analysis showed that application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate alleviated osmotic stress by promoting the accumulation of osmolytes such as soluble proteins and free proline, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and reduced malondialdehyde content(MDA). In contrast, higher concentrations of sodium benzoate solution(6 g L~(–1)) inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings and even caused damage to seedlings. Correlation analysis showed that when the sodium benzoate concentration was in the range of 1.97–3.12 g L~(–1)(2016) and 1.58–3.27 g L~(–1)(2017), values of chlorophyll and its components, root activity, SOD activity, soluble protein, and free proline content were the highest. When the sodium benzoate concentration was raised to 2.59 g L~(–1)(2016) or 3.02 g L~(–1)(2017), MDA content was the lowest. Ultimately, exogenous sodium benzoate(2–4 g L~(–1)) facilitates root development and improves the root activity of wheat seedlings grown under compound heavy metals stress, thereby effectively alleviating the damage of compound heavy metal stress in wheat seedlings.     

黑麦草对铀胁迫的光合响应及铀吸收特性研究

为探究铀污染土壤下黑麦草光合特性和体内各部位铀积累分布特征的变化,本研究通过盆栽土培试验,研究了不同外源铀浓度处理(0、25、50、75、100 mg·kg~(-1))下黑麦草光合气体交换变化参数、光合荧光参数和黑麦草对铀的富集特征的影响。结果显示,铀胁迫会使植物的光合速率(A)和气孔导度(Gs)显著降低(P0.05),光合性能指数(PIabs)随外源铀浓度的增加呈先增后减的趋势,但未对黑麦草的胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和相对可变荧光(Vj)产生显著影响。随外源铀污染浓度的增加,土壤中铀残留量、黑麦草体内地上部和地下部的累积量显著增加(P0.05),且随着生长时间的增加,土壤中铀残留量显著减小、黑麦草体内地上部和地下部的累积量显著增加。生物富集系数(BCF)和铀总提取量分别在100 mg·kg~(-1)处理下达到最大值。结果表明,黑麦草的光合荧光参数对铀具有较好的耐受性,而光合速率的降低可能是光抑制引起的,黑麦草对铀有较高的富集能力,且随着生长时间和外源处理浓度的增加而增加。     

Effects of Plant Density on Yield and Canopy Micro Environment in Hybrid Cotton

A rational plant population is an important attribute to high yield of cotton, because it can provide a beneficial micro environment within the canopy for plant growth and development as well as yield formation. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted to determine the optimal plant density based on cotton yield in relation to the canopy micro environment （canopy temperature, relative humidity and light transmittance）. Six plant densities （1.2-5.7 plants m^-2） were arranged with a completely randomized block design. The highest cotton yield （1 507 kg ha^-1） was obtained at 3.0 plants m^-2 due to more bolls per unit ground area （79 bolls m2）, while the lowest yield （1 091 kg ha1） was obtained at 1.2 plants m^-2. Under the moderate plant density （3.0 plants m^-2）, there was a lower mean daily temperature （MDT, 27. 1℃） attributing to medium daily minimum temperature （Train, 21.9℃） and the lowest daily maximum temperature （Tmax, 35.8℃）, a moderate mean canopy light transmittance of 0.51, and lower mean daily relative humidity （MRH） of 79.7% from June to October. The results suggest that 3.0 plants m^-2 would be the optimal plant density because it provides a better canopy micro environment.     

钼污染对冬小麦光合作用特性及产量的影响

采用土壤培养试验研究了不同钼水平对冬小麦光合作用特性及产量的影响。结果表明:适量施钼(0.15 mg·kg~(-1))能够增加缺钼土壤上冬小麦的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)和产量;0.15~2000 mg·kg~(-1)条件下,随钼水平的提高,冬小麦叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和产量呈下降趋势;随着P_n下降,胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)和Gs呈下降趋势,推测气孔限制是导致P_n下降的主要因素;叶绿素a/b值呈上升趋势,表明叶绿素a向叶绿素b的转化受阻,从而抑制光合作用。极端钼污染条件下(3000~4000 mg·kg~(-1))冬小麦不能完成其生命周期。     

