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1.
Governance in the Global Agro-food System: Backlighting the Role of Transnational Supermarket Chains
With the proliferation of private standards many significant decisions regarding public health risks, food safety, and environmental
impacts are increasingly taking place in the backstage of the global agro-food system. Using an analytical framework grounded
in political economy, we explain the rise of private standards and specific actors – notably supermarkets – in the restructuring
of agro-food networks. We argue that the global, political-economic, capitalist transformation – globalization – is a transition
from a Fordist regime to a regime of flexible accumulation (Harvey, 1989). We also argue that the standard making process
of this new regulatory regime is increasingly moving from the front stage – where it is open to public debate and democratic
decision-making bodies – to the backstage – where it is dominated by large supermarket procurement offices. We assert that
transnational supermarket chains are increasingly controlling what food is grown where, how, and by whom. We also contend
that the decision-making processes of transnational supermarket chains are typically “black-boxed.” The Euro-Retailer Produce
Working Group (EUREP) is presented as a case of private governance by transnational supermarket chains. We conclude by examining
the limitations and long-term efficacy of a system of private governance in the global agro-food system.
Jason Konefal is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Michigan State University. His interests include environmental sociology,
food and agriculture, social movements, and science and technology studies. His dissertation research examines the political
economic restructuring of the global agrifood system and the implications for social and environmental movements.
Michael Mascarenhas is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Michigan State University. His interests include political economy,
the sociology of science and technology, environmental and rural sociology, and globalization and development. His current
research involves a critical analysis of neoliberal water policy reform and indigenous inequalities. As of September 2005,
Michael has taken a position in the Department of Sociology at Kwantlen University College in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada.
Maki Hatanaka is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Michigan State University. Her interests include food and agriculture,
development, and gender. Much of her recent research focuses on standards and thirdparty certification and their social and
environmental implications. 相似文献
2.
Michael S. Carolan 《Agriculture and Human Values》2006,23(3):325-339
This paper examines sustainable agriculture’s steady rise as a legitimate farm management system. In doing this, it offers an account of social change that centers on trust and its intersection with networks of knowledge. The argument to follow is informed by the works of Foucault and Latour but moves beyond this literature in important ways. Guided by and building upon earlier conceptual framework first forwarded by Carolan and Bell (2003, Environmental Values 12: 225–245), sustainable agriculture is examined through the lens of a “phenomenological challenge.” In doing this, analytic emphasis centers on the interpretative resources of everyday life and the artful act of practice – in other words, on “the local.” Research data involving Iowa farmers and agriculture professionals are examined to understand how social relations of trust and knowledge are contested and shaped within and between agricultural social networks and organizational configurations. All of this is meant to further our understanding of what “sustainable agriculture” is and is not, who it is, and how these boundaries change over time.
Michael
S. Carolan
is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Colorado State University. His areas of specialization included environmental sociology, sociology of science and knowledge, sociology of food systems and agriculture, and the sociology of risk. Some of his recent writings have focused on the theorizing of nature–society relations, epistemological issues related to agriculture (and sustainable agriculture in particular), and the processes by which knowledge claims are constructed and contested in response to environmental threats. 相似文献
3.
Poultry Farmers’ Preference and use of Commercial and Self-compounded Feeds in Oyo Area of Oyo State, Nigeria 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigated poultry farmers’ perceptions, preferences, and use of commercially compounded and self-compounded
feeds in the Oyo Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 120 poultry farmers through a structured interview schedule.
The study concluded that poultry farmers prefer and use self-compounded feeds (SCF) instead of commercially compounded feeds
(CCF) because (a) self-compounded feeds are of better quality than commercially compounded feeds, (b) there are no quality
control measures in the poultry feed industry in the Oyo Area, (c) commercially compounded feeds cost more than self-compounded
feeds, and (d) farmers choose feed based on the perceived quality of the feed, their technical ability to produce feed by
themselves, the cost of CCF, the storability of feed, and the cost and availability of transportation. Based on these findings,
it is recommended that interested public and private agencies should organize annual extension workshops and training for
poultry farmers in the study area on (a) feed formulation; (b) feed ingredient mixing and compounding; (c) selection of ingredients,
mixtures, and additives; and (d) the establishment, operation, and maintenance of feed mills. Farmers should be encouraged
to form feed mill cooperative societies. The performance of the Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) should be monitored
and evaluated to ensure its effective oversight of quality standards for agricultural products and inputs such as feeds and
feed ingredients.
S. O. Apantaku, PhD (Southern Illinois), is an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development,
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. His research interest is in agricultural extension education processes and development,
farmers’ decision-making processes, and community and rural development. He is involved in extension work and teaches group
dynamics in extension, rural community development and social change, agricultural extension teaching methods and learning
processes, public relations in extension, and advanced rural sociology.
E. O. A. Oluwalana is a PhD candidate and an Extension Research Fellow with the Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Center, University
of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Her research interest is in farmers’ micro-credit financing, agro-processing and utilization,
and women-in-agriculture. She teaches agribusiness management, cooperatives and agricultural finance and is involved in extension
service in the area of women-in-development, agro-processing, and health and environmental issues.
