不同抗蚜性小麦品种对禾谷缢管蚜实验种群参数的影响

采用室内离体叶片饲养法,研究了不同抗蚜性小麦品种对禾谷缢管蚜种群参数的影响.结果表明:不同抗蚜性小麦品种对禾谷缢管蚜发育历期、生殖能力、种群内禀增长率、种群加倍时间等生命参数具有显著影响(P<0.05).在高抗品种‘AM4025’上,禾谷缢管蚜发育历期明显延长,成蚜寿命明显缩短、同时产蚜天数和每雌总产蚜量也明显低于感虫品种‘杨麦158’和高感品种‘99-316-19-4’.高抗品种‘AM4025’上禾谷缢管蚜种群净增值率最低,内禀增长率最小,周限增长率最大、种群加倍时间最长.相关性分析表明,小麦品种的蚜情指数与禾谷缢管蚜种群内禀增长率、净增值率呈正相关.     

麦长管蚜在3个小麦品种上取食行为的EPG比较

 【目的】研究不同抗性水平的小麦品种苗期对麦长管蚜的抗蚜机制。【方法】用EPG技术对麦长管蚜在3个小麦品种苗期的取食行为进行检测。【结果】麦长管蚜在品种Ww2730上口针开始接触叶面时间显著晚于小偃22和Batis,第1次持续刺探前的刺探次数显著多于小偃22和Batis,开始刺入叶面后第1次刺探的持续时间极显著短于小偃22和Batis;在Ww2730和小偃22上的PdⅡ-1的平均时间显著长于Batis;Ww2730上C波阶段2个Pd波间的间隔平均时间显著大于另外2个品种;在Ww2730木质部取食（G波）的次数和时间显著大于其它2个品种;Batis上的点G波的次数极显著地高于Ww2730,而平均持续时间极显著短于小偃22和Ww2730;在Batis和小偃22上E1波的总时间,E1波的最大值、跟随E2波的E1波的平均时间均显著大于Ww2730;3个品种间第1次E1波持续的时间差异不显著,但Ww2730和小偃22上其它E1波持续的时间极显著少于Batis;3个品种上其它波形参数,包括F波的次数和总时间、E2波的次数和总时间没有差异。【结论】Ww2730抗麦长管蚜机制可能在于表皮有取食抑制因子,叶肉细胞壁较厚,韧皮部存在次生物质和(或)营养不平衡。小偃22苗期的抗蚜机制为叶肉部细胞壁较厚,细胞密度大。麦长管蚜适应Ww2730抗性的策略可能是在第2次取食时采取了减少在有毒次生物中的暴露时间。     

小麦麦株内可溶性糖与抗禾谷缢管蚜的关系

通过对 ９ 个品种小麦麦株内可溶性糖含量分析及其对禾谷缢管蚜生长发育影响的研究,初步明确了在一定范围内,小麦麦株内可溶性糖含量与蚜虫内禀增长率呈极显著正相关,与若蚜历期呈负相关。蚜虫的排蜜露量与小麦维管束膨压呈正相关,蜜露中含糖量则与食料中含糖量呈显著正相关。初步认为小麦品种对禾谷缢管蚜的抗性与麦株内可溶性糖含量呈负相关。     

小麦幼苗期抗禾谷缢管蚜的生理机制

以5个不同抗性的小麦品种为材料,研究人工接禾谷缢管蚜后植株多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性和总酚含量的变化及其与抗虫性的关系.结果表明:接虫后,随着接虫天数的增加各个小麦品种的PPO活性都比同期对照有所升高,其中抗虫品种的PPO活性增加幅度显著高于感虫品种,不同抗性品种PPO活性差异显著(P＜0.05);PPO活性与品种抗蚜指数之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.953 9).接虫后第1天各个品种总酚含量都比同期对照有所增加,但抗虫品种第3天和第5天的总酚含量都比同期对照有所降低,而感虫品种则相反;不同抗性小麦品种总酚含量与对禾谷缢管蚜的抗性无关.     

小麦幼苗对禾谷缢管蚜的抗性及其与叶绿素含量的相关性

以22个小麦品种(系)为试验材料,研究不同品种(系)小麦幼苗对禾谷缢管蚜的抗生性和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦的不选择性,以及叶片叶绿素a、b含量与其抗生性和不选择性的关系,为抗蚜(耐蚜)亲本材料的筛选和新品种培育提供参考。结果表明,在黑暗和光照条件下禾谷缢管蚜对郑麦9023、衡麦选系、丰优6号、保丰104等4个小麦品种(系)均具有较强的不选择性(拒食性);而对百农64、Amigo、京花1号等仅在黑暗条件下具有较强的不选择性,对农大212、京麦411、豫麦35选系等仅在光照条件下具有较强的不选择性。郑麦9023、济麦20、KOK1679、京花1号、衡麦选系、新麦9号、铭贤169等7个小麦品种(系)对禾谷缢管蚜具有较好的抗生性。小麦叶片叶绿素a含量与其有翅蚜着落量呈显著负相关(r=-0.60*),而叶绿素b含量与其有翅蚜着落量无显著相关性(r=-0.24),说明小麦叶片叶绿素a含量越高,有翅蚜的不选择性越强;叶绿素a、b含量与其抗生性均无显著相关性。     