土壤调盐改良对咸水灌溉冬小麦光合和蒸腾的影响

在天津滨海地区高水位、黏重土壤利用田间小区试验研究土壤调盐改良技术对咸水灌溉的冬小麦光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量指数等生理指标的影响,试验结果表明,冬小麦播种前采用适当土壤调盐改良技术能够提高冬小麦抽穗期、灌浆期的光合速率、叶绿素含量指数,降低气孔导度、蒸腾速率.小麦冬前施用75 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏)有利于提高冬小麦灌浆期的光合速率,有降低抽穗期、灌浆期小麦的蒸腾速率的效果,冬前施用45 kg/100 m2改良剂(20％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+20％沸石粉)对提高冬小麦抽穗期光合速率有利,同时也提高抽穗期小麦的蒸腾速率;土壤调盐改良剂对咸水灌溉冬小麦的气孔导度有明显抑制作用,冬前施用30kg/100 m2改良剂(40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+40％沸石粉)的冬小麦气孔导度与不采用改良措施相比,抽穗期降低52.28％,灌浆期降低39.51％;冬前施用45 kg/100 m2或75 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏)和30 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+40％沸石粉)均能够显著提高抽穗、灌浆期冬小麦的叶绿素含量指数;冬前施用45 kg/100m2改良剂(20％风化褐煤+40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+20％沸石粉)和30 kg/100 m2改良剂(40％磷石膏+20％脱硫石膏+40％沸石粉),即使在较高土壤含盐量也能够使冬小麦光合速率保持在较高水平,使冬小麦蒸腾速率受到土壤含盐量影响不明显.     

One-time fertilization at first flowering improves lint yield and dry matter partitioning in late planted short-season cotton

Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor, nutrients, and management) mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing, high density, and reduced fertilization with one-time application at the first bloom stage without lint yield reduction. However, it has been hypothesized that one-time fertilization at an earlier growth stage could be a more effective and economic management practice. A two-year field experiment was conducted by applying five fertilizer one-time fertilization at 0(FT1), 5(FT2), 10(FT3), 15(FT4), and 20(FT5) days after the first flower appeared in the field and one three-split fertilizer application taken as the conventional control(FT6), making six treatments altogether. Cotton growth period, biomass accumulation, yield, and its formation were quantified. The results showed that the one-time fertilization did not affect the cotton growth progress as compared to FT6, however, the total crop cycles for FT3–FT5 were 3 days shorter. FT1 produced the highest cotton lint yield(1 396 kg ha–1), which was similar to the FT6 but higher than the other treatments, and could be attributed to more bolls per unit area and higher lint percentage. Cotton yield was positively correlated with cotton plant biomass accumulated. FT1 had both the highest average(VT)(193.7 kg ha–1 d–1) and the highest maximum(VM)(220.9 kg ha–1 d–1) rates during the fast biomass accumulation period. These results suggest that one-time fertilizer application at the first flower stage might be an adjustment that is more effective than at first bloom, and allowed for easier decision making for application date due to non counting of plants with flowers is needed.     

黄土半干旱区侧柏气体交换和水分利用效率日变化研究

利用Li 6 2 0 0便携式气体分析系统 ,对黄土半干旱区山西省方山县试验地自然条件下 ,侧柏的气体交换、气孔导度和水分利用效率及相应环境因子进行测定 .结果表明 ,净光合速率日变化曲线呈双峰型 ,气孔导度日变化曲线呈凹型 ,蒸腾速率日变化曲线呈单峰型 ,水分利用效率最高值出现在上午较早时分 .根据Farquhar和Sharkey提出关于区分光合作用的气孔限制与非气孔限制的两个标准 ,分析表明侧柏在上午 (1 0 :0 0— 1 2 :0 0 )光合速率下降主要是由气孔因素的气孔导度决定的 ,而午间 (1 2 :0 0— 1 4 :0 0 )的光合午休和午后 (1 6 :0 0— 1 8:0 0 )光合速率的下降则主要归因于非气孔因素的叶肉细胞羧化能力的降低 .     

In situ measurements of winter wheat diurnal changes in photosynthesis and environmental factors reveal new insight into photosynthesis improvement by super-high-yield cultivation

In past 30 years, the wheat yield per unit area of China has increased by 79%. The super-high-yield(SH) cultivation played an important role in improving the wheat photosynthesis and yield. In order to find the ecophysiological mechanism underneath the high photosynthesis of SH cultivation, in situ diurnal changes in the photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll(Chl) a fluorescence of field-grown wheat plants during the grain-filling stage and environmental factors were investigated. During the late grain-filling stage at 24 days after anthesis(DAA), the diurnal changes in net CO_2 assimilation rate were higher under SH treatment than under high-yield(H) treatment. From 8 to 24 DAA, the actual quantum yield of photosystem II(PSII) electron transport in the light-adapted state(ΦPSII) in the flag leaves at noon under SH treatment were significantly higher than those under H treatment. The leaf temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were better suited for higher rates of leaf photosynthesis under SH treatment than those under H treatment at noon. Such diurnal changes in environmental factors in wheat fields could be one of the mechanisms for the higher biomass and yield under SH cultivation than those under H cultivation. ΦPSII and CO_2 exchange rate in wheat flag leaves under SH and H treatments had a linear correlation which could provide new insight to evaluate the wheat photosynthesis performance under different conditions.     