O. A. Adepegba is a graduate of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
She is presently a postgraduate candidate at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. She is an Agricultural Extension Officer
I with the Oyo West Local Government Council, Oyo State. She is interested in socio-economic issues in poultry production
and farmers’ decision-making processes. 相似文献
4.
Henning Best 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(1):95-106
The recent growth in organic farming has given rise to the so-called “conventionalization hypothesis,” the idea that organic
farming is becoming a slightly modified model of conventional agriculture. Using survey data collected from 973 organic farmers
in three German regions during the spring of 2004, some implications of the conventionalization hypothesis are tested. Early
and late adopters of organic farming are compared concerning farm structure, environmental concern, attitudes to organic farming,
and membership in organic-movement organizations. The results indicate that organic farming in the study regions indeed exhibits
signs of incipient conventionalization. On average, newer farms are more specialized and slightly larger than established
ones and there is a growing proportion of farmers who do not share pro-environmental attitudes. Additionally, a number, albeit
small, of very large, highly specialized farms have adopted organic agriculture in the last years. However, the vast majority
of organic farmers, new and old ones included, still show a strong pro-environmental orientation.
Henning
Best
holds a MA in Sociology, History, and Ethnology from the University of Cologne, Germany in 2002. He acquired a PhD in Economics
and Social Sciences from the University of Cologne in 2006. From 2002 to 2004 he was research associate at the Research Institute
for Sociology, University of Cologne. Since 2004 he is researcher and lecturer at the Institute for Applied Social Research,
University of Cologne. His research interests include environmental sociology, social inequality, and quantitative methods
of social research. 相似文献
5.
We examine crime that emerges from the global restructuring of agriculture and food systems by employing the case of the Australian
“Ship of Death,” whereby nearly 58,000 sheep were stranded at sea for almost 3 months in 2003, violating the Western Australia
Animal Welfare Act of 2002. This case demonstrates that the acceleration of transnational trade networks, in the context of
agri-food globalization, victimizes animals and constitutes a crime. Herein, we examine this case in depth and show how economic
restructuring, driven by a “logic of capital” orientation, can exert pressure on the state causing it to fail to enforce its
own regulations and in this way engage in criminal actions.
Wynne
Wright is an Assistant Professor at Michigan State University specializing in agri-food systems and political sociology. Her current
interests lie in social change in the agri-food system and it's influence farm families and rural community culture.
Stephen Muzzatti is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Ryerson University in Toronto, Canada specializing in critical theory, crime, and
the mass media. He is Vice-Chair of the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Critical Criminology. 相似文献
6.
7.
Elizabeth J. Z. Robinson Sumona Rani Das Tim B. C. Chancellor 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(3):323-332
This paper addresses the motivations behind farmers’ pesticide use in two regions of Bangladesh. The paper considers farmers’
knowledge of arthropods and their perceptions about pests and pest damage, and identifies why many farmers do not use recommended
pest management practices. We propose that using the novel approach of classifying farmers according to their motivations
and constraints rather than observed pesticide use can improve training approaches and increase farmers’ uptake and retention
of more appropriate integrated pest management technologies.
Elizabeth J. Z. Robinson divides her time between Tanzania and the UK and is a research associate with the Centre for the Study of African Economies
at the University of Oxford in the UK. She is an economist specializing in agriculture, natural resources, and the environment.
She has over ten years of experience undertaking applied research in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa as a fellow and lecturer
in the Economics Department at the University of Oxford; at the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich
in the UK; and with the World Bank and Rockefeller Foundation in the US.
Sumona Rani Das is an agriculture economist who has been working for eight years with a non-government organization in Bangladesh named PROSHIKA.
She is involved with monitoring and evaluation of PROSHIKA’s ongoing activities in agriculture, and is working as a team leader
with an agriculture network to promote sustainable agriculture. She has special responsibility for motivation, training, project
management, and documentation of different programs.
Tim B. C. Chancellor is a crop protection specialist and currently is the leader of the Natural Resources Institute’s Plant, Animal and Human
Health Group at the University of Greenwich in the UK. He has 17 years research and consultancy experience in vector ecology
and in pest and disease management. Other skills include project management, monitoring and evaluation, and public-private
partnerships. He is also Adviser to the UK government’s Department for International Development (DFID) Crop Protection Programme.
His commodity experience includes rice, banana, groundnut and vegetables. 相似文献
8.