若干生化指标与山羊草对禾谷缢管蚜抗性的关系

 报道小麦野生物种 9种山羊草 (Aegilopsbiuncialis,A .juvenalis,A .ovata ,A .kotschyivar.varianilis,A .tri aristata ,A .tauschii,A .vavilovii,A .crassa和A .ventricosa)对禾谷缢管蚜 (Rhopalosiphumpadi)的生化抗性机制。苗期山羊草总酚含量与对禾谷缢管蚜的抗性无关 ,丁布 (DIMBOA)含量与抗蚜性密切相关 ,禾谷缢管蚜内禀自然增长率同丁布含量呈显著负相关 (r=- 0 .76 0 ) ;成株期叶片可溶性糖和总酚含量与抗性无关 ,游离脯氨酸和丝氨酸含量与蚜虫内禀自然增长率呈极显著或显著正相关 (rm=- 0 .0 6 36 +0 .2 3xpro +1.982xser ) ,丁布含量与禾谷缢管蚜内禀自然增长率呈极显著负相关 (r=- 0 .819 ) ,低含量的游离脯氨酸和丝氨酸和高含量的丁布是野生山羊草物种抗禾谷缢管蚜的重要生化因子。     

我国冬麦区小麦品种抗蚜性鉴定

采用蚜量比值法对目前我国推广种植的84个高产、优质小麦品种和有苗头的优质小麦新品系,进行了初步的抗蚜性鉴定,结果表明,供试品种(系)的抗蚜能力普遍较低,绝大部分小麦品种表现为感蚜虫。比较各供试小麦品种(系)上麦蚜的蚜量比值可知,对荻草谷网蚜、禾谷缢管蚜及混合种群表现感虫性的品种(系)分别占供试小麦品种(系)的86.90%,57.14%和86.90%。麦蚜的消长曲线也表明各供试小麦品种(系)不抗蚜虫。     

不同小麦品种(系)对麦长管蚜生命参数的影响

【目的】比较小麦品种抗性对麦长管蚜连续2个世代若蚜和成蚜主要生命参数的影响。【方法】采用田间罩网试验,调查和测量Pm232等10个具有不同抗蚜性的小麦品种上定殖的有翅成蚜数量及若蚜发育历期、存活率、体重、翅型分化和成虫寿命、繁殖力等生命参数。【结果】麦长管蚜对10个供试小麦材料的不选择性有着明显差异,抗蚜材料对蚜虫的趋避作用明显较强。发育历期等5个生理参数的比较表明,抗蚜材料上的若蚜发育历期较感蚜材料明显延长,若蚜存活率、成虫寿命、繁殖力和体重较感蚜材料明显降低或减少,并且这种影响随着小麦抗性的升高而加重。研究还发现抗蚜材料上产生的有翅蚜要显著多于感蚜材料。通过对比不同世代的蚜虫生理参数发现抗蚜材料对蚜虫下世代的影响存在加重现象。【结论】小麦抗蚜品种对麦长管蚜不仅具有明显的趋避作用和抗生作用,而且其抗生性在蚜虫世代间可能存在累加效应。     

麦蚜对不同抗性小麦挥发物的嗅觉反应及其变异

 麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae和禾谷缢管蚜 Rhopalosiphum padi的有翅和无翅成蚜对 7种不同抗性的小麦品种 (系 )中 4无芒、KOK- 16 79、L1、小白冬麦、红芒红、北京 837和铭贤 16 9的嗅觉反应不同。抗性类型为不选择性的KOK- 16 79、L1和小白冬麦对其具有驱拒作用。抗生性品种中 4无芒也具有一定的驱拒作用。感虫品种红芒红、北京837和铭贤 16 9具有吸引作用。禾谷缢管蚜无翅蚜的嗅觉反应强于有翅蚜。以两种蚜虫的有翅和无翅成蚜 S/ C(刺激/对照 )为变量对 7种不同抗性的小麦品种 (系 )的聚类分析结果与田间抗级鉴定结果基本吻合     

小麦麦株内可溶性糖与抗禾谷缢管蚜的关系

通过对９个品种小麦麦株内可溶性糖含量分析及其对禾谷缢管蚜生长发育影响的研究,初步明确了在一定范围内,小麦麦株内可溶性糖含量与蚜虫内禀增长率呈极显著正相关,蚜虫的排蜜露量与小麦维管束膨压呈正相关,蜜露中含粮量则与食料中含粮量呈显著正相关,初步认为小麦品种对禾谷缢管蚜的抗性与麦株内可溶性糖含量呈负相关。     