Canopy morphological changes and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different irrigation treatments

Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an important strategy to resolve water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, field experiments with winter wheat were performed at Wuqiao Experiment Station, China Agricultural University in two growing seasons in 2013–2015 to help develop such techniques. Three irrigation treatments were tested: no-irrigation(i.e., no water applied after sowing), limited-irrigation(i.e., 60 mm of water applied at jointing), and sufficient-irrigation(i.e., a total of 180 mm of water applied with 60 mm at turning green, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). Leaf area index(LAI), light transmittance(LT), leaf angle(LA), transpiration rate(Tr), specific leaf weight, water use efficiency(WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat were measured. The highest WUE of wheat in the irrigated treatments was found under limited-irrigation and grain yield was only reduced by a small amount in this treatment compared to the sufficient irrigation treatment. The LAI and LA of wheat plants was lower under limited irrigation than sufficient irrigation, but canopy LT was greater. Moreover, the specific leaf weight of winter wheat was significantly lower under sufficient than limited irrigation conditions, while the leaf Tr was significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed that the increased LAI was associated with an increase in the leaf Tr, but the specific leaf weight had the opposite relationship with transpiration. Optimum WUE occurred over a reasonable range in leaf Tr. In conclusion, reduced irrigation can optimize wheat canopies and regulate water consumption, with only small reductions in final yield, ultimately leading to higher wheat WUE and water saving in arid and semi-arid regions.     

沙埋对沙米幼苗生长、存活及光合蒸腾特性的影响

沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)是藜科沙蓬属1年生沙生植物,广泛分布于我国各主要沙漠和沙地中。为了解沙埋对沙米生长、存活和光合蒸腾特性影响,2010-2011年在科尔沁沙地研究了不同沙埋深度下沙米幼苗高度、存活率、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率的变化,结果表明:沙米具有极强的耐沙埋能力。埋深为株高25%时,沙米幼苗存活率和株高显著增加,埋深为株高50%-100%时,其株高和存活率虽有下降,但与非沙埋对照差异不显著。当沙埋深度超过株高后,其株高和存活率急剧下降,但沙埋达到株高266%时仍然有部分幼苗存活。沙埋第5天,随着沙埋深度的增加,沙米幼苗的光合速率缓慢下降,蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率均呈波动式变化。随着沙埋时间的延长,和对照相比,沙米幼苗的光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均随沙埋深度增加而大幅度下降,但水分利用效率仍呈波动式变化。沙埋第15天时其光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率分别较非沙埋对照下降了86.7%、89.0%、90.0%和4.2%。相关分析表明,沙米幼苗的存活率和高生长与其光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度变化呈显著正相关,而其光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度之间也呈显著正相关,但与水分利用效率的相关性未达到显著水平。沙埋胁迫下沙米幼苗存活率下降和生长抑制不仅源于沙埋造成幼苗顶土困难和光合面积减少,光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度下降也是重要原因。     

Effects of plant density and mepiquat chloride application on cotton boll setting in wheat–cotton double cropping system

Sowing cotton directly after harvesting wheat in the Yangtze River Valley of China requires early mature of cotton without yield reduction. Boll-setting period synchronisation and more yield bolls distributed at the upper and middle canopy layers are also required for harvesting. The objective of this study is to quantify the individual and interaction effects of plant density and plant growth regulator mepiquat chloride(MC) on temporal and spatial distributions of yield bolls, as well as yield and yield components. During the 2013–2016 cotton growing seasons, the experiments were conducted on a shortseason cotton cultivar CRRI50 at Yangzhou University, China. Various combinations of plant density(12.0, 13.5 and 15.0 plants m~(–2)) and MC dose(180, 270 and 360 g ha~(–1)) were applied on cotton plants. The combination of 13.5 plants m~(–2) and 270 g ha~(–1) MC resulted in the greatest boll number per unit area, the highest daily boll setting number and more than 90% of bolls positioned within 45–80 cm above the ground. In conclusion, appropriate MC dose in combination of high plant density could synchronize boll-setting period and retain more bolls at the upper and middle canopy layers without yield reduction in the system of direct-seeded cotton after wheat harvest, and thus overcome the labor-intensive problem in current transplanting cropping system.