Differences in perceptions and knowledge of crop diseases constitute a major obstacle in farmer–researcher cooperation, which
is necessary for sustainable disease management. Farmers’ perceptions and management of crop diseases in the northern Ethiopian
Regional State of Tigrai were investigated in order to harness their knowledge in the participatory development of integrated
disease management (IDM) strategies. Knowledge of disease etiology and epidemiology, cultivar resistance, and reasons for
the cultivation of susceptible cultivars were investigated in a total of 12 tabias (towns) in ten weredas (districts). Perception of diseases involved both scientific and spiritual conceptual frameworks. Of the more than 30 crop
diseases recorded on the major crops in the region, only rusts and powdery mildews (locally called humodia) and a few root rots were considered by farmers to be important. Farmers’ awareness of other diseases was extremely low;
some highly damaging but less conspicuous diseases, such as faba bean chocolate spot and chickpea ascochyta blight (also called
humodia), were not regarded by farmers as disease but as problems caused primarily by excessive soil moisture. Considering that some
of these “unrecognized” diseases can cause complete yield loss and genetic erosion in epiphytotic years, there is an urgent
need for bringing together farmers’ and scientists’ knowledge to complement each other. Even when farmers had access to disease-resistant
or disease-tolerant cultivars, they grew susceptible local varieties because of multiple criteria including earliness, good
yield in years with low humodia severity, suitability for home consumption, market demand/quality, and low soil fertility
and land management requirements. Farmer innovation and knowledge were evident in their use of diverse disease control measures,
but these were a mixture of the “useful and the useless.” Our findings stress the necessity for extension workers and researchers
to understand and improve farmers’ knowledge of crop diseases, and farmers’ ability to observe and experiment, through the
Farmer Field School or a similar experiential learning approach. These insights about farmers’ knowledge of crop diseases
provide a basis for further collaborative maintenance of crop genetic diversity, development of germplasm, and IPM-related
research in Africa.
相似文献
Mathew M. AbangEmail: |
9.
Socio-cultural processes behind the differential distribution of organic farming in Denmark: a case study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marie-Louise Risgaard Pia Frederiksen Pernille Kaltoft 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(4):445-459
Conversion to organic farming, along with its associated driving forces and barriers, has been explored intensively over the
past decade, while studies on the distribution and impacts of local socio-cultural processes in relation to conversion to
and diffusion of organic farming have been scarce. The concentration of organic farms in Denmark differs according to county
and, moreover, there appears to be large within-county variation in the density of organic farms. The present study explores
local aspects of conversion to organic farming and the factors that may help explain variation in density and concentration
of organic farms within smaller areas. The study is based on nine qualitative interviews with organic farmers from two neighboring
areas, referred to as “mainland” and “island,” respectively. Three farms were situated in the high-density area (mainland)
and the remaining six in the low-density area (island). Furthermore, five advisors with connections to the area provided information
with regard to their local experience and perceptions. Three main, and to some extent interacting, issues are discussed. The
first is the price of land related to local scarcity of land, in the context of structural development and the effects of
agricultural policies. The second is distance – both physical and social. Cooperation and exchange of experience among organic
farmers was frequent on the mainland side, while isolation and lack of interaction was more common for the island farmers.
Third, the role of the agricultural advisory service and the existence of champion farmers are important: pioneer farmers
on the mainland have been supported by committed agricultural advisors, while lack of organic champion farmers and low priority
granted to organic farming among agricultural advisors were found on the island.
Marie-Louise Risgaard
has an MSc within the field of organic agriculture. Her research interests are organic farming and rural development with
the present occupation as innovative partner at a small-scale organic enterprise. In this capacity she is responsible for
creating links between the organic enterprise, the gastronomic sector and organic markets, locally as well as nationally.
Pia Frederiksen, PhD, is a geographer and senior scientist with research skills in rural development, sustainability, landscape analysis, and
agri-environmental indicators.
Pernille Kaltoft, PhD, is an environmental sociologist and senior scientist whose work focuses on organic farming and farmers’ perceptions.
Dr. Kaltoft’s general research interests include values, perceptions, and views of nature related to agricultural and environmental
issues. 相似文献
10.
Victual Vicissitudes: Consumer Deskilling and the (Gendered) Transformation of Food Systems 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A considerable literature addresses worker deskilling in manufacturing and the related loss of control over production processes
experienced by farmers and others working in the agri-food industry. Much less attention has been directed at a parallel process
of consumer deskilling in the food system, which has been no less important. Consumer deskilling in its various dimensions
carries enormous consequences for the restructuring of agro-food systems and for consumer sovereignty, diets, and health.
The prevalence of packaged, processed, and industrially transformed foodstuffs is often explained in terms of consumer preference
for convenience. A closer look at the social construction of “consumers” reveals that the agro-food industry has waged a double
disinformation campaign to manipulate and to re-educate consumers while appearing to respond to consumer demand. Many consumers
have lost the knowledge necessary to make discerning decisions about the multiple dimensions of quality, including the contributions
a well-chosen diet can make to health, planetary sustainability, and community economic development. They have also lost the
skills needed to make use of basic commodities in a manner that allows them to eat a high quality diet while also eating lower
on the food chain and on a lower budget. This process has a significant gender dimension, as it is the autonomy of those primarily
responsible for purchasing and preparing foodstuffs that has been systematically undermined. Too often, food industry professionals
and regulatory agencies have been accessories to this process by misdirecting attention to the less important dimensions of
quality.
JoAnn Jaffe teaches rural, environmental, and development sociology, the sociology of gender, and theory in the Department of Sociology
and Social Studies of the University of Regina.
Michael Gertler teaches rural sociology, the sociology of communities, and the sociology of agriculture in the Department of Sociology at
the University of Saskatchewan. He holds a cross appointment in the Centre for the Study of Co-operatives. 相似文献