EPG Comparison of Sitobion avenae （Fab.） Feeding Behavior on Three Wheat Varieties

This article was to study the potential resistance mechanism of three different wheat varieties （Ww2730, Xiaoyan 22 and Batis） in the seedling stage to Sitobion avenae. The aphid feeding behavior was ascertained by stylet penetration activities monitoring using the electrical penetration graph （EPG） technique. When the aphids feed on Ww2730 seedlings, the time for the 1st duration probing was later than that on Xiaoyan 22 and Batis significantly, and the number of interrupted probing before the 1st duration probing was more than that on Xiaoyan 22 and Batis significantly, and the 1st duration probing was shorter than that on Xiaoyan 22 and Batis significantly. The durations of the stylet pierce from the extra- to the intra-cellular （pd Ⅱ-1） on Ww2730 and Xiaoyan 22 were longer than those on Batis significantly. The duration of the potential drop （pd） in C wave on Ww2730 was longer than that on Xiaoyan 22 and Batis significantly. The times and duration of the G wave （ingestion in xylem） on Ww2730 were more and longer than those on Xiaoyan 22 and Batis significantly. The times of spot G wave on Batis was more than that on Ww2730 significantly, but the duration of spot G was shorter than that on Xiaoyan 22 and Ww2730 significantly. The total time of E1 wave, the longest duration of E1 fractions, and the mean duration time of E1 fractions that followed E2 wave on Xiaoyan 22 and Batis were all significantly longer than those on Ww2730. There was no difference of the mean duration of the 1st E1 wave on the 3 varieties, but the mean durations of other E1 wave on Ww2730 and Xiaoyan 22 were shorter than those on Batis significantly. The other wave parameters, including times and durations of F and E2 were all not different on the 3 wheat varieties. It is suggested that the resistance mechanism of wheat variety Ww2730 to S. avenae is a restriction factor of feeding in epidermis, the thicker cell wall in mesophyll, and secondary metabolites or nutrition unbalance in phloem in the seedling phase. The re     

小麦体内次生物质对麦蚜的抗性作用研究

 采用蚜量比值法评价了 7个小麦品种 (系 )对麦长管蚜的抗性 ,并用紫外分光光度法测定了各品种 (系 )旗叶和穗部总酚和吲哚生物碱含量 ,并通过酶标仪法测定了来自不同抗级小麦穗部麦长管蚜体内的羧酸酯酶活性的差异 ,以此研究小麦体内次生物质含量的差异及其抗麦长管蚜的关系和抗性生化机制。结果表明 ,旗叶和穗部总酚和吲哚生物碱含量不同 ,表现出对麦长管蚜种群影响的差异。穗部吲哚生物碱含量与麦长管蚜蚜量比值之间呈极显著的负相关 ,相关指数R =- 0 .9896。而旗叶吲哚生物碱、旗叶总酚和穗部总酚含量与麦长管蚜蚜量比值的相关系数分别为 - 0 .6 82 6、- 0 .4 2 0 8和 - 0 .5 6 2 3,相关性均不显著。取食不同抗蚜品种 (系 )穗部的蚜虫羧酸酯酶活性与穗部吲哚生物碱含量呈显著相关性 (R =0 .96 4 6 ) ,而与穗部总酚含量相关性不显著 (R =0 .4 95 3)。与总酚含量相比 ,小麦穗部吲哚生物碱含量高低与小麦对麦长管蚜抗性关系更密切。     

Relationship Between Several Biochemical Indexes and Resistance of Aegilops Species to Oat-Bird Cherry Aphids(Homoptera:Aphididae)

The biochemical mechanism of resistance of 9 Aegilops species including A.biuncialis,A.juvenalis, A.ovata, A.kotschyi var. varianilis, A.triaristata, A.tauschii, A.vavilovii, A.crassa and A.ventricosa in Triticeae to oat-bird cherry aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) were reported for the first time. The results showed that the content of total phenols in seedling was not associated with resistance to this aphid. The level of DIMBOA was negatively related to intrinsic innate rate of increase (rm) of R. padi. Neither of soluable sugar nor total phenols in adult stage was associated with resistance level. However, concentrations of free proline and serine in leaf were positively related to rm of R. padi (rm =-0.0636+0.23xpro** ＋1.982xser*). The content of DIMBOA was high-negatively related to rm of R. padi (r=-0.819**). The low level of free proline and serine and high concentration of DIMBOA could be regarded as important elements for resistance of Aegilops species to R. padi.     

禾谷黍缢管蚜种群抽样技术研究

禾谷黍缢管蚜在小麦抽穗到灌浆期田间呈聚集分布。应用Ⅰwao x-x回归法和Southwood公共Kc值法求得理论抽样数模型,从而导出在不同置信度t、不同蚜口密度X(头/株)和不同允许误差D下的理论抽样数n。 当采用Ⅰwao及WilIson等(1983)提出的序贯抽样法时,得到该蚜虫的两个序贯抽样模型。 结合Ⅰwao和willson的二模型,获得该蚜虫的Ⅰwao-Willson复合序贯抽样法,从而在某些情况下,大大地减少了抽样数。     

小麦抗蚜品种的遗传多样性SSR标记分析

分析小麦抗蚜品种(系)的遗传多样性,为进一步培育和推广抗蚜品种提供依据。在田间对956份小麦品种(系)损失率鉴定结果的基础上,取47份年度间鉴定抗性结果较为一致的材料,按损失率大小,由小到大排列起来,利用筛选的18对多态性SSR标记检测了参试材料的遗传多态性。结果表明,18对SSR标记在47份不同抗性品种中检测到99个等位基因,能够将所有品种区分开来,每对引物可以检测到1~10个等位基因,平均为5.21个。47个小麦品种间的相对遗传距离在0.33~0.94之间,平均为0.65。高抗品种间相对遗传距离平均为0.59(0.39~0.77);中抗品种间的相对遗传距离平均为0.62(0.39~0.83);感虫品种间的相对遗传距离平均为0.62(0.37~0.83);高感品种间的相对遗传距离平均为0.64(0.37~0.84)。SSR标记聚类分析在相对遗传距离为0.67处将供试材料分为7大类群。选育和推广抗虫品种时尽可能选择聚类图中亲缘关系较远的材料。抗虫品种‘临远95-5322’单独聚为一类,同其余品种具有较远的亲缘关系,可作为新的抗源用于抗虫育种。     

Physiology and defense responses of wheat to the infestation of different cereal aphids

Cereal aphids are major insect pests of wheat, which cause significant damages to wheat production. Previous studies mainly focused on the resistance of different wheat varieties to one specific aphid species. However, reports on the physiology and defense responses of wheat to different cereal aphids are basically lacking. In this work, we studied the feeding behavior of three cereal aphids: the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae(Fabricius), the greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum(Rondani), and the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus) on winter wheat, and the physiology and defense responses of wheat to the infestation of these cereal aphids with focus on how these cereal aphids utilize divergent strategies to optimize their nutrition requirement from wheat leaves. Our results indicated that S. graminum and R. padi were better adapted to penetrating phloem tissue and to collect more nutrition than S. avenae. The harm on wheat physiology committed by S. graminum and R. padi was severer than that by S. avenae, through reducing chlorophyll concentration and interfering metabolism genes. Furthermore, cereal aphids manipulated the plant nutrition metabolism by increasing the relative concentration of major amino acids and percentage of essential amino acids. In addition, different cereal aphids triggered specific defense response in wheat. All of these results suggested that different cereal aphids utilize divergent strategies to change the physiological and defense responses of their host plants in order to optimize their nutrition absorption and requirement. These findings not only extend our current knowledge on the insect–plant interactions but also provide useful clues to develop novel biotechnological strategies for enhancing the resistance and tolerance of crop plants against phloem-feeding insects.     

几种药剂对2种麦蚜的室内毒力和田间药效

测定了几种不同毒杀机理的药剂对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的室内毒力和田间药效,结果表明:3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂、3%啶虫脒微乳剂、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂和20%三氯杀螨醇乳油对2种麦蚜均表现出较好的毒杀效果,其中禾谷缢管蚜对这些药剂的敏感性大于麦长管蚜。3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂和20%三氯杀螨醇乳油对麦蚜有较好的田间防效;3%啶虫脒微乳剂的初效尚可,但持效期短,麦蚜大发生时不宜使用该剂型;对照药剂40%氧乐果乳油的田间防效较差,麦蚜已对其产生了较高的抗性。     

三种麦蚜数量变动规律的研究

本文调查了麦长管蚜(Macrosiphum avenae F.)、麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum Rond)和禾縊管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi L.)的田间消长规律和种群数量变动因素。麦二叉蚜发生最早,一般在小麦返青期即有发生,小麦灌浆乳熟期以后,因气候及营养条件惡化,蚜量急剧下降。麦长管蚜在小麦拔节期始见有翅成蚜,孕穗、抽穗以后,蚜量一直稳定上升,灌浆至乳熟初期蚜量急剧增长达到高峰。此后驟减。禾縊管蚜最耐高温高湿,一般小麦揚花期以前蚜量少,麦收前7～10天内剧增达高峰。在小麦各生育期,三种麦蚜长管蚜始終占总蚜量的70%以上,多者100%,是麦田蚜虫的优势